Article(id=1220368080832741446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1220368072699986922, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250613, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1751817600000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-07, revisedDate=1762617600000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768888023813, onlineDateStr=2026-01-20, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768888023813, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768888023813, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768888023813, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1220368072699986922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2025', volume='48', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768888021873, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768888582821, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1220370425566118679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1220368072699986922, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1220370425570312984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1220368072699986922, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=86, endPage=93, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1220368081193451609, articleId=1220368080832741446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=Experimental Study on Deformation Matching Damage Modes of the Array of Bonded Thermal Insulation Tile, columnId=1154067662675104070, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Environment and Test, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the deformation matching damage problem of the arrayed bonded thermal insulation tile assembly, this study extracts four typical aircraft skin deformation conditions, combines with Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technology and force-displacement synchronous measurement methods, conducts experiments and obtains quantitative results.​The results show that when the skin is depressed in a large area, the 80% compression of the gap between tiles is the compaction threshold of the filler strip, exceeding this threshold will cause local extrusion damage at the edge of the thermal insulation tile, and this threshold can be used as the safety upper limit for the gap design of thermal insulation tiles. When the discontinuous skin undergoes relative deformation, the thermal insulation tile will flip and become unstable after 60% compression of the gap between tiles, and debonding failure occurs in the bonding layer; the corresponding deformation can guide the skin deformation control of the docking areas such as the cabin door and the airframe. When the skin is locally depressed, debonding failure occurs in the bonding layer and spreads rapidly from the middle of the thermal insulation tile to the edge within 2 seconds. When the skin is locally bulged, debonding damage occurs in the bonding layer and spreads rapidly from the edge of the thermal insulation tile to the center after approximately 10 seconds; the corresponding deformation thresholds can guide the stiffness design of the skin in local areas such as access panels. The results of this study can guide the deformation matching design of thermal insulation tile assemblies, and the experimental scheme can provide references for similar designs and verifications.

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针对阵列式隔热瓦粘接组件变形匹配损伤问题,通过提炼4种典型蒙皮变形工况,结合数字图像相关技术与力-位移同步测量手段,开展试验并获得量化结果。研究表明,蒙皮较大区域凹陷时,瓦间缝隙压缩80%为填充条压实阈值,超过阈值则隔热瓦边缘出现局部挤压损伤,此阈值可作为隔热瓦间隙设计安全上限;不连续蒙皮相对变形时,瓦间缝隙压缩60%后隔热瓦会翻转失稳,粘接层出现脱粘损伤,对应变形量可指导舱门-机体等对接区域蒙皮变形控制;当蒙皮发生局部区域凹陷变形时,粘接层出现脱粘损伤并在2 s内从隔热瓦中间位置向边缘快速扩展,当蒙皮发生局部区域凸起变形时,粘接层出现脱粘损伤并在约10 s后从隔热瓦边缘位置向中心快速扩展,对应变形阈值可指导口盖等局部区域蒙皮刚度设计。研究结果可指导隔热瓦组件变形匹配设计,试验方法可为隔热瓦组件设计及验证提供参考。

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刘久周(1988—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为热防护设计。

石 磊(1996—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为热防护设计

吴勇军(1983—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为热防护设计。

董永朋(1985—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为热防护设计。

徐腾飞(1988—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为热防护设计。

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徐腾飞(1988—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为热防护设计。

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徐腾飞(1988—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为热防护设计。

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阵列式隔热瓦粘接组件变形匹配损伤模式试验研究
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刘久周 , 石磊 , 吴勇军 , 董永朋 , 徐腾飞
导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 环境与试验技术 2025,48(6): 86-93
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导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 环境与试验技术 2025, 48(6): 86-93
阵列式隔热瓦粘接组件变形匹配损伤模式试验研究
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刘久周, 石磊, 吴勇军, 董永朋, 徐腾飞
作者信息
  • 北京宇航系统工程研究所,北京,100076
  • 刘久周(1988—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为热防护设计。

    石 磊(1996—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为热防护设计

    吴勇军(1983—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为热防护设计。

    董永朋(1985—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为热防护设计。

    徐腾飞(1988—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为热防护设计。

Experimental Study on Deformation Matching Damage Modes of the Array of Bonded Thermal Insulation Tile
Jiuzhou LIU, Lei SHI, Yongjun WU, Yongpeng DONG, Tengfei XU
Affiliations
  • Beijing Institute of Aerospace Systems Engineering, Beijing, 100076
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250613
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针对阵列式隔热瓦粘接组件变形匹配损伤问题,通过提炼4种典型蒙皮变形工况,结合数字图像相关技术与力-位移同步测量手段,开展试验并获得量化结果。研究表明,蒙皮较大区域凹陷时,瓦间缝隙压缩80%为填充条压实阈值,超过阈值则隔热瓦边缘出现局部挤压损伤,此阈值可作为隔热瓦间隙设计安全上限;不连续蒙皮相对变形时,瓦间缝隙压缩60%后隔热瓦会翻转失稳,粘接层出现脱粘损伤,对应变形量可指导舱门-机体等对接区域蒙皮变形控制;当蒙皮发生局部区域凹陷变形时,粘接层出现脱粘损伤并在2 s内从隔热瓦中间位置向边缘快速扩展,当蒙皮发生局部区域凸起变形时,粘接层出现脱粘损伤并在约10 s后从隔热瓦边缘位置向中心快速扩展,对应变形阈值可指导口盖等局部区域蒙皮刚度设计。研究结果可指导隔热瓦组件变形匹配设计,试验方法可为隔热瓦组件设计及验证提供参考。

阵列式隔热瓦  /  变形匹配  /  损伤模式  /  损伤机理  /  试验研究

Aiming at the deformation matching damage problem of the arrayed bonded thermal insulation tile assembly, this study extracts four typical aircraft skin deformation conditions, combines with Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technology and force-displacement synchronous measurement methods, conducts experiments and obtains quantitative results.​The results show that when the skin is depressed in a large area, the 80% compression of the gap between tiles is the compaction threshold of the filler strip, exceeding this threshold will cause local extrusion damage at the edge of the thermal insulation tile, and this threshold can be used as the safety upper limit for the gap design of thermal insulation tiles. When the discontinuous skin undergoes relative deformation, the thermal insulation tile will flip and become unstable after 60% compression of the gap between tiles, and debonding failure occurs in the bonding layer; the corresponding deformation can guide the skin deformation control of the docking areas such as the cabin door and the airframe. When the skin is locally depressed, debonding failure occurs in the bonding layer and spreads rapidly from the middle of the thermal insulation tile to the edge within 2 seconds. When the skin is locally bulged, debonding damage occurs in the bonding layer and spreads rapidly from the edge of the thermal insulation tile to the center after approximately 10 seconds; the corresponding deformation thresholds can guide the stiffness design of the skin in local areas such as access panels. The results of this study can guide the deformation matching design of thermal insulation tile assemblies, and the experimental scheme can provide references for similar designs and verifications.

array of bonded thermal insulation tile  /  deformation matching  /  damage modes  /  damage mechanisms  /  experimental study
刘久周, 石磊, 吴勇军, 董永朋, 徐腾飞. 阵列式隔热瓦粘接组件变形匹配损伤模式试验研究. 导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), 2025 , 48 (6) : 86 -93 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250613
Jiuzhou LIU, Lei SHI, Yongjun WU, Yongpeng DONG, Tengfei XU. Experimental Study on Deformation Matching Damage Modes of the Array of Bonded Thermal Insulation Tile[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2025 , 48 (6) : 86 -93 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250613
热防护系统作为飞行器的关键子系统之一,其核心功能在于保障机体结构及内部仪器设备免受飞行器高速穿越大气层时的极端热环境损伤,并维持气动外形的完整性。刚性隔热瓦材料因其具有密度低、隔热效果好以及在较高温度下仍能够实现非烧蚀等特点,已广泛应用于各类航天器的热防护设计。
美国是世界上最早从事刚性隔热瓦材料系统性研究的国家,目前已经形成三代产品,其重复使用温度分别可达到1 260 ℃、1 370 ℃和1 500 ℃1-4,隔热瓦材料技术的进步在航天飞机等飞行器发展过程中发挥了重要作用5-7。虽然刚性隔热瓦材料具有良好的防隔热性能,但也存在脆性大、强度低等缺点,通常难以采用机械连接方式与飞行器机体相连接,因此工程中隔热瓦一般通过胶粘剂与飞行器机体蒙皮结构粘接相连。
飞行器在任务剖面内将承受严酷的气动热、气动力、过载、振动、噪声、舱内外压差等载荷,因此飞行器机体蒙皮结构会不可避免地发生不同程度的变形8-10。如果隔热瓦阵列与机体蒙皮结构之间的变形匹配设计不合理,将导致相邻隔热瓦之间相互挤压或隔热瓦与机体蒙皮粘接面脱粘,甚至会造成隔热瓦碎裂、脱落等灾难性后果11-12。因此,阵列式隔热瓦结构与飞行器机体蒙皮结构之间的变形匹配问题是航天器热防护设计的关键问题之一。
现有研究更多聚焦于隔热瓦材料自身性能或组件粘接性能11-15,缺乏对飞行器机体蒙皮典型变形工况下的大面积阵列式隔热瓦组件的变形匹配损伤模式、蒙皮变形阈值量化、变形-损伤关联规律等的研究,导致工程设计中往往只能依赖经验,可能存在过度设计或安全余量不足的问题。本文针对上述问题,开展阵列式隔热瓦粘接组件变形匹配损伤模式试验研究,旨在获取蒙皮典型变形下隔热瓦间缝隙压缩极限、脱粘损伤起始时刻蒙皮变形量、损伤扩展模式及扩展速度等,揭示蒙皮相对变形形式-损伤起始位置-损伤扩展模式之间的关联,为热防护隔热瓦组间参数优化、蒙皮变形量控制以及蒙皮刚度设计等提供定量支撑。本文首先对阵列式隔热瓦粘接组件变形匹配问题进行分析,将变形匹配模式提炼为4种典型试验工况;然后对试验方案进行详细介绍;在此基础上针对机体蒙皮不同变形模式下的试验结果进行深入分析并给出不同情况下隔热瓦的破坏模式及破坏机理;最后对本文的研究结论进行了总结。
隔热瓦粘接组件由隔热瓦表面涂层、隔热瓦本体以及应变隔离垫组成,一般通过胶粘剂以阵列式形式固定于飞行器冷结构蒙皮表面。隔热瓦阵列可利用应变隔离垫的可变形特性以及预留的隔热瓦间隙,实现相邻隔热瓦之间以及隔热瓦与飞行器蒙皮之间的热变形协调11。隔热瓦阵列与蒙皮之间的变形匹配设计是保障方案安全性和可靠性的关键。由于隔热瓦具有良好的隔热效果,飞行器冷结构蒙皮温度较低,蒙皮热变形量较小,且在该温度区间内温度对胶粘剂粘接强度影响较小,可以在常温状态下对阵列式隔热瓦粘接组件变形匹配损伤模式开展试验研究。
根据飞行器任务剖面内载荷特点及蒙皮结构特点,将隔热瓦阵列与机体蒙皮结构之间变形匹配问题提炼为4种典型试验工况,如图1所示。
各工况的研究必要性如下:
a)试验工况①蒙皮结构较大区域凹陷变形:机身大面积区域在气动压力作用下蒙皮易发生凹陷变形,需明确隔热瓦间挤压的安全极限。当机体蒙皮结构凹陷变形区域超过典型隔热瓦长度的2倍时,隔热瓦随蒙皮变形发生偏移,会导致变形区域内相邻的隔热瓦出现相互挤压碰撞。
b)试验工况②不连续蒙皮结构相对变形:由于设计需要,飞行器舱门、口盖、机翼机身对接区域等存在结构不连续情况,在飞行过载等载荷作用下,不连续蒙皮结构之间会发生一定程度的相对运动,导致相邻隔热瓦发生相互挤压,需关注该位移与隔热瓦损伤的关联,并对相应区域蒙皮结构相对变形量进行控制。
c)试验工况③蒙皮结构局部区域凹陷变形:由于功能需要,飞行器局部区域蒙皮结构较薄,因此在气动力及压差载荷作用下,蒙皮存在局部凹陷变形,如果凹陷区域隔热瓦的应变隔离垫无法完全缓冲蒙皮结构凹陷变形,则可能造成隔热瓦粘接层脱粘,需确定该工况下脱粘的起始阈值,进而对蒙皮结构刚度(或变形量)进行控制。
d)试验工况④蒙皮结构局部区域凸起变形:飞行器局部蒙皮结构在气动力及压差载荷的作用下存在局部凸起变形,如果凸起区域隔热瓦的应变隔离垫无法完全缓冲蒙皮结构凸起变形,则同样可能造成隔热瓦粘接层脱粘,需对比凹陷与凸起工况的损伤差异,确定该工况下脱粘的起始阈值,进而对蒙皮结构刚度(或变形量)进行控制。
针对前述4种典型试验工况样件形式定义边界约束方式及坐标系,见图2。对于试验工况①、③、④,通过与蒙皮结构连接的加载板实现Z向位移载荷施加,通过蒙皮结构两端的长圆孔及专用压板工装实现安装区域Y向和Z向自由度约束,并使蒙皮结构安装区域X向可变形。对于试验工况②,通过蒙皮结构上的安装孔实现右侧蒙皮结构XYZ向自由度全约束,并通过专用压板工装实现左侧蒙皮YZ向自由度约束,并使左侧蒙皮结构在位移载荷的作用下可沿X向移动。
试验系统如图3所示,通过工装实现工况①、③、④蒙皮两端区域Y向和Z向自由度约束,同时实现蒙皮两端区域沿X向可变形。工况②在试验件安装过程中,利用重力平衡装置抵消加载顶杆重力对加载方向的影响,确保位移作动器的位移载荷与隔热瓦组件蒙皮在同一水平面上,通过螺栓和定制压板工装实现试验件左侧蒙皮结构YZ向自由度约束,同时实现左侧蒙皮可沿X向移动。采用位移作动器按“分级加载-保载监测”模式施加载荷,至刚性隔热瓦发生碎裂或脱粘等损伤后停止加载。试验过程中采用力传感器同步测量位移载荷施加过程中作动器输出的力载荷(当力载荷出现明显波动时,可作为隔热瓦组间损伤时刻判定依据);采用接触式顶杆位移传感器实现样件不同位置变形量的监测;采用数字图像相关(Digital Image Correlation,DIC)技术实现隔热瓦间缝隙变化过程及隔热瓦表面位移场、应变场的监测,为损伤模式分析和设计准则建立提供数据支撑。
试验过程中位移加载曲线与位移控制曲线吻合较好,表明试验过程中位移载荷控制正常,载荷施加正确有效。同时,在位移载荷作用下,蒙皮结构变形较为对称,表明试验加载方案合理。
基于DIC测量系统获得的隔热瓦间缝隙变化曲线(如图4所示)可以看出,随着位移载荷增大,隔热瓦间缝隙上部宽度逐渐减小,缝隙下部宽度逐渐增大,当载荷增大到一定程度后,瓦间填充条基本被“压实”(试验测得瓦间缝隙最大压缩量约为初始设计值的80%),瓦间填充条被“压实”后隔热瓦系统主要通过应变隔离垫的厚度变化来缓冲蒙皮结构变形,随着位移载荷增大,隔热瓦缝隙附近区域的应变隔离垫厚度逐渐增加。
进一步增大位移载荷,缝隙上部附近的隔热瓦边缘因局部的互相挤压力过大而出现碎裂迹象,对应时刻的相对变形量为δ1。试验后对样件进行检查发现相互挤压的隔热瓦仅在缝隙上边缘局部区域产生了一定程度损伤(如图5所示),但未造成隔热瓦本体或涂层出现大面积的碎裂。这是因为隔热瓦本身为多孔、疏松材料,材料本身具有一定的阻止裂纹扩展的能力,同时在挤压力作用下局部区域的碎裂损伤会释放挤压力,导致损伤不会进一步扩展。研究表明,隔热瓦间缝隙压缩80%为填充条压实阈值,超过阈值则隔热瓦边缘可能出现局部挤压损伤,工程中可将此阈值作为隔热瓦间隙设计安全上限。
分析DIC系统采集的高清光学照片,随着不连续蒙皮结构的相对运动,隔热瓦间填充条被逐渐压缩,当位移载荷增大到一定程度后,瓦间填充条被“压实”,继续加载时瓦间缝隙几乎不再发生变化(试验测得瓦间缝隙最大压缩量约为初始设计值的60%),进一步施加位移载荷,隔热瓦系统主要通过应变隔离垫切向变形能力缓冲蒙皮结构的相对运动。图6是隔热瓦不同位置Z向位移测量曲线,6个测点位置如图7所示。
可以看出,在位移载荷增大过程中,相互挤压的隔热瓦会出现翻转运动。随着载荷进一步增大,试验件的粘接面出现脱粘损伤迹象(如图7所示),最终在隔热瓦与应变隔离垫的粘接面附近发生破坏,对应的相对变形量为δ2。这是因为相邻隔热瓦在较大的相互挤压力作用下,瓦间填充条被压缩,应变隔离垫发生切向变形,但整个隔热瓦系统在平面内处于一个不稳定的力平衡状态,微小扰动都将导致相互挤压的隔热瓦在试验件Z向失稳转动。研究表明,不连续蒙皮相对变形时,瓦间缝隙压缩60%后隔热瓦会翻转失稳,粘接层出现脱粘损伤,工程中对应变形量可指导舱门-机体等对接区域蒙皮变形控制。
分析DIC系统采集的高清光学照片,随着蒙皮结构局部凹陷变形量的增大,隔热瓦组件主要通过应变隔离垫缓冲蒙皮结构的凹陷变形,隔热瓦中心区域的应变隔离垫厚度逐渐增加。力载荷测量曲线如图8所示,可以看出,在试验第478 s时刻,力载荷测量曲线出现了明显的波动(波动幅度达到破坏载荷的30%左右),说明此时隔热瓦系统的结构或粘接状态发生了明显的变化,对应的相对变形量为δ3
对应时刻DIC高清光学照片可以看出恰好在此时隔热瓦中间位置与应变隔离垫的粘接层出现脱粘损伤,且损伤区域从隔热瓦中间位置向边缘快速扩展(如图9所示),损伤在2 s内快速扩展至整个粘接面。对应变形阈值δ3可指导局部区域蒙皮刚度设计。
试验过程中随着蒙皮结构局部凸起变形量的增大,隔热瓦系统主要通过应变隔离垫缓冲蒙皮结构的局部凸起变形,隔热瓦边缘区域的应变隔离垫厚度逐渐增加。力载荷测量曲线如图10所示,可以看出,在试验第296 s时刻,力载荷曲线出现了明显波动(波动幅度达到破坏载荷的7%左右),说明此时隔热瓦系统的结构或粘接状态发生了明显的变化,对应的相对变形量为δ4
对应时刻DIC高清光学照片可以看出,隔热瓦边缘位置开始出现脱粘损伤,且损伤区域从隔热瓦边缘位置向中间快速扩展(如图11所示),损伤在10 s以后才扩展至整个粘接面,表明蒙皮结构局部区域凸起变形情况粘接面损伤扩展速度低于蒙皮结构局部区域凹陷变形情况。工程中,对应变形阈值δ4可指导口盖等局部区域蒙皮刚度设计。
对于存在隔热瓦相互挤压的试验工况①和试验工况②,利用DIC获得的典型时刻隔热瓦应变场如图12所示。当相邻隔热瓦间挤压力较大时,试验件侧面会产生明显的高应变条带,高应变条带起始位置为隔热瓦发生挤压的位置,随着载荷增加,高应变条带数量逐渐增多。
试验后对样件进行检查(局部区域1∶30放大),发现隔热瓦表面高应变条带位置出现了裂纹(如图13所示),但裂纹仅位于隔热瓦表面涂层上,隔热瓦结构本身未见异常。由于隔热瓦本身为多孔材料,微裂纹在材料内部难以扩展,而涂层表面的微裂纹不会对隔热瓦性能产生明显影响。因此,应变测量结果进一步证明,隔热瓦与冷结构变形不匹配时会造成隔热瓦边缘局部区域碎裂或者隔热瓦与应变隔离垫的粘接面脱粘,但不会造成隔热瓦本体结构发生大范围损伤或涂层大面积碎裂剥落,可为隔热瓦组件的可靠性及损伤容限等提供支撑。
本文针对阵列式隔热瓦粘接组件变形匹配损伤问题,提炼了4种典型蒙皮变形工况,结合DIC技术与力-位移同步测量手段,开展试验研究。研究结果表明:
a)基于数字图像相关技术可实现隔热瓦间缝隙变化量、隔热瓦表面应变高精度测量,并可精确锁定隔热瓦初始损伤时刻。
b)当蒙皮结构较大区域发生凹陷变形时,变形区域相邻隔热瓦间缝隙上部宽度逐渐减小,缝隙下部逐渐增大,瓦间缝隙压缩80%为填充条压实阈值,超过阈值则隔热瓦边缘将出现局部挤压损伤,此阈值可作为隔热瓦间隙设计安全上限。
c)当不连续蒙皮结构发生相对变形时,相邻隔热瓦间填充条逐渐被“压实”,瓦间缝隙压缩60%后隔热瓦会翻转失稳,粘接层出现脱粘损伤,对应变形量可指导舱门-机体对接区域蒙皮变形控制。
d)当蒙皮结构发生局部凹陷变形时,随着变形量增大,粘接层出现脱粘损伤并在2 s内从隔热瓦中间位置向边缘快速扩展;当蒙皮发生局部区域凸起变形时,随着变形量增大,粘接层出现脱粘损伤并在约10 s后从隔热瓦边缘位置向中心快速扩展;对应变形阈值可指导局部区域蒙皮刚度设计。
e)阵列式隔热瓦与冷结构变形不匹配时会造成隔热瓦边缘局部区域碎裂或者隔热瓦与应变隔离垫的粘接面脱粘,不会造成隔热瓦本身发生大面积损伤或涂层大面积碎裂剥落,可为隔热瓦组件的可靠性及损伤容限等提供支撑。
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250613
  • 接收时间:2025-07-07
  • 首发时间:2026-01-20
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-07
  • 修回日期:2025-11-09
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    北京宇航系统工程研究所,北京,100076
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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