Article(id=1220368081210233155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1220368072699986922, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250614, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1751558400000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-04, revisedDate=1764172800000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768888023903, onlineDateStr=2026-01-20, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768888023903, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768888023903, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768888023903, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1220368072699986922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2025', volume='48', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768888021873, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768888582821, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1220370425566118679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1220368072699986922, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1220370425570312984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1220368072699986922, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=94, endPage=99, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1220368081549971792, articleId=1220368081210233155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=Research on Performance Testing Technology for High-temperature Dynamic Sealing Structural Components, columnId=1154067662675104070, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Environment and Test, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Addressing the issues of low reliability and severe wear of dynamic seals in high-speed aircraft under extreme thermal environments, this study focuses on high-temperature dynamic sealing performance testing technology and develops an integrated testing system to validate the performance of novel multi-material composite seals. An independently designed integrated testing platform for high-temperature wear and sealing is developed to comprehensively evaluate the friction coefficient, sealing performance, and compression resilience of seals under high-temperature conditions. Experiments demonstrate that the developed testing system operates stably in high-temperature environments up to 800 ℃, yielding highly reproducible test data. The system provides an effective experimental means for performance evaluation and optimization of high-temperature dynamic seals.

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针对高速飞行器在极端热环境下动态密封件可靠性低、磨损严重的问题,开展高温动态密封性能测试技术研究,开发一套集成化测试系统,以验证新型多材料复合密封件的性能。通过自主设计高温磨损与密封集成测试平台,实现对密封件在高温条件下的摩擦系数、密封性能及压缩回弹特性的综合评估。试验表明,所开发的测试系统可稳定运行于800 ℃高温环境,获取重复性良好的测试数据。该系统为高温动态密封件的性能评估与优化提供了有效的试验手段。

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孙玉昆(1993—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为力学环境试验及气候环境试验技术。

陈国一(1989—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为力学环境试验及气候环境试验技术。

兴效鸣(1986—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为力学环境试验及气候环境试验技术。

金龙(1995—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为力学环境试验及气候环境试验技术。

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孙玉昆(1993—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为力学环境试验及气候环境试验技术。

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1—空压机;2—放气阀;3—干燥器;4—储气罐;5—减压阀;6—流量计1;7—空气加热器;8—水冷式压力表1;9—K型热电偶1;10—测试工装;11—K型热电偶2;12—K型热电偶3;13—水冷式压力表2;14—水冷式压力表3;15—流量计2;16—流量计3;17—排放管1;18—排放管2。

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High-temperature sealing test data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产品填充结构(金属箔片)P/kPaT/℃流量/(m3·h-1)
无填充302516.82
圆形填充14.77
折弯填充13.95
无填充3035015.25
圆形填充13.21
折弯填充13.17
无填充3065014.35
圆形填充12.10
折弯填充11.53
), ArticleFig(id=1220368097031148198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1220368081210233155, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

高温密封测试数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产品填充结构(金属箔片)P/kPaT/℃流量/(m3·h-1)
无填充302516.82
圆形填充14.77
折弯填充13.95
无填充3035015.25
圆形填充13.21
折弯填充13.17
无填充3065014.35
圆形填充12.10
折弯填充11.53
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高温动态密封性能测试技术研究
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孙玉昆 , 陈国一 , 兴效鸣 , 金龙
导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 环境与试验技术 2025,48(6): 94-99
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导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 环境与试验技术 2025, 48(6): 94-99
高温动态密封性能测试技术研究
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孙玉昆, 陈国一, 兴效鸣, 金龙
作者信息
  • 天津航天瑞莱科技有限公司沈阳分部,沈阳,110000
  • 孙玉昆(1993—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为力学环境试验及气候环境试验技术。

    陈国一(1989—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为力学环境试验及气候环境试验技术。

    兴效鸣(1986—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为力学环境试验及气候环境试验技术。

    金龙(1995—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为力学环境试验及气候环境试验技术。

Research on Performance Testing Technology for High-temperature Dynamic Sealing Structural Components
Yukun SUN, Guoyi CHEN, Xiaoming XING, Long JIN
Affiliations
  • Tianjin Aerospace Relia Technology Co. , Ltd. Shenyang Branch, Shenyang, 110000
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250614
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针对高速飞行器在极端热环境下动态密封件可靠性低、磨损严重的问题,开展高温动态密封性能测试技术研究,开发一套集成化测试系统,以验证新型多材料复合密封件的性能。通过自主设计高温磨损与密封集成测试平台,实现对密封件在高温条件下的摩擦系数、密封性能及压缩回弹特性的综合评估。试验表明,所开发的测试系统可稳定运行于800 ℃高温环境,获取重复性良好的测试数据。该系统为高温动态密封件的性能评估与优化提供了有效的试验手段。

高温动态密封  /  性能测试  /  复合密封件  /  磨损  /  测试系统开发

Addressing the issues of low reliability and severe wear of dynamic seals in high-speed aircraft under extreme thermal environments, this study focuses on high-temperature dynamic sealing performance testing technology and develops an integrated testing system to validate the performance of novel multi-material composite seals. An independently designed integrated testing platform for high-temperature wear and sealing is developed to comprehensively evaluate the friction coefficient, sealing performance, and compression resilience of seals under high-temperature conditions. Experiments demonstrate that the developed testing system operates stably in high-temperature environments up to 800 ℃, yielding highly reproducible test data. The system provides an effective experimental means for performance evaluation and optimization of high-temperature dynamic seals.

high-temperature dynamic sealing  /  performance testing  /  composite seal  /  wear  /  testing system development
孙玉昆, 陈国一, 兴效鸣, 金龙. 高温动态密封性能测试技术研究. 导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), 2025 , 48 (6) : 94 -99 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250614
Yukun SUN, Guoyi CHEN, Xiaoming XING, Long JIN. Research on Performance Testing Technology for High-temperature Dynamic Sealing Structural Components[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2025 , 48 (6) : 94 -99 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250614
高速飞行技术作为航空航天领域的战略前沿方向,在军民融合领域展现出重大应用潜力,是国家科技实力与国防安全的核心支撑。极端飞行工况对飞行器结构-材料体系构成多重挑战,如:梯度热应力、气动热冲击、高过载动态压力、颤振激励及粒子侵蚀等耦合载荷的协同作用。在此类严苛条件下,各类航天器(含高超声速巡航器、滑翔飞行器与载人航天器等)的作动机构界面及舱段间隙必须采用先进热密封体系予以防护1
高速飞行器在极端热力-氧化耦合环境下运行,若无有效防护,高温侵袭将导致内部低温部件功能退化乃至失效,极端工况下可能引发飞行失控。为此,关键高温缝隙需应用特种密封技术,其核心要求包括:a)阻断高温燃气渗入;b)密封材料需与飞行器功能兼容。高性能热密封构件必须满足:a)优异隔热特性;b)在热机械循环载荷下保持密封完整性的弹性/耐磨协同效应;c)适应复杂机体构型的柔性变形能力2。该技术作为航空航天领域的关键支撑,其核心部件直接影响飞行器可靠性。
未来高速飞行器的很多位置都需要高温动态结构密封,如可移动舵面边缘、起落架舱门、发动机进气道斜板周边等3。传统测试方法多基于静态或低温环境,难以模拟真实飞行中的热-力-氧化耦合效应。尤其是在高温环境下,密封材料的摩擦学行为、密封界面稳定性及其失效机理尚未得到系统研究。此外,现有测试设备往往功能单一,难以同时实现高温、动态摩擦与密封性能的测试4。因此,开发一套能够模拟真实工况的高温动态密封性能测试系统,具有重要的工程与科研价值。
本文基于前期密封材料研究成果,设计并搭建了一套集成高温磨损与密封性能测试的试验系统,旨在通过对新型多材料复合密封件进行系统测试,揭示其在高温度、高压力条件下的性能演变规律,为密封结构的设计与优化提供数据支持。
针对高速飞行器活动部件热密封构件可靠性低、活动部件易磨损等问题,开展用于飞行器转动/平动部件的高温动态密封工艺技术研究,通过高温动态密封测试验证工艺方案合理性,保证密封结构与密封面接触良好,提高热密封可重复使用次数,防止热气流泄漏造成结构损伤。为了评估密封结构的性能,需要对密封部件材料开展试验测试,试验内容包括高温动态密封试验、高温磨损试验以及压缩试验。
当前工程应用中的高温动密封结构主要包含两类技术路线:陶瓷片密封与编织纤维密封5。其中陶瓷材料受限于本征脆性特性,在变工况环境下应用受限。编织密封构件通常采用陶瓷纤维基复合材料,由防护鞘层与芯部增强体组成,其弹性回复能力主要依赖纤维自身形变特性。该结构在间隙波动显著工况下难以维持稳定密封界面,且高温环境易诱发不可逆塑性变形。为突破上述瓶颈,通过引入高温金属箔片增强相,构建了纤维-金属多级耦合弹性体系,据此开发出新型多材料体系复合基线密封件6
本次试验件为新型多材料复合高温基线密封件,尺寸为150 mm×150 mm×25 mm,主要进行高温磨损试验、高温密封试验以及压缩试验。
高超声速发动机密封需要在较高的温度和较高的压力差下工作,在如此恶劣的环境中,一般的动密封结构件难以正常工作,因此高温动密封已经成为制约未来航天飞行器发展的关键技术,其性能直接影响飞行器的安全7
目前,中国高温密封技术主要处于理论研究阶段,高温密封验证试验较少,主要原因是缺少能够真实模拟高温工况的试验装置8
为此,本文提出一种基于模块集成的高温动态密封测试系统,结合电动作动器闭环控制、硅碳棒辐射加热与PID温控策略,实现了高温环境下密封件的摩擦性能测试9。采用闭环控制的空气加热器、水冷式测量系统组成的高温密封测试系统,实现了高温环境下密封件的密封性能测试,具有较高的控制精度与系统稳定性。
高温磨损性能测试试验系统主要包括:力加载单元、热加载单元、压力载荷单元、测量系统等。
其中,力加载单元由电动控制柜、电动作动器和测力计组成,热加载单元由马弗炉和温度测点组成;压力载荷单元由砝码和转接工装组成;测量系统由控制计算机、采集传输设备组成,实现试验中各类参数的测量、加热系统的控制。
磨损性能测试试验系统组成示意如图1所示。
a)力加载单元。
力加载单元的组成部分和计算机系统构成一个闭环控制加载系统,通过调试最终使控制传感器所测信号在设定条件的容差范围内。连接方式为单双耳连接。
b)热加载单元。
根据最高温度800 ℃、150 mm×150 mm×25 mm的产品尺寸,选用如图2所示的马弗炉加热系统进行加热,马弗炉加热系统具有加热温度高、控制性能好等特点,适合不同规模下不同外形结构的各类材料的热载荷模拟。摩擦板表面通过粘贴热电偶提供温度测量及控制反馈,可以使金属板达到目标要求。
该温控系统的核心机理在于:硅碳棒加热元件经由功率调节模块供电,其辐射热通量由高精度温度传感器捕获,经信号调理电路放大后输入中央处理器。系统通过实时比对设定值与反馈数据,经PID算法运算生成校正信号,驱动功率调节单元改变加热器端电压,实现对目标热流密度的闭环控制10
c)压力载荷单元。
压力载荷单元采用砝码加压法。高温磨损试验前、试验后,需要对试验件进行压缩试验,测定压缩量-力关系式。压缩试验采用DDL-200万能拉伸试验机进行。
在高温密封性能测试试验中,试验以整个密封测试工装为试验对象,采用高温气流模拟热密封性能测试中高温气体环境。试验系统主要由气体加热系统和测控系统组成。
高温密封性能测试试验系统组成如图3所示。
a)气体加热系统。
由气源、U型加热管、可控硅调功柜等相关配套设备组成,产生试验要求的高温气体及环境压力,模拟高温气流及两侧压差。
气源使用实验室的R55VSD-A英格索兰空气压缩机,可持续输出压力0.8 MPa的纯净空气,通过减压阀可以控制进入密封系统的气体流量。在设备的总进气口处安装干燥器与过滤器,以此确保设备所使用的气源达到清洁且干燥的标准。试验时调节进气调节阀和出气调节阀,使压力到达目标要求。
U型加热管如图4所示,采用直流供电,温度控制器通过采集进气温度传感器的温度,根据目标设定温度,进行PID运算,反馈0~10 V电压至可控硅调功柜,形成闭环温度控制回路。
晶闸管调功装置是以半导体开关器件(功率型晶闸管)为执行单元,集成数字信号处理器控制架构的电力调节设备。其核心优势包括:高效率能量转换、全静态功率切换模式(消除机械噪声/磨损)、微秒级动态响应、紧凑型拓扑结构(体积缩减40%~60%)及轻量化设计11。其中,晶闸管作为关键功率半导体器件,通过门极触发实现整流控制功能。
b)测控系统。
由控制计算机、采集传输设备和传感器组成,实现试验中各类参数的测量和对高温气体温度、压力的控制。
温度测量采用K型铠装热电偶,K型铠装热电偶使用温度0~1 300 ℃,分别在试验舱的两端及舱内布设温度传感器,用于实时监测试验舱及进出口两端的温度。
压力测量采用型号为CYYZ31A压力变送器,测量范围0~1.6 MPa,输出电压0~10 V,直流电压输出Urel=1.2×10-5k=2),为防止高温气流对压力变送器的损害,在传感器外部增加水冷装置。
流量计采用型号/规格为LWW300系列的美国TUUMU公司生产的耐高温智能型涡街流量计,根据测试需求分别选择量程为9~55 m3/h、12~120 m3/h的流量计,测量精度2.5%FS,测量不确定度Urel=0.3%(k=2)。
为验证高温密封试验系统控温能力的有效性和稳定性,对其在350 ℃、650 ℃、800 ℃等几个试验关键温度12进行了测试。图5所示的是800 ℃工况温度控制曲线,系统在启动约33 min后达到设定温度。在持续25 min的测试过程中,通过布置于加热器端部的K型铠装热电偶进行实时监测,测得空腔内温度波动在796~803 ℃之间。该结果表明,本高温密封试验系统是基于PID算法的闭环温度控制系统,在800 ℃温度环境下,能够稳定控制,完全满足了高温密封试验对热环境稳定性的要求,为获取可靠、可重复的试验数据提供了关键保障。
本次高温动态密封性能测试试验中,通过搭建高温磨损试验系统及高温密封试验系统,达到了磨损测试和密封测试的试验要求。
在高温磨损试验前、试验后,随机抽取3个试验件(编号1#、2#、3#)进行压缩试验,压缩过程如图6所示。
为保证摩擦面板达到要求的稳定温度,采用炉内测点闭环控制,摩擦面板测点监测。根据多次实际测试,分别得到摩擦面板350 ℃、650 ℃以及800 ℃对应的控制曲线。以650 ℃测试为例,在马弗炉温度稳定在680 ℃时,摩擦面板温度稳定在(650±5)℃内。通过在不同温度下的摩擦试验测试,根据式(1)得到试验件平均摩擦系数随温度的变化关系。
F=μN
式中 F为接触表面相对运动产生的阻力;μ为摩擦系数;N为垂直于接触面的压紧力。
随着温度上升,平均摩擦系数先增大再减小,温度对表面组织物产生较大影响,常温至350 ℃时,摩擦系数迅速上升。试验温度增加至650 ℃和800 ℃时,平均摩擦系数减小,因高温下试验件表面软化,真实接触面积增加,同载荷下接触应力减小,所以摩擦系数减小。但在800 ℃高温下,摩擦系数相对于常温也是大幅增加的,是因为在高温下,试验件表面出现严重的粘滞磨损,塑性剪切增大了摩擦力的大小13。摩擦系数变化曲线如图7所示。
试验结果表明,高温磨损工况对密封材料的宏观力学性能产生了决定性影响。三组试件在试验后的刚度显著下降,其主要原因在于:高温软化了材料机体,而往复摩擦剪切作用则加剧了增强纤维/相的断裂、脱粘以及界面退化,从而引发材料次表面的累计损伤,最终导致整体结构刚度的丧失和承载力的衰减14。高温磨损试验前、试验后的压缩量-力载荷关系如图8所示。
高温密封试验时,依次将试验件按照要求装入密封测试工装中。高温密封试验装置安装效果如图9所示。
安装完成后按如下步骤进行试验:
a)试验前对密封测试系统进行检测,保证试验系统的正常运行且无泄漏、无干扰等情况;
b)将被试品按照规定方向安装进密封舱内,打开供气系统,打开减压阀,将气体温度调整到25 ℃,压力调整30 kPa;
c)待系统温度及压力稳定后,记录压力传感器、流量传感器及温度传感器的值;
d)系统稳定30 min后,关闭试验系统,再次记录压力传感器、流量传感器及温度传感器的数据;
e)重复以上步骤,分别进行350 ℃、650 ℃密封测试。
高温密封测试结果如表1所示。
密封试验实施的结果表明,在所有温度下,三种结构的密封性能表现出一致性规律:折弯填充结构泄漏量最小,圆形填充结构次之,无填充结构泄漏量最大。这表明金属填充物的引入显著提升了密封体系的致密性,而折弯结构因其更优的接触连续性,展现出最佳的密封效果。
随着温度的上升,所有试件的泄漏量均呈现逐渐降低的趋势,这主要归因于材料的热膨胀效应,温度升高导致了密封材料发生膨胀,从而更好地补偿了密封界面间隙,增强了密封效果15
密封结构设计是决定高温密封性能的关键因素,单纯的柔性基体(无填充)在压差作用下易发生流道穿透,而内置的金属箔片填充物能有效增加泄漏流道的迂曲度,增大流动阻力。其中,折弯填充结构通过形成更为复杂和高效的多级流阻路径,实现了最优的密封性能。
本文设计并搭建了一套集成化的高温磨损与密封性能测试系统,实现了对多材料复合密封件在高温环境下的综合性能评估。试验结果表明:
a)所开发的测试系统可在常温至800 ℃范围内稳定运行,温度控制精度优于±5 ℃;
b)摩擦系数随温度升高呈先增后降趋势,与材料表面状态演变密切相关;
c)在高温和压差耦合环境中,采用金属箔片增强的密封结构能通过其多级密封机制和良好的热适应性,显著降低泄漏率,为高速飞行器热端部件的高温动态密封提供了一种有效的技术途径。
本研究为高温动态密封件的性能评估提供了可靠的试验平台与数据支持,后续可进一步开展长时间循环试验与多场耦合条件下的密封行为研究。
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2025年第48卷第6期
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250614
  • 接收时间:2025-07-04
  • 首发时间:2026-01-20
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-04
  • 修回日期:2025-11-27
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    天津航天瑞莱科技有限公司沈阳分部,沈阳,110000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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