Article(id=1261021844807737362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1261021842173714450, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260202, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1770307200000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-06, revisedDate=1773158400000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778580636455, onlineDateStr=2026-05-12, pubDate=1777046400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778580636455, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778580636455, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778580636455, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1261021842173714450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2026', volume='49', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778580635827, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778581006660, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1261023397702676951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1261021842173714450, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1261023397702676952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1261021842173714450, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=14, endPage=19, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1261021846074417176, articleId=1261021844807737362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=A Evaluation Method for Overall Performance of Hyper-sonic Glide Vehicles based on Exergy Theory, columnId=1154057568293999177, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Launch Vehicle and Missile, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

For the aerodynamic and overall optimization of hypersonic glide vehicles, this study proposes a performance evaluation method grounded in exergy theory. A multidisciplinary exergy dissipation model is developed, integrating aerodynamics, thermal protection, control, structures, and trajectory. This framework consolidates diverse metrics—such as aerodynamic efficiency, stability, and maneuverability—into a single, physically meaningful exergy loss parameter, enabling quantitative trade-off analysis. Using an HTV-2-like lifting-body configuration, aerodynamic optimization is performed with the objective of minimizing exergy loss, and its differences from lift-to-drag ratio optimization are examined. Based on the exergy balance equation, the potential applications of exergy loss analysis in conceptual design are discussed. The results indicate that this approach can rapidly identify performance bottlenecks, support multidisciplinary design optimization, and offer a new theoretical tool and evaluation paradigm for hypersonic vehicle design.

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针对高超声速滑翔飞行器气动总体优化设计与评估,提出一种基于㶲理论的总体性能评价方法,构建覆盖总体、气动、防热、控制与结构等多学科耦合的㶲耗散方程,将气动效率、操稳特性、弹道机动等异质指标融合为单一物理意义明确的㶲损特征量,实现多维度性能协同权衡的量化评估。以类HTV-2升力体外形为优化研究对象,以㶲损最小为目标开展气动布局优化设计,分析了㶲损和升阻比作为优化目标的差异。基于㶲平衡方程,对㶲损分析在高超声速滑翔飞行器气动总体设计中的潜在应用进行了分析。研究表明,该方法可在方案阶段快速识别性能瓶颈,支撑多学科优化设计,为高超声速飞行器总体设计提供新的理论工具与评价范式。

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郭 玥(1987—),男,助理研究员,主要研究方向为飞行器总体、系统仿真评估。

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郭 玥(1987—),男,助理研究员,主要研究方向为飞行器总体、系统仿真评估。

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郭 玥(1987—),男,助理研究员,主要研究方向为飞行器总体、系统仿真评估。

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R0—端头半径;RLE1—截面1前缘半径;RLE2—截面2前缘半径;L1—截面1至端头距离;L0—总长度;Z1—截面1半展长;Z2—截面2半展长。

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基于㶲理论的高超声速滑翔飞行器总体性能评价方法
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郭玥
导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2026,49(2): 14-19
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导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2026, 49(2): 14-19
基于㶲理论的高超声速滑翔飞行器总体性能评价方法
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郭玥
作者信息
  • 中国人民解放军96901部队,北京,100085
  • 郭 玥(1987—),男,助理研究员,主要研究方向为飞行器总体、系统仿真评估。

A Evaluation Method for Overall Performance of Hyper-sonic Glide Vehicles based on Exergy Theory
Yue GUO
Affiliations
  • Unit 96901, PLA, Beijing, 100085
出版时间: 2026-04-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260202
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针对高超声速滑翔飞行器气动总体优化设计与评估,提出一种基于㶲理论的总体性能评价方法,构建覆盖总体、气动、防热、控制与结构等多学科耦合的㶲耗散方程,将气动效率、操稳特性、弹道机动等异质指标融合为单一物理意义明确的㶲损特征量,实现多维度性能协同权衡的量化评估。以类HTV-2升力体外形为优化研究对象,以㶲损最小为目标开展气动布局优化设计,分析了㶲损和升阻比作为优化目标的差异。基于㶲平衡方程,对㶲损分析在高超声速滑翔飞行器气动总体设计中的潜在应用进行了分析。研究表明,该方法可在方案阶段快速识别性能瓶颈,支撑多学科优化设计,为高超声速飞行器总体设计提供新的理论工具与评价范式。

㶲分析理论  /  高超声速  /  滑翔飞行器  /  气动总体设计  /  性能评估

For the aerodynamic and overall optimization of hypersonic glide vehicles, this study proposes a performance evaluation method grounded in exergy theory. A multidisciplinary exergy dissipation model is developed, integrating aerodynamics, thermal protection, control, structures, and trajectory. This framework consolidates diverse metrics—such as aerodynamic efficiency, stability, and maneuverability—into a single, physically meaningful exergy loss parameter, enabling quantitative trade-off analysis. Using an HTV-2-like lifting-body configuration, aerodynamic optimization is performed with the objective of minimizing exergy loss, and its differences from lift-to-drag ratio optimization are examined. Based on the exergy balance equation, the potential applications of exergy loss analysis in conceptual design are discussed. The results indicate that this approach can rapidly identify performance bottlenecks, support multidisciplinary design optimization, and offer a new theoretical tool and evaluation paradigm for hypersonic vehicle design.

exergy analysis theory  /  hypersonic  /  glider vehicle  /  aerodynamic overall design  /  performance evaluation
郭玥. 基于㶲理论的高超声速滑翔飞行器总体性能评价方法. 导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), 2026 , 49 (2) : 14 -19 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260202
Yue GUO. A Evaluation Method for Overall Performance of Hyper-sonic Glide Vehicles based on Exergy Theory[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2026 , 49 (2) : 14 -19 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260202
高超声速滑翔飞行器具有飞行速度快、机动范围大、突防能力强等特点,可应用于远程物资的快速投送或精确打击任务,经济和军事价值显著,得到了世界主要军事大国的广泛关注1。构型设计是影响高超声速滑翔飞行器总体性能的关键技术之一,旨在寻找一定约束条件下飞行器总体性能最优的气动外形。构型设计对高超声速滑翔飞行器总体方案具有基础性和全局性影响,其在总体设计中占有重要地位2
与传统飞行器相比,高超声速滑翔飞行器主要以高超声速滑翔飞行,其飞行环境极为严酷,约束条件极为严格。因此,其气动总体设计涉及气动、防热、控制、结构、弹道等多学科强耦合。在气动总体设计中,需要综合考虑上述学科设计指标的综合影响,本质上是多目标、多约束设计问题。张海瑞等3以最大纵程为优化目标,以驻点热流密度、动压、过载和容积为约束,开展了气动-弹道一体化的外形优化设计。陈永信4进一步考虑空气舵设计需求,并增加了俯仰配平约束,实现了滑翔飞行器气动外形与轨迹一体化设计优化。朱广生等5系统梳理了临近空间飞行器气动布局的高升阻比设计需要考虑的工程约束,为相关飞行器设计提供了指导。马洋等6以纵向稳定性和容积为约束,以升阻比和容积率为目标,开展了高超声速滑翔式升力体外形的多目标优化设计。传统性能评价采用加权评分、Pareto前沿或多目标归一化方法,存在权重主观、量纲不统一、物理意义模糊等问题,难以在方案阶段快速权衡异质指标。
㶲(Exergy)是系统相对环境状态所能做的最大有用功,具有“能量品质”唯一量纲(J)。基于热力学第二定律的㶲分析方法可将不同形式能量损失统一为㶲耗散,已成功应用于燃气轮机7-8、航空航天能量管理9-10等工程领域。
本文提出基于㶲理论的高超声速滑翔飞行器总体性能评价方法,建立覆盖气动、防热、控制、结构的总㶲耗散方程,定义任务㶲效率作为单一评价指标,实现异质性能指标融合与协同权衡量化。首先给出用于高超声速滑翔飞行器气动总体性能评价的㶲分析理论基础,接下来建立气动、防热、结构等多学科㶲损率计算模型,最后对㶲损分析在高超声速滑翔飞行器气动总体设计中的潜在应用进行了分析。
20世纪40年代,麻省理工学院使用了“可用能”(Availability)这一术语;1956年,南斯拉夫学者Rant首次提出了“㶲”(Exergy)的概念11。早期,这一名词用于描述能量系统的做功能力或可用功。随着各国学者对“㶲”的深入研究,其概念也在不断延伸和发展。当前,国际上广泛接受的㶲定义为:当系统由任意状态可逆变化到与给定环境条件相平衡的状态时,任何形态的能量理论上可最大限度地转换为有用功的那部分能量12
“㶲”结合了能量中“量”和“质”的特性,为评价不同形态的能量价值提供了统一度量。基于热力学第一定律的能量分析方法,揭示系统能量在数量上的转换、传递、利用和损失情况;基于热力学第二定律的㶲分析法,不仅考虑了系统直接损耗到外部环境的能量数量损失,还兼顾了由于系统发生不可逆过程造成的能量质量贬值。
为了建立热力学系统的㶲平衡方程,首先考虑能量平衡方程:
E˙in-E˙out=dEdt
式中 E˙in为输入的能量功率;E˙out为输出的能量功率;dE/dt为系统能量随时间的变化率。
接下来,引入熵平衡方程:
S˙in-S˙out+S˙gen=dSdt
式中 S˙inS˙out分别为进入和离开系统的熵;S˙gen为熵产率。根据热力学第二定律,熵产率S˙gen必须为非负值:
S˙gen0
需要注意的是,虽然熵产率必须非负以满足热力学第二定律,但在实际中,任何真实过程的熵产率都将为正。结合热力学第一定律与第二定律,引入以下表达式:
L1-TL2
式中 L1为能量平衡;L2为熵平衡;T为参考温度。该参考温度是㶲概念的基本组成,因为它定义了系统在达到平衡时所趋近的参考状态。将能量平衡和熵平衡代入式(4)后,可得:
E˙in-E˙out-TS˙in-S˙out+S˙gen=dEdt-TdSdt
整理后可得:
E˙in-TS˙inX˙in-E˙out-TS˙outX˙out-TS˙genX˙des=dEdt-TdSdtdXdt
由此得到㶲平衡方程:
X˙in-X˙out-X˙des=dXdt
根据㶲平衡方程:a)㶲的单位与能量相同;b)㶲不是守恒的量。处于稳态的系统,㶲平衡简化为如下形式的㶲损率:
X˙des=X˙in-X˙out
在以能量为基础的分析中,能量可以通过热量、功和质量流进行传递。在以熵为基础的分析中,熵只能通过热量和质量流传递,因为功并不是熵传递的直接方式。在㶲分析中,㶲可以通过热量、质量流和功进行传递。
通过热量的㶲传递由以下方程给出:
X˙q=1-TTbQ˙
式中 X˙q为㶲损率;Q˙为热流变化率;Tb为热源温度。可知,基于热量的㶲传递并不简单等于热导率。实际上,存在一个用于调节㶲传递的因子,该因子可被识别为卡诺效率。卡诺效率记为ηcarnot=1-TcoolThot,指在两个热源之间运行的热机所能达到的理论最大效率。因此,要提高热机的效率,有两种途径:一是将废热排向温度更低的热源,二是提高高温热源的温度。在实际应用中,低温通常受限于热机周围的环境温度,而高温则受限于材料性能和成本等因素。因此,由热量传递引起的㶲传递受到该传热过程卡诺效率的限制。由此可见,通过热量传递㶲是一种尤其低效的方式,因为它本质上包含不可逆性。
根据熵平衡可知,功本身并不直接传递熵。然而,在以㶲为基础的分析中,功能够传递㶲,这是由㶲的定义所决定的,㶲是功的潜在能力的度量。与通过热量传递㶲不同,通过功传递㶲是一种纯粹的㶲传递形式。因此,与功相关的㶲传递速率可表示为
X˙w=W˙
式中 W˙为系统所接受或输出的功。式(10)表示进入或离开系统的㶲等于系统所接受或输出的功,例如机械功或电功。然而,在压缩或膨胀过程中,必须考虑克服周围介质所做的功W˙surr。这时,对于存在边界功的系统,其㶲传递为
X˙w=W˙-W˙surr
与能量和熵类似,当质量进入或离开系统时,也会伴随㶲的传递。忽略化学㶲的情况下,质量携带的㶲传递可由下式给出:
X˙m=m˙h+12V2+gz-h+12V2+gz-Ts-s
式中 m˙为质量变化率;hh分别为系统焓和环境焓;VV分别为系统速度和参考速度;g为重力加速度;ss分别为系统熵和环境熵;zz分别为系统高度和参考高度。
根据定义,㶲是一种本质上与环境紧密相关的量。质量携带的㶲传递也突显了㶲作为功潜能的度量特性。系统与参考环境之间的偏离程度越大,其所具有的做功能力就越大。
热力学过程的性能通过效率来定义。仅将输出量除以输入量未考虑到热力学第二定律的影响。更合理的效率衡量方法是将系统的实际性能与理想工况下的性能进行比较。
ηII=ηactualηthermal
通过这种方式,可以将过程本身固有的损失从实际效率的测量中扣除。这种效率衡量方法被称为第二定律效率。因此,可以基于㶲的输入与损毁,推导出以㶲为基础的效率:
ηII=1-X˙desX˙supplied
㶲的损毁也可作为“损失功”潜能的一种度量。通过某一过程所消耗的任何㶲都将永远消失,这量化了系统的不可逆性。Gouy-Stodola定理表述如下:
X˙des=TS˙gen
该关系式将损失的功潜能(即㶲的毁损)与系统的熵产生联系起来。㶲毁损率与熵产生率通过一个参考温度直接相关。因此,一旦确定了系统的熵产率,只需要将其乘以参考温度,即可得到㶲毁率。
高超声速滑翔飞行可视为一个热力学过程,将高超声速飞行器视为控制体。在飞行过程中,可假设飞行器的体积和质量保持恒定。不考虑反作用喷流,可写出微分形式高超声速滑翔飞行器的㶲平衡关系:
X˙des=1-TTHGVQ˙+W˙+Mvv˙-μr2r˙
式中 THGV为飞行器平均温度,THGV=1MHGVMHGVTdmW˙为(舵机和导引头等电气系统)电功变化率;M为飞行器质量;μ为地球引力常数;vr为飞行器当前速度和地心距;X˙des为㶲损变化率,可由式(15)计算。需要说明的是,环境温度T随飞行高度变化而变化,飞行器平均温度THGV随飞行时间变化而变化。
高超声速滑翔飞行器㶲损变化来源主要包括飞行器波阻、摩阻、气动加热、弹道机动、结构抖振和振动等。㶲损变化率可表示为
X˙des=W˙wave drag+W˙friction drag+1-TTHGVQ˙aero+           W˙b+W˙v
式中 W˙wave dragW˙friction drag分别为波阻和摩阻引起的㶲损率;Q˙aero为整个飞行器气动加热热流率;W˙bW˙v分别为结构抖振和振动引起的㶲损率。
式(16)和(17)沿弹道从起滑至落地时刻进行积分运算即可得到高超滑翔飞行器飞行过程的总㶲损Xdes式(16)提供了一个良好近似适用于方案论证阶段的方案对比分析;随着设计的深入,式(17)对飞行器的描述更为完整,涵盖关键子系统。
滑翔飞行器气动构型设计的优劣,可以通过满足规定的弹道机动、纵程和横程约束条件时,系统消耗㶲的多少来评价。相应地,基于㶲损也可构建考虑任务要求和总体性能的气动构型优化问题。
以类HTV-2升力体外形为优化研究对象,以㶲损最小为目标开展气动布局优化设计。采用楔形升力体外形参数化建模方法13,飞行器全长为3.66 m,如图1所示。结合工程经验,设置升力系数、纵向压心系数、侧向压心系数设计为约束条件,优化问题数学描述如下:
minXdess.t. CL0.6xcp0.6xcpy0.55
沿飞行剖面对波阻、摩阻和热流产生的㶲损进行积分得到总㶲损。优化过程中,使用罚函数法处理约束并采用Hooke-Jeeves优化算法对基于㶲损的类HTV-2升力体外形进行优化求解。设置迭代1 500步,㶲损历程如图2所示,可以看出,㶲损随迭代步数趋于平稳,不再减小,可以认为已经收敛。
作为对比,同步计算升阻比(H=40 km,Ma=10),㶲损与升阻比关系如图3所示,可以看出,㶲损与升阻比整体上呈现一定的负相关性;在局部,升阻比不同的外形又可以对应相同的㶲损。这正体现了以㶲损作为气动外形优化目标的必要性。
优化前后气动外形对比如图4所示。其中浅灰色代表初始外形,深色代表优化后外形。
作为高超声速滑翔飞行器系统的基本属性,㶲为气动构型设计、分析与评估提供了单一评价指标。给定满足要求航程条件的滑翔飞行器初始(起滑)和末端(攻击或滑翔结构)飞行状态(速度大小和倾角及其最大偏差),以㶲损最小作为目标函数优化气动构型,或以㶲损量为指标比较几种气动构型的优劣。
高超声速滑翔飞行器系统㶲提供了一种客观比较不同构型的能力:在方案论证阶段,可用于比较不同气动构型的总体性能。㶲效率为确定最高效配置提供了客观衡量标准。㶲平衡方程中的㶲损包括气动阻力、气动加热、机动、控制面偏转、结构颤振和振动。这些损失分量均包含在Xdes项中。气动阻力和气动热损失在总系统损失中所占比例较大。因此,㶲效率提供了一个单一指标,用以表征沿飞行弹道的总系统性能。这一指标为系统概念选择提供了关键参数。
在方案设计阶段,系统㶲从系统视角提供了集成和指导各学科设计工作的关键工具。㶲平衡整合了高超声速滑翔飞行器各学科中的若干关键参数。因此,㶲平衡作为系统工程工具,可用于指导各学科的设计工作,使初始设计分析阶段的准则能够代表一个物理上可实现的平衡。随着设计的推进,㶲平衡模型提供了集成工具,用于纳入各学科的设计参数,并确认所生成的设计结果是否达到平衡(或接近平衡)。
系统㶲平衡方程提供了关键的系统集成模型表达形式。一个系统模型应能够体现各工程设计学科的贡献。系统㶲为构建该模型提供了媒介,各工程学科输入关键的系统性能参数,这为系统工程提供了重要的系统建模基础。
作为热力学中衡量能量“可用性”或“做功能力”的核心概念,㶲为项目管理部门提供了超越传统能量效率分析的深度洞察。㶲分析能够揭示能量在转换与使用过程中的“品质损失”与“不可逆性”,从而为项目管理提供多维度、前瞻性的决策支持。例如,在多个滑翔飞行器项目间,基于统一的㶲效率指标进行横向比较,识别技术领先或落后项目,优化研发资源分配,使管理决策从“经验驱动”转向“科学量化驱动”,实现从“节能”到“提质增效”的跃升。
传统的滑翔飞行器气动构型设计与分析主要聚焦于外形的升阻比及其满足任务航程所具有的余量。升阻比是气动外形的关键参数,但并非集成属性,所要达到的航程本质上是一种能量关系,然而这一关系受到热力学第二定律的限制,不能仅通过升阻比参数来完全描述。常用的滑翔航程估计公式是高超声速滑翔飞行器设计必须满足的关系,但其本身并不能提供一个集成的系统方程。在起滑点和末端飞行速度和高度确定后,气动外形的升阻比成为唯一未体现集成关系的变量。诸如气动加热、飞行机动、结构振动、颤振、控制面偏转等参数,并未在航程估算方程中得到显式或直接的体现。系统㶲提供了一种将所有这些因素整合到单一系统关系中的方法,从而实现集成的滑翔飞行器气动构型设计与分析。
高超声速滑翔飞行器气动构型的分析与设计涉及对多种飞行器性能参数的认知集成,每个参数反映了系统的某一特定方面。这些参数相互紧密耦合,但若单独评估,无法揭示系统间的相互作用,也无法实现对系统性能的全面评估。系统㶲提供了一种集成的热力学方法,将滑翔飞行器气动构型作为一个完全集成的系统进行评估,将各种性能参数统一整合到一个关系之中。这使得系统综合效率的计算成为可能,也因此可以将不同构型的飞行器放在统一的框架下进行性能比较。
系统㶲作为一种关键的系统工程关系,能够衡量滑翔飞行器系统设计的效率与有效性。系统㶲包含了系统全部的热力学信息,它为系统集成提供了基础,可将所有系统热力学属性整合到一个统一的关系中。通过建立高超声速滑翔飞行器与航程的集成物理关系,系统㶲为滑翔飞行器气动总体方案的评估打开了通道,并为其设计与分析提供了更加简洁明确的指导。
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2026年第49卷第2期
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20260202
  • 接收时间:2026-02-06
  • 首发时间:2026-05-12
  • 出版时间:2026-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2026-02-06
  • 修回日期:2026-03-11
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    中国人民解放军96901部队,北京,100085
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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