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The missile cabin structure is used to form the shape, connect and install the subsystems, and bear various loads. The loads that the missile needs to bear in the flight stage mainly includes shear load, bending moment, axial load, external pressure, thermal load, ect. In order to verify the structural stability and strength performance of the missile cabin structure under multi-load cooperation, it is necessary to carry out the research on the structural strength test. The equivalent treatment method of test load and the design of coupled loading scheme are focused on. The study of structural strength test method of a certain missile cabin under multi-load is carried out, which provides a reliable test basis for the calculation, optimization and modification of the cabin structural strength.

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导弹舱体结构构成了导弹外形,用于安装各弹上分系统及舱段间连接,并承受各种飞行环境载荷作用。导弹在服役阶段中需要承受的载荷主要包括剪力载荷、弯矩载荷、轴向载荷、外压载荷、热载荷等。为验证导弹舱体结构在多载荷耦合作用下的结构稳定性以及强度性能是否满足设计要求,需要开展多载荷耦合作用下的导弹舱体结构强度试验技术研究。针对某型导弹舱体结构,从试验载荷等效处理方法和多载荷耦合加载方案设计两个方面对多载荷耦合作用下的导弹舱体结构强度试验方法进行研究,为舱体结构强度计算、优化与改型提供可靠的试验依据。

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刘 博(1989—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为强度环境试验与仿真。

肖传清(1981—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为航天器结构强度试验技术。

翟师慧(1992—),女,工程师,主要研究方向为航天器环境与可靠性试验。

易 果(1986—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为强度环境试验与仿真。

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1—10 t作动筒;2—A截面加载杆;3—10 t作动筒;4—15 t作动筒;5—加载梁;6—10 t作动筒;7—前舱外压限位筒;8—前舱上限位环;9—加载盘;10—A截面加载法兰;11—前舱加热毯;12—后舱加热毯;13—B截面加载法兰;14—B截面加载杆;15—后舱下限位环;16—前舱外压水囊;17—前舱下限位环;18—10 t作动筒;19—后舱外压限位筒;20—后舱上限位环;21—后舱外压水囊;22—50 t作动筒;23—30 t作动筒

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Comparison of experimental and simulation strain results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点编号试验结果/με仿真结果/με偏差/%
1-1 822-1 694-7
2-2 861-2 632-8
3-2 633-2 554-3
4-2 631-2 447-7
5-2 415-2 270-6
), ArticleFig(id=1200805359658070673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1200797896787480713, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验与仿真应变结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点编号试验结果/με仿真结果/με偏差/%
1-1 822-1 694-7
2-2 861-2 632-8
3-2 633-2 554-3
4-2 631-2 447-7
5-2 415-2 270-6
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导弹舱体结构多载荷耦合的强度试验技术
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刘博 , 肖传清 , 翟师慧 , 易果
导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 环境与试验技术 2025,48(5): 66-72
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导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 环境与试验技术 2025, 48(5): 66-72
导弹舱体结构多载荷耦合的强度试验技术
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刘博, 肖传清, 翟师慧, 易果
作者信息
  • 上海航天精密机械研究所,上海,201600
  • 刘 博(1989—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为强度环境试验与仿真。

    肖传清(1981—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为航天器结构强度试验技术。

    翟师慧(1992—),女,工程师,主要研究方向为航天器环境与可靠性试验。

    易 果(1986—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为强度环境试验与仿真。

Strength Test Technique of Multi-load for Missile Cabin Structure
Bo LIU, Chuanqing XIAO, Shihui ZHAI, Guo YI
Affiliations
  • Shanghai Spaceflight Precision Machinery Institute, Shanghai, 201600
出版时间: 2025-10-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250507
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导弹舱体结构构成了导弹外形,用于安装各弹上分系统及舱段间连接,并承受各种飞行环境载荷作用。导弹在服役阶段中需要承受的载荷主要包括剪力载荷、弯矩载荷、轴向载荷、外压载荷、热载荷等。为验证导弹舱体结构在多载荷耦合作用下的结构稳定性以及强度性能是否满足设计要求,需要开展多载荷耦合作用下的导弹舱体结构强度试验技术研究。针对某型导弹舱体结构,从试验载荷等效处理方法和多载荷耦合加载方案设计两个方面对多载荷耦合作用下的导弹舱体结构强度试验方法进行研究,为舱体结构强度计算、优化与改型提供可靠的试验依据。

导弹  /  舱体结构  /  多载荷  /  耦合加载  /  强度试验

The missile cabin structure is used to form the shape, connect and install the subsystems, and bear various loads. The loads that the missile needs to bear in the flight stage mainly includes shear load, bending moment, axial load, external pressure, thermal load, ect. In order to verify the structural stability and strength performance of the missile cabin structure under multi-load cooperation, it is necessary to carry out the research on the structural strength test. The equivalent treatment method of test load and the design of coupled loading scheme are focused on. The study of structural strength test method of a certain missile cabin under multi-load is carried out, which provides a reliable test basis for the calculation, optimization and modification of the cabin structural strength.

missile  /  cabin structure  /  multi-load  /  coupled loading  /  strength test
刘博, 肖传清, 翟师慧, 易果. 导弹舱体结构多载荷耦合的强度试验技术. 导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), 2025 , 48 (5) : 66 -72 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250507
Bo LIU, Chuanqing XIAO, Shihui ZHAI, Guo YI. Strength Test Technique of Multi-load for Missile Cabin Structure[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2025 , 48 (5) : 66 -72 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250507
随着导弹飞行航时与速度显著提升,导弹结构面临的力热耦合环境载荷愈发严酷,结构强度试验技术需要不断匹配导弹研制的发展1-2,以满足导弹环境适应性与可靠性考核要求。
a)试验环境从单一载荷向多载荷耦合发展3-5。导弹结构力热耦合效应显著且与飞行时序高度相关,为准确复现导弹历经的力载荷与热载荷环境,需要发展多载荷耦合试验加载技术,以有效验证导弹结构的承载性能。
b)导弹结构设计的安全裕度降低要求更高的试验精确度6-7。新型导弹为提升性能、增大射程,大量的新材料与新构型被设计使用。为了提升型号研制的验证闭环效率,要求提高试验精确度,改善试验加载和边界条件失真引起的“过试验”与“欠试验”情况。因此,试验系统设计需要充分考虑加载传力路径、导弹结构刚度的影响,分析试验系统的刚度匹配、强度匹配和热匹配特性,避免试验加载系统间的干涉以及施加载荷相互耦合干扰导致的试验精度低的问题。
目前导弹研制中对于强度试验施加载荷与弹体结构真实服役经受环境载荷的一致性要求不断提升8-9。导弹在飞行阶段中需要承受的剪切、弯矩、轴向、外压、热等耦合载荷作用,在试验设计中需要根据结构实际工作状态进行边界模拟,将各类载荷合理准确地施加于弹体结构考核位置10-11。其中,力热耦合加载常采用辐射加热、拉杆或水囊组合的方式12-13,虽然辐射加热方法可以将试验件加热至800 K以上,但受到拉杆或水囊对于辐射加热面遮挡的影响,该方法难以对舱体结构同一个面上施加热与外压两种面载荷,并且拉杆加载方式,需要对外压力进行等效降阶,拉杆局部力应力集中现象明显,容易试验过考核。此外,多载荷的协调加载也是弹体结构强度试验的突出问题14-15,特别是较小直径的武器舱内空间有限,为避免加载装置结构间的干涉,结构尺寸限制明显,若加载装置传力设计不合理,容易引起其强度失效问题。本文针对某型导弹弹体结构,提出了多载荷耦合作用下的导弹弹体结构强度试验方法,设计了导弹弹体结构多载荷耦合加载试验系统,并通过载荷等效及仿真分析,验证了该试验方法的合理性。
根据某型导弹弹体结构飞行状态载荷分析,得到设计要求舱体结构需要承受的轴压、弯矩、外压和热的极限载荷值,据此设定地面试验施加到舱体的载荷值。试验中舱体外壁整体承受均匀的外压载荷与热载荷,各截面的轴压、弯矩、剪力载荷如图1所示。为兼顾试验考核的充分性与实施可行性,通过等效法将轴压、弯矩、剪力载荷作等效换算处理。
导弹舱体各截面的轴压、弯矩、剪力之间的等效换算关系式如下:
MBeam=MI+QI×a
MA=MI+QI×(a+b)
MII=MI+QI×(a+f)-RQA×c
MB=MI+QI×(a+d+f)-RQA×(c+d)+QII×d
MIII=MI+QI×(a+h)-RQA×(c+d+e)+QII×f-RQB×e
式中 MBeam为舱体结构设计需要承受的总弯矩。舱体Ⅰ截面施加弯矩M、剪力Q、轴压T。其中弯矩M使舱体第三象限受压,剪力Q由圆心指向第三象限线;A截面施加剪力RQA,由圆心指向第一象限线;Ⅱ截面施加剪力Q,由圆心指向第三象限线;B截面施加轴拉RTB、剪力RQB,其中剪力RQB由圆心指向第一象限线。定义沿Z轴正方向的轴压为正,沿X轴正方向的剪力为正,从第一象限至第三象限的顺时针旋转方向的弯矩为正。
舱体结构截面的位置分布如图2所示。在确定舱体结构设计需要承受的弯矩以及各截面需要承受的弯矩MBeamMAMIIMBMIII后,根据式(1)~(5),可以等效换算得到试验需要施加到I截面的弯矩M以及各截面的剪力QRQAQRQB
A、B截面剪力在试件内部,通过变力臂加载方法实现,加载系统构型如图3所示。
试验施加载荷按照下式进行计算:
RQA'=-(RQA×LA2)LA1
RQB'=-(RQB×LB2)LB1
通过对仿型外压水囊增压对试件施加外压载荷,如图4所示。外压水囊固定在试件外壁上,水囊限位工装安装在囊体外,囊体上的加注口从限位工装侧面穿出。试验时,通过加注口向囊体内加水至上端管嘴有水溢出,在测压口安装测压压力表和测压压力传感器,通过增压系统进行增压,试验施加的最大外压载荷为1.2 MPa。
采用电控加热的方式对试验舱体加热,最高加热温度可达到370 K。如图5所示,前端与后端电加热装置采用电阻式加热毯,尺寸与试验舱体外壁轮廓保持一致。电阻式加热毯一侧贴合于舱体外壁,另一侧包裹绝缘防水橡胶层与隔热石棉层,再与仿型外压水囊的内壁贴合。电阻式加热毯、绝缘防水橡胶层与隔热石棉层均具有足够的抗压强度,可以将外压水囊作用的载荷传递于舱体外壁,实现外压与热载荷的同步施加。
为验证某型号导弹舱体结构强度,选取某型导弹一个回转舱体结构作为多载荷耦合试验件,轴向、剪切、弯矩载荷采用作动筒施加,如图6所示。对于本文选取的舱体结构,在试验与分析中并不涉及轴向稳定性和外压稳定性问题,原因在于:轴向压力施加于舱体的I截面与B截面,根据有限元分析,I截面轴向临界失稳压力为811.9 kN,B截面轴向临界失稳压力为1 091.9 kN,均为设计承载轴向压力的强度极限的3倍以上;舱体外压临界失稳压力为2.8 MPa,为设计承载外压的强度极限的2倍以上。舱体I截面载荷由1、3、6作动筒施加,各作动筒载荷F1=(TI-MI/L)/2、F3=(TI+MI/L)/2、F6=QI,其中L为加载梁的长度。舱体A和B截面载荷由4、22、23作动筒通过变力臂加载方法施加,各作动筒载荷F4=RQAF22=RQBF23=RTB。舱体II截面载荷由18作动筒施加,作动筒载荷F18=QII。此外,如第1节所述,利用仿型外压水囊与电加热装置对舱体外壁同步施加外压与热载荷。
由于A、B截面剪切载荷通过变力臂加载方法实现,对于静加载系统的强度要求较高,需要通过有限元方法对静加载系统进行强度分析。为保证电加热系统的热载荷加载能力,需要对其进行热载荷加载能力分析。轴向与剪切载荷耦合加载系统采用45钢材料加工而成,本文以B截面的加载系统为例,结构如图7所示。为了同步施加轴向与剪切载荷,加载系统上端采用铰链连接,并沿施加轴力方向(Z向)设置矩形槽。若将圆柱铰链与矩形槽直接进行线接触连接,接触区域应力值较大,容易产生强度破坏问题。而在舱体内狭小空间内,为避免干涉问题,加载系统结构尺寸受到的限制明显。因此,本文基于B截面的轴向与剪切载荷耦合加载系统结构应力有限元分析结果,优化设计构型改善试验系统的传力,利用滑块解决试验系统的传力机构连接区域强度不足的问题。设计的滑块内部圆孔与圆柱铰链配合,滑块外形为方形,与加载系统上端轴向矩形槽贴合,这样就将原线接触情况转换成面接触,在保证轴向与剪切载荷同步施加的前提下,有效降低上端铰链连接区域的应力值,提高加载系统结构的剩余强度,以满足大量级剪切的施加需求。
基于B截面的轴压与剪力耦合加载系统结构应力有限元分析结果,优化设计构型改善试验系统的传力,并利用滑块解决试验系统的传力机构连接区域强度不足的问题,以满足大量级剪力的施加需求。如图8所示,优化后的试验系统,在最大试验载荷下(轴向载荷为274.2 kN、剪切载荷为109.7 kN),结构最大应力为389 MPa,剩余安全系数为1.54。
试验时,一是利用电阻式加热毯对试验舱体外壁进行加热至试验所需温度;二是通过增压系统对仿真模型外压水囊进行增压,该试验装置施加的外压载荷可以从电阻式加热毯、绝缘防水橡胶层与隔热石棉层传递至舱体外壁,解决了舱体外壁的外压与热载荷同步加载问题;三是设计变力臂加载装置,解决舱体内截面的狭小空间轴向、弯矩、剪切施加难题。经结构受力分析,试件薄弱部位在B截面与弹体连接三象限区域。沿垂直于B截面剪切RQB方向的弹体柱面结构母线上,布置等间距的5个测点,对试件薄弱部位的应变响应进行测试。针对试件薄弱部位粘贴高温应变片,由于应变测试数据受温度影响较大,采用补偿法补偿应变数据。试验与测试的实施流程如图9所示,首先安装试验件、加载系统与测试系统,开展预试验使温度、外压、轴向与剪切至30%的试验最大载荷,若出现异常,对试验与测试系统进行检测,排除故障。预试验无异常后,开展正式试验,每一级载荷增量为2.5%,当加热毯温度、水囊压力和各作动筒力值都达到每一级预设值时,测量记录当前舱体结构响应应变。随着载荷量级增加,若试验件结构发生破坏,则进行试验卸载,记录破坏时载荷与结构响应测试数据,试验终止。当试验载荷量级达到100%时(即试验件舱体外壁温度达到370 K、外压载荷达到1.2 MPa、舱体内截面最大轴向载荷为274.2 kN、最大剪切载荷为109.7 kN),试验件若未发生破坏,记录当前结构响应测量值,进行试验卸载,试验结束。
开展导弹舱体多载荷耦合的结构强度有限元仿真。采用热-力顺序耦合有限元仿真方法,即先根据舱体温度边界条件,采用八节点线性热传导单元,计算结构的温度场分布,再将此温度场作为初始条件代入结构力响应有限元计算中,采用八节点温度-变形耦合单元,综合分析热膨胀变形与结构热匹配引起的热应变、轴向压力与剪切力作用于舱体各截面的结构应变、舱体外压产生的结构应变,试件结构响应的应变云图如图10所示。
对比试验与仿真得到的试件薄弱部位应变测点应变值,如图11所示。仿真与试验结果应变分布趋势基本一致,但试验结果较仿真结果应变值较大,并且在加载量级较小时,试验件的结构应变的变化率较大,在加载至5%满量级载荷后,应变的变化率变小。上述现象的原因为实际的导弹舱体结构与试验系统在由各零组件装配时,难以避免地存在间隙。在开始试验加载时,由于结构装配间隙的存在,系统整体刚度较理论情况低,结构应变随载荷增加的变化率较大,这也导致试验测得的应变结果较仿真计算结果偏大,但如表1所示,各测点最大应变响应结果,两者偏差最大值不超过8%,验证了本文提出的加热毯与水囊相组合的加载、多载荷耦合施加的等效方法及舱体内截面轴向与剪切载荷耦合加载系统在舱体结构强度试验工程应用的合理性。
本文提出了多载荷耦合作用下的导弹舱体结构强度试验方法,设计了一种导弹舱体结构多载荷耦合加载试验系统,包括仿型外压水囊、电阻式加热毯与变力臂加载装置。主要解决了导弹回转型舱体结构外壁面同时施加热与外压等两类面载荷,以及舱体内截面狭小空间的轴向、弯矩、剪切同步加载等难题。通过载荷等效及仿真分析,验证了该试验方法的合理性。通过研究得出以下结论:
a)通过等效方法实现轴向、弯矩与剪切载荷的耦合加载,并通过电控加热法实现370 K温度的舱体外壁热载荷施加,以及利用水囊加压法实现舱体外压载荷1.2 MPa的同步施加。
b)设计了舱体试验件内部截面轴向与剪切载荷耦合加载的试验系统,通过优化构型改善试验系统的传力,并利用滑块解决试验系统的传力机构连接区域强度不足的问题,以满足舱体内部截面大量级剪切的施加需求。
c)通过舱体结构的轴向、弯矩、剪切、外壁加热与外压载荷的耦合试验,获得充分有效的试验数据,结构应变响应的仿真与试验结果偏差不超过8%。
  • 中国航天科技集团公司第八研究院产学研合作基金(SAST2021-060)
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2025年第48卷第5期
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250507
  • 接收时间:2024-06-04
  • 首发时间:2025-11-27
  • 出版时间:2025-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-04
  • 修回日期:2024-07-08
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中国航天科技集团公司第八研究院产学研合作基金(SAST2021-060)
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    上海航天精密机械研究所,上海,201600
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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