Article(id=1200797899350209259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1200805346487955826, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250513, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1737302400000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-20, revisedDate=1744473600000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764222128950, onlineDateStr=2025-11-27, pubDate=1761321600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764223905554, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=1764222128950, onlineFirstDateStr=2025-11-27, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764222128950, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764222128950, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200805346487955826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2025', volume='48', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764223904486, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768809576727, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1220039050011005257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1200805346487955826, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1220039050011005258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1200805346487955826, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=90, endPage=98, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200797900671415032, articleId=1200797899350209259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=Active Continuous Rolling Control for Reentry Vehicle Based on Aerodynamic Coefficient Fitting Model, columnId=1200797897596990140, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Aerodynamic Parameter Identification and Application Studies, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To control the position of the windward side along the vehicle for reducing the impact of harsh re-entry force and thermal environment on the vehicle, an active continuous roll control method based on the aerodynamic coefficient fitting model is proposed. Firstly, an aerodynamic coefficient fitting model combining quadratic term and negative exponential term model is established, and the aerodynamic coefficients are fitted using the least squares method. Secondly, based on the coordinate system transformation relationship, the windward angle model and the windward error angle model are proposed to describe the trajectory of the windward side along the cone of the vehicle. Then, based on the BTT/STT composite control method, linear roll control commands are designed, and the effect of different roll control commands on the flight process is compared and analyzed. Furthermore, nonlinear rolling control commands are created based on the loads to ensure that the roll rate is consistent with the trend of the loads. Finally, the proposed roll control commands are verified to generate excellent roll control effect through six degrees of freedom simulation, and can make the windward side evenly distributed along the vehicle. The standard deviation of the load on each meridian of the vehicle in rolling condition is 20% of that without rolling.

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为实现对迎风面沿飞行器周向位置的精确控制以减轻恶劣再入力热环境对飞行器的影响,提出一种基于气动系数拟合模型的再入飞行器主动持续滚转控制方法。首先建立结合二次项和负指数幂项的气动系数拟合模型,利用最小二乘法对气动系数进行拟合。其次基于坐标系转换关系建立迎风角模型和迎风误差角模型,描述迎风面在飞行器锥身的移动轨迹。然后基于BTT/STT复合控制方法设计匀速滚转控制指令,并比较加入不同滚转控制指令对飞行过程的影响。基于飞行器载荷设计非线性滚转控制指令,使得滚转速度与载荷的变化趋势保持一致。最后,进行六自由度仿真验证了该控制方法具有良好的滚转控制能力,可以使迎风面沿锥身均匀分布,有滚转条件下的飞行器各个子午线的载荷标准差是无滚转条件下的20%。

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张雪颖(2000—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为飞行力学与空气动力学。

宋加洪(1972—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为飞行力学。

颜楚雄(1991—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为飞行力学。

李 瑾(1996—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为飞行力学。

苏 伟(1978—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为空气动力学。

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Results of aerodynamic coefficient fitting

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系数名称数值系数名称数值
a00.621 30n0-0.161 60
a1-0.086 22n10.008 85
a20.223 50n2-0.001 01
a3-0.035 36n30.088 79
a40.010 99n4-0.005 42
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气动系数拟合模型结果

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系数名称数值系数名称数值
a00.621 30n0-0.161 60
a1-0.086 22n10.008 85
a20.223 50n2-0.001 01
a3-0.035 36n30.088 79
a40.010 99n4-0.005 42
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基于气动系数拟合模型的再入飞行器主动持续滚转控制
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张雪颖 , 宋加洪 , 颜楚雄 , 李瑾 , 苏伟
导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 气动参数辨识及应用研究 2025,48(5): 90-98
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导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 气动参数辨识及应用研究 2025, 48(5): 90-98
基于气动系数拟合模型的再入飞行器主动持续滚转控制
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张雪颖, 宋加洪, 颜楚雄, 李瑾, 苏伟
作者信息
  • 北京航天长征飞行器研究所,北京,100076
  • 张雪颖(2000—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为飞行力学与空气动力学。

    宋加洪(1972—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为飞行力学。

    颜楚雄(1991—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为飞行力学。

    李 瑾(1996—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为飞行力学。

    苏 伟(1978—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为空气动力学。

Active Continuous Rolling Control for Reentry Vehicle Based on Aerodynamic Coefficient Fitting Model
Xueying ZHANG, Jiahong SONG, Chuxiong YAN, Jin LI, Wei SU
Affiliations
  • Beijing Institute of Space Long March Vehicle, Beijing, 100076
出版时间: 2025-10-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250513
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为实现对迎风面沿飞行器周向位置的精确控制以减轻恶劣再入力热环境对飞行器的影响,提出一种基于气动系数拟合模型的再入飞行器主动持续滚转控制方法。首先建立结合二次项和负指数幂项的气动系数拟合模型,利用最小二乘法对气动系数进行拟合。其次基于坐标系转换关系建立迎风角模型和迎风误差角模型,描述迎风面在飞行器锥身的移动轨迹。然后基于BTT/STT复合控制方法设计匀速滚转控制指令,并比较加入不同滚转控制指令对飞行过程的影响。基于飞行器载荷设计非线性滚转控制指令,使得滚转速度与载荷的变化趋势保持一致。最后,进行六自由度仿真验证了该控制方法具有良好的滚转控制能力,可以使迎风面沿锥身均匀分布,有滚转条件下的飞行器各个子午线的载荷标准差是无滚转条件下的20%。

再入飞行器  /  气动系数拟合  /  BTT/STT复合控制  /  滚转控制指令  /  姿态控制

To control the position of the windward side along the vehicle for reducing the impact of harsh re-entry force and thermal environment on the vehicle, an active continuous roll control method based on the aerodynamic coefficient fitting model is proposed. Firstly, an aerodynamic coefficient fitting model combining quadratic term and negative exponential term model is established, and the aerodynamic coefficients are fitted using the least squares method. Secondly, based on the coordinate system transformation relationship, the windward angle model and the windward error angle model are proposed to describe the trajectory of the windward side along the cone of the vehicle. Then, based on the BTT/STT composite control method, linear roll control commands are designed, and the effect of different roll control commands on the flight process is compared and analyzed. Furthermore, nonlinear rolling control commands are created based on the loads to ensure that the roll rate is consistent with the trend of the loads. Finally, the proposed roll control commands are verified to generate excellent roll control effect through six degrees of freedom simulation, and can make the windward side evenly distributed along the vehicle. The standard deviation of the load on each meridian of the vehicle in rolling condition is 20% of that without rolling.

reentry vehicle  /  aerodynamic coefficient fitting  /  BTT/STT composite control mode  /  rolling control commands  /  attitude control
张雪颖, 宋加洪, 颜楚雄, 李瑾, 苏伟. 基于气动系数拟合模型的再入飞行器主动持续滚转控制. 导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), 2025 , 48 (5) : 90 -98 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250513
Xueying ZHANG, Jiahong SONG, Chuxiong YAN, Jin LI, Wei SU. Active Continuous Rolling Control for Reentry Vehicle Based on Aerodynamic Coefficient Fitting Model[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2025 , 48 (5) : 90 -98 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250513
再入机动飞行器因其飞行轨迹灵活、飞行范围广的特点得到了世界各国的广泛关注,在人员运输、物资投放与情报侦察等任务的执行过程中展示了独特的优势1。再入飞行阶段,飞行器面临着极其严酷和复杂的力热载荷环境条件,通过对飞行器滚转控制策略的设计,可以实现对迎风面沿锥身位置的精确控制,进而减弱力热环境对飞行器性能的影响。高速再入机动飞行器的滚转姿态机动存在较强的控制耦合问题,给起旋时机和旋转速度的设计带来了困难。为解决滚转飞行器的控制耦合问题,范世鹏等2推导了飞行器双通道舵系统在准弹体系下的等效传递函数矩阵,从理论上证明控制耦合产生的机理。彭博等3采用动态解耦算法设计了一种基于状态反馈与输入变换的解耦过载驾驶仪。段明宽4将旋转飞行器单通道控制原理应用于再入旋转机动飞行器的控制系统设计中,对其自旋速度范围、起旋方式和起旋时机进行仿真研究分析。戴树涛等5设计了分数阶滑模解耦控制器,能够解决传统的频域补偿解耦方法对参数摄动鲁棒性较差的问题。目前的飞行器滚转控制方法,研究对象主要是小型近程旋转飞行器,针对再入机动飞行器的研究相对较少。
在上述研究的基础上,本文提出一种针对再入机动飞行器的主动持续滚转控制方法,旨在精确控制迎风面沿飞行器周向位置,从而实现载荷均匀分布。为建立精确的气动系数模型,首先基于幂函数和负指数函数的拟合模型对气动数据进行拟合。其次建立迎风角和迎风误差角模型,用于描述迎风面在飞行器周向的位置。然后设计合理的起旋时间和滚转速度,基于BTT/STT复合控制方法,分别设计匀速滚转控制指令和变速滚转控制指令。最后利用六自由度仿真验证了本文设计的控制指令的有效性。
飞行器再入过程环境恶劣,气动力的变化严重影响速度、高度、速度倾角和航迹偏航角等参数的变化,进一步影响飞行器的姿态,因此建立高精度的气动拟合模型对于研究再入机动飞行器滚转控制问题非常重要。本文采用轴向力数据和法向力数据建立气动拟合模型并确定模型参数。为提高拟合精度,分别参考攻角和马赫数的二次项模型6和考虑马赫数负指数幂模型7的研究,综合考虑攻角和马赫数对法向力系数和轴向力系数的影响,建立同时考虑攻角和马赫数的拟合模型如下:
CA=a0+a1α+a1e-a2α+a3Ma+a4αMaCN=n0+n1α+n1e-n2α+n3Ma+n4αMa
式中 aini i=0,1,,4)分别为轴向力系数和法向力系数拟合模型的参数;α为攻角;Ma为马赫数。采用多元非线性最小二乘法对本文提出的模型进行参数拟合,得到拟合结果见表1
图1图2分别是轴向力系数和法向力系数拟合结果的曲面图。如图3图4所示,将获取的拟合数据与原始值进行对比分析,轴向力系数和法向力系数拟合方法误差均小于0.5%。其中轴向力系数最大相对偏差数值为0.48%,法向力系数最大相对偏差为0.09%,且拟合误差随攻角的减小而减小。上述结果表明选取的拟合模型能够较好地反映飞行器的气动特性。
为了记录迎风面在飞行器表面的位置变化,需要建立一个描述迎风面相对飞行器的运动轨迹的物理量。同时为了判断迎风面是否满足沿飞行器锥身周向的均匀分布,验证控制方法的有效性,需要建立描述滚转角与迎风面之间位置误差的物理量。
为描述迎风面在飞行器锥身周向的移动轨迹,对迎风角进行定义。如图5所示,坐标系Ox1y1z1和坐标系Ox3y3z3分别是弹体坐标系(以下简称为“弹体系”)和速度坐标系(以下简称为“速度系”)8,定义Ox'轴是Ox3轴在飞行器纵对称面内的投影。把来流V分解为y1Oz1面内的分量Vyz和沿Ox1轴的分量Vx,把来流分量VyzOy1轴的夹角ϕ定义为迎风角,以逆时针方向为正,-180°<ϕ≤180°,例如当飞行器以正攻角飞行且无侧滑无滚转时,ϕ=0°
下面给出ϕ的计算公式,如图6所示,将V沿弹体轴的3个轴分解有:
Vx=-VcosβcosαVy=VcosβsinαVz=-Vsinβ
其中VV的大小。在弹体系中,求取来流分量VyzOy1轴单位矢量y1的夹角。在弹体系中,得到计算迎风角的计算公式:
ϕ=-arctantanβ/sinα,-180°<ϕ180°
迎风角模型可以利用攻角和侧滑角的值计算迎风面相对飞行器纵轴的角度位置,得到的计算结果是实际迎风面的位置。而飞行器的滚转控制指令则描述了理想迎风面相对飞行器的角度位置。为了描述理想迎风面和实际迎风面之间的位置控制误差,给出迎风误差角的定义。
定义坐标系Ox4y4z4是准弹体坐标系(以下简称为“准弹体系”)9,定义迎风误差角θ为速度分量VyzOy4轴的夹角,以逆时针方向为正,-180°<θ180°,例如当飞行器以正攻角飞行且无侧滑无滚转时,θ=0°。结合迎风误差角和迎风角的定义,给出计算迎风误差角大小的公式如下:
θ=ϕ+γ
式中 ϕ为迎风角;γ为飞行器的滚转角。二者分别对应了滚转控制阶段迎风面相对飞行器的实际角度位置和理想角度位置。
为了进一步描述迎风误差角的物理意义,对STT、BTT、BTT/STT三种不同控制方式的迎风角和迎风误差角进行分类讨论。图7是从飞行器头部向尾部看的投影图,曲线表示载荷以迎风面为对称中心沿周向对称分布的情况,Vyz与飞行器表面的交点是迎风面的投影,图7a7b7c分别表示STT控制、BTT控制和BTT/STT复合控制的情况。
a)STT控制方式:飞行器不发生滚转时γ=0°,弹体系和准弹体系重合,迎风面的位置取决于ϕ,载荷沿飞行器迎风面周向递减,迎风误差角与迎风角大小相等。
b)BTT控制方式:在BTT情况下,β=0,根据式(3),迎风面相对Oy1轴不会发生偏移,ϕ=0°。但是在BTT情况下有γ=arctannz1/ny1,迎风面相对Oy4轴发生偏移,且偏移的角度等于γ
c)BTT/STT复合控制方式:这种方法综合BTT和STT两种控制方式,特点是α0,β0,γ0,滚转角形式为
γ=arctan(nz1/ny1)(BTT模式)γc(BTT/STT复合控制模式)0(STT模式)
采用BTT/STT复合控制方式,迎风面的位置依然取决于ϕ,滚转角按照滚转控制指令变化,同时也受到攻角和侧滑角同时不为零带来的耦合影响10。飞行器逆时针旋转,理想滚转机动情况下,迎风面移动轨迹和飞行器滚转姿态重合,相当于飞行器相对于Ox1轴发生滚转,迎风面也在飞行器上移动,但在滚转控制指令的约束下二者的移动轨迹保持一致。迎风面与Oy1轴的夹角随着飞行器滚转发生变化,但是在BTT/STT复合控制的作用下来流分量Vyz被固定在Oy4负半轴与飞行器表面的交点处(以下简称为“固定点”),来流分量VyzOy4轴的夹角不发生变化。因此理想情况下迎风面和固定点保持重合,迎风误差角等于0°。
在第2节中给出了迎风角和迎风误差角的定义和计算公式,在滚转控制指令设计的工作中,这两个物理量起到评价滚转控制指令控制效果的作用。进行滚转控制指令设计需要解决如下问题:a)为了有效降低飞行器在拉起段受到载荷的极大值11,设计合理的起旋时间和滚转速度;b)在式(5)的基础上,对γc进行设计;c)考虑到攻角、侧滑角和滚转角之间的耦合,对攻角指令αc和侧滑角指令βc进行重新分配。
起旋时机设置过早会导致的问题是加入滚转控制时飞行器所处的环境中大气密度过于稀薄,空气舵不能提供完成滚转机动需要的气动力矩。起旋时机设置过晚会延长拉起段的飞行时间,压缩后续飞行阶段的时间。根据前期的迭代仿真结果,选择在拉起段结束前的最后9 s左右加入滚转控制既能完成滚转机动,也不对后续飞行阶段产生明显影响。
如果角速度设置太小,飞行器滚转速度太慢会导致完成滚转机动的时间过长,不仅不能实现对迎风面的控制,还可能造成在滚转前后迎风面重叠,载荷大大增加。如果角速度设置太大,飞行器三通道耦合项数值过大,不利于控制的稳定性。滚转速度设计方面,从线性滚转控制指令出发,进行滚转角速度ωx分别为60 (°)/s,90 (°)/s、120 (°)/s、 150 (°)/s的仿真,分别记为L1L2L3L4
L1:γc=tπ/3,0<t3t-6π/3,3<t9t-12π/3,9<t12ωx1lim=π/1.5
式中 t为时间;ωx1lim为滚转角速度限幅值。飞行器以60 (°)/s的速度在12 s内完成2周滚转,且滚转角速度限幅值为120 (°)/s。
L2:γc=tπ/2,0<t2t-4π/2,2<t6t-8π/2,6<t8ωx1lim=π/1.5
飞行器以90 (°)/s的速度在8 s内完成2周滚转,且滚转角速度限幅值为120 (°)/s。
L3:γc=t-0.0π/1.5,0<t1.5t-3.0π/1.5,1.5<t4.5t-6.0π/1.5,4.5<t7.5t-9.0π/1.5,7.5<t9.0ωx1lim=π/1.5
飞行器以120 (°)/s的速度在9 s内完成3周滚转,且滚转角速度限幅值为120 (°)/s。
L4:γc=tπ/1.2,0<t1.2t-3.0π/1.2,1.2<t3.6t-6.0π/1.2,3.6<t6.0t-9.0π/1.2,6.0<t7.2ωx1lim=π/1.2
飞行器以150 (°)/s的速度在7.2 s内完成3周滚转,且滚转角速度限幅值为150 (°)/s。初步仿真发现如果直接根据载荷调整滚转控制指令的形式,由于滚转速度随载荷改变需要时间,控制系统会因载荷与滚转速度之间没有及时进行闭环控制而发散。因此考虑把载荷的信息加入对滚转速度的限幅值设计中,形成新型滚转控制指令。
当载荷值处于一定范围内时,滚转角跟踪线性滚转控制指令,当载荷超出一定范围时,滚转角同时受线性滚转控制指令和滚转角速度限幅值的约束。选择典型滚转控制指令L3,参考L3分别设计NL1NL2两种格式的非线性滚转控制指令:
NL1:γc=t-0.0π/1.5,0.0<t1.5t-3.0π/1.5,1.5<t4.5t-6.0π/1.5,4.5<t7.5t-9.0π/1.5,7.5<t9.0ωx1lim=ωc+Δωωc=π/1.5Δω=2(°)/sp>25(°)/sp>5
NL2:γc=t-0.0π/1.5,0.0<t1.5t-3.0π/1.5,1.5<t4.5t-6.0π/1.5,4.5<t7.5t-9.0π/1.5,7.5<t9.0ωx1lim=ωc+Δωωc=π/1.5Δω=0.5(°)/sp>12.5(°)/sp>3
式中 p为无量纲化处理后的载荷值;Δω为角速度限幅值的可变量,随p的变化而变化;ωc为滚转角速度的基础值。与NL2相比,NL1载荷分段设计的间隔值取得较大,对角速度的限幅取得较大,期望滚转角速度的大小能够随载荷出现明显变化。NL2则将角速度的限幅值划分得更细,期望通过角速度的调整迅速将载荷值控制在一定范围内。
弹体系的Oy1轴和速度系的Oy3轴都在飞行器的纵对称面内,滚转机动时这两个坐标轴随飞行器一同滚转,导致攻角和侧滑角随飞行器滚转发生周期性的变化12
为了便于控制,需要把控制指令分配到纵平面和横侧平面内,对指令进行重新分配13。首先根据法向过载指令Nyc和侧向过载指令Nzc利用牛顿迭代法反解计算得到攻角αc和侧滑角βc
Cyαc, β, Ma=NycCzα, βc, Ma=Nzc
式中 CyCz分别为升力系数和侧向力系数计算公式。进而计算得到总攻角:
ηc=arccos(cosαccosβc)
把总攻角指令分配到准攻角指令αc*和准侧滑角指令βc*,给出准攻角和准侧滑角与攻角和侧滑角的转换关系如下:
α*=αcosγ+βsinγβ*=-αsinγ+βcosγ
式中 α*β*分别为准攻角和准侧滑角14,参考式(14),考虑到分配后的指令角应当形式简洁,易于计算,设计如下指令角:
αc=ηccosγβc=ηcsinγ
式(15)中的准攻角指令和准侧滑角指令代替式(12)中解算出的指令角进行六自由度仿真。指令传递流程见图8
利用本文所提的气动拟合模型和滚转控制指令进行六自由度数值仿真,设置典型初始飞行状态参数进行仿真分析:初始速度2 500 m/s,高度60 km,经度0°,纬度0°,速度倾角0°,航迹偏航角0°,初始攻角和倾侧角均为0°,侧滑角设置为0°;目标点经度0°,纬度1°,设置落地速度倾角约束-65°。飞行器的动力学和运动学模型可参考文献[15]中建立在发射坐标系的运动方程,完成六自由度仿真。
图913L1L4四种线性滚转控制指令的仿真结果。由图9可见,滚转速度越快越有利于实现对滚转角速度的精确控制,滚转角速度的实际值越接近理想值。由图10可以看出,在加入滚转控制之前的拉起段飞行器进行大攻角拉起飞行,在滚转控制阶段总攻角的幅值大致在10°左右,进行正弦规律的交替变化,波动频率与滚转角指令保持一致。
图11L1L4四种条件下的滚转角和迎风角曲线,可以看出飞行器的机动能力和姿态控制器的控制性能较好,令滚转角能够完成对滚转角指令的跟踪,同时解算出的迎风角也与滚转角基本相等,证明BTT/STT复合控制方法的有效性,即在攻角、侧滑角和滚转角同时不为零的情况下实现对滚转角的精准控制。图12是攻角、侧滑角和滚转角的指令误差,误差角分别控制在5°、4°和6°以内,且误差角随滚转角指令规律变化。滚转速度越大则耦合越严重,所以滚转速度越大误差角越大。图13是迎风误差角曲线,由迎风误差角曲线可知迎风面沿固定点两侧分布,相比固定点的偏移量不超过30°。
图14L3NL1NL2的角速度曲线图,可以看出与NL1L3相比,NL2的变化更为缓和,例如在2 s处NL2的角速度相对于120°的偏移量远小于NL1L3。由图15可知,与NL2L3相比,NL1的迎风误差角更小,也就是迎风面与相对于飞行器固定点的偏移量更小。因此可以得出结论,当角速度的限幅值划分更细致时,角速度更平滑,但是会导致迎风面沿固定点两侧的分布更加分散。
图1617为不同条件下载荷的仿真结果。图16为无滚转和L3两种条件下飞行器0°子午线的载荷,与无滚转的情况相比,匀速120 (°)/s滚转的飞行器0°子午线的载荷呈现周期性变化。图17L3条件下飞行器上0°、90°、180°、270°子午线的载荷曲线,不同子午线的载荷曲线形状基本一致,区别在于不同的载荷曲线相位不同。
为了进一步证明载荷的均匀性,统计并计算飞行器不同子午线载荷均值的标准差S1。为了证明在 BTT/STT复合控制的作用下来流分量Vyz被固定在Oy4负半轴与飞行器表面的交点处,VyzOy4轴的夹角不发生变化,研究准弹体系y4Oz4平面不同特征点载荷的变化情况。如图18所示,取准弹体系y4Oz4平面上不同的特征点并统计不同特征点载荷的标准差S2。分别在无滚转和L3两种条件下进行100次蒙特卡罗打靶并计算S1S2,结果如图19图20所示。由图19可以看出,有滚转条件下载荷的标准差是无滚转条件下标准差的20%,证明有滚转条件下各子午线的载荷比无滚转条件下分布得更加均匀。由图20可以看出,飞行器在有无滚转的条件下载荷沿准弹体系的分布几乎不发生变化,由于准弹体坐标系不随飞行器滚转,同一特征点的载荷几乎不发生变化且0°特征点位置的载荷最大,证明了BTT/STT复合控制的有效性。
本文研究得出以下结论:
a)建立结合二次项和负指数幂项模型的气动系数拟合模型,利用最小二乘法对气动系数进行参数拟合,轴向力系数和法向力系数拟合方法相对误差小于0.5%,提出的气动模型拟合精度较高。
b)基于迎风角和迎风误差角模型设计线性滚转控制指令和非线性滚转控制指令,可以实现的控制效果如下:姿态跟踪误差角小于6°,迎风误差角控制在30°以内,在有滚转情况下飞行器各子午线载荷值的标准差是无滚转情况下的20%,有滚转情况下载荷分布更均匀。
c)非线性控制情况下当角速度的限幅值划分更细致时,可以实现更平滑的角速度曲线,同时会导致迎风面沿固定点两侧的分布更加分散。
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2025年第48卷第5期
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250513
  • 接收时间:2025-01-20
  • 首发时间:2025-11-27
  • 出版时间:2025-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-20
  • 修回日期:2025-04-13
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    北京航天长征飞行器研究所,北京,100076
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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