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The sparse reconstruction theory can obtain distance information in the emitters localization. In the case of traditional emitter sparse reconstruction poor algorithm performance and off grid, an Off-Grid and multiple emitters direct localization algorithm are proposed based on GDP distribution and Sparse Bayesian Learning (SBL). This GDP-SBL-DPD algorithm assumes that the reconstructed signal follows a Generalized Double Pareto (GDP) distribution and leverages a coarse-to-fine search and signal hyper parameter quadratic updating method to enhance the performance of Emitters Direct in off-grid scenarios. Simulation results demonstrate that the GDP-SBL-DPD algorithm outperforms the grid mismatch algorithms based on Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP), Alternating DirectionMethod of Multipliers (ADMM), and SBL coarse-to-fine search in multiple emitters grid mismatch scenarios, with higher accuracy and stronger robustness.

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稀疏重构理论可以获取辐射源定位中的距离信息。针对传统辐射源定位稀疏重构算法性能差和离格问题,提出了一种基于广义双帕累托(Generalized Double Pareto,GDP)分布稀疏贝叶斯学习(Sparse Bayesian Learning,SBL)的离格多辐射源直接定位算法(GDP-SBL-DPD)。该算法假设辐射源信号服从GDP分布,并通过使用粗细搜索结合和信号超参数二次更新的方法,提升在离格场景下的直接定位性能。仿真结果表明,在多目标的网格失配场景下,相比基于正交匹配追踪(Orthogonal Matching Pursuit,OMP)、交替方向乘子法(Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers,ADMM)和SBL粗细搜索结合的直接定位离格算法,GDP-SBL-DPD算法具有更高的精度和更强的鲁棒性。

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宋丽萍(1996—),女,工程师,主要研究方向为时差定位。

王 硕(1993—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为电子对抗设计。

张 杰(1994—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为电子对抗设计。

赵鹏程(1995—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为电子对抗设计。

赵 毅(1998—),男,助理工程师,主要研究方向为捷变频雷达。

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基于GDP的稀疏贝叶斯学习多辐射源离格直接定位算法
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宋丽萍 , 王硕 , 张杰 , 赵鹏程 , 赵毅
导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 导航、制导与控制 2025,48(5): 47-51
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导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 导航、制导与控制 2025, 48(5): 47-51
基于GDP的稀疏贝叶斯学习多辐射源离格直接定位算法
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宋丽萍, 王硕, 张杰, 赵鹏程, 赵毅
作者信息
  • 北京航天长征飞行器研究所,北京,100076
  • 宋丽萍(1996—),女,工程师,主要研究方向为时差定位。

    王 硕(1993—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为电子对抗设计。

    张 杰(1994—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为电子对抗设计。

    赵鹏程(1995—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为电子对抗设计。

    赵 毅(1998—),男,助理工程师,主要研究方向为捷变频雷达。

Off-grid and Multiple Emitters Direct Localization Algorithm Based on GDP Distribution and Sparse Bayesian Learning
Liping SONG, Shuo WANG, Jie ZHANG, Pengcheng ZHAO, Yi ZHAO
Affiliations
  • Beijing Institute of Space Long March Vehicle, Beijing, 100076
出版时间: 2025-10-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250504
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稀疏重构理论可以获取辐射源定位中的距离信息。针对传统辐射源定位稀疏重构算法性能差和离格问题,提出了一种基于广义双帕累托(Generalized Double Pareto,GDP)分布稀疏贝叶斯学习(Sparse Bayesian Learning,SBL)的离格多辐射源直接定位算法(GDP-SBL-DPD)。该算法假设辐射源信号服从GDP分布,并通过使用粗细搜索结合和信号超参数二次更新的方法,提升在离格场景下的直接定位性能。仿真结果表明,在多目标的网格失配场景下,相比基于正交匹配追踪(Orthogonal Matching Pursuit,OMP)、交替方向乘子法(Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers,ADMM)和SBL粗细搜索结合的直接定位离格算法,GDP-SBL-DPD算法具有更高的精度和更强的鲁棒性。

GDP分布  /  稀疏贝叶斯学习  /  离格  /  直接定位

The sparse reconstruction theory can obtain distance information in the emitters localization. In the case of traditional emitter sparse reconstruction poor algorithm performance and off grid, an Off-Grid and multiple emitters direct localization algorithm are proposed based on GDP distribution and Sparse Bayesian Learning (SBL). This GDP-SBL-DPD algorithm assumes that the reconstructed signal follows a Generalized Double Pareto (GDP) distribution and leverages a coarse-to-fine search and signal hyper parameter quadratic updating method to enhance the performance of Emitters Direct in off-grid scenarios. Simulation results demonstrate that the GDP-SBL-DPD algorithm outperforms the grid mismatch algorithms based on Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP), Alternating DirectionMethod of Multipliers (ADMM), and SBL coarse-to-fine search in multiple emitters grid mismatch scenarios, with higher accuracy and stronger robustness.

GDP distribution  /  Sparse Bayesian Learning (SBL)  /  off-grid  /  direct position determination
宋丽萍, 王硕, 张杰, 赵鹏程, 赵毅. 基于GDP的稀疏贝叶斯学习多辐射源离格直接定位算法. 导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), 2025 , 48 (5) : 47 -51 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250504
Liping SONG, Shuo WANG, Jie ZHANG, Pengcheng ZHAO, Yi ZHAO. Off-grid and Multiple Emitters Direct Localization Algorithm Based on GDP Distribution and Sparse Bayesian Learning[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2025 , 48 (5) : 47 -51 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250504
无源定位系统是利用目标辐射源自身发射的无线电信号进行定位的系统,在电子侦察、雷达探测等军事领域被广泛应用1。直接定位方法(Direct Position Determination,DPD)作为一种新的定位技术,与传统两步定位方法相比,可以不通过定位参数估计例如估计到达时间(Time of Arrival,TOA)、到达角(Angle of Arrival,AOA)等,而是直接对原始采样信号进行处理而获得辐射源的位置估计,从而减少了信息的损失,具有更高的定位精度和更强的鲁棒性,受到越来越多的关注。近年来,稀疏重构理论被引入辐射源定位方法中2-3,通过使用稀疏重构理论将辐射源的位置参数估计转为欠定方程的求解问题,这给辐射源定位提供了一个全新的视角,但是现有的应用场景对其提出了更多的挑战。
最近,基于稀疏重构的方法也应用于辐射源定位,文献使用稀疏重构方法提高辐射源定位性能,但是都没有考虑离格问题,即辐射源的真实值可能是平面上的任何位置,而不局限于观测矩阵中预先设定的网格点。辐射源的真实值和网格点之间存在不匹配的情况,这会导致辐射源的能量可能泄露到其他网格点上。如果不考虑该问题,会影响稀疏重构算法的性能,甚至可能无法成功地重构出辐射源位置4
因此,本文提出了一种基于广义双帕累托(Generalized Double Pareto,GDP)分布的稀疏贝叶斯学习(Sparse Bayesian Learning,SBL)多辐射源离格直接定位算法(GDP-SBL-DPD),解决多辐射源离格定位问题,将辐射源定位问题转化为稀疏信号的重构问题,在建立基于GDP先验分布的稀疏贝叶斯框架基础上,使用了粗细搜索结合和二次更新信号超参数的方法重构稀疏信号,进而估计辐射源的位置。
本文考虑的定位场景为固定多站,辐射源和观测站之间不存在相对运动,即接收辐射源信号不考虑多普勒频移。假设有H个辐射源,有N个具有M个阵元接收基站收到辐射源发射的信号5。第n个基站接收到的采样后的辐射源信号rn(l)CM×L
rn(l)=h=1HAn(σ, p)sn, l+Nn, 0lL
式中 σh,n为第h个辐射源到第n个接收基站的包络;An(σ,p)=[σn,1an,1,σn,2an,2,σn,Han,H]HCM×H为阵列流型矩阵;an=[an,1,an,2,an,M]HCM×1为第h个辐射源到第n个接收基站的导向矢量;sn,1=[sn,1,1,sn,l,2,sn,l,H]CH×L为辐射源的幅度矢量;NnCM×L为第n个接收基站的白噪声;l为快拍数。在直接定位问题中,辐射源数目H往往是未知的,定位目标可以通过观测的数据rn(l)确认辐射源的空间位置6
结合稀疏重构理论,可以将直接定位问题转化为一个稀疏表示的问题。将空间划分为J个网格点,满足辐射源远远小于网格点的条件,即辐射源信号是稀疏的,其他网格点近似为0或者噪声,因此可以采用稀疏恢复的方法来获得辐射源的位置估计。构建观测矩阵7如下:
Φ=[an,1, an,2, an, G]HCM×G
由稀疏重构理论可知,当原始信号s具有稀疏性时,可以利用观测信号r和观测矩阵Φ精确地重构出原始信号。
本节将对本文所提多辐射源离格直接定位算法,即GDP-SBL-DPD进行推导,并给出GDP-SBL-DPD算法的流程。
使用SBL算法对信号进行重构的关键在于假设信号具有某种稀疏的先验分布和如何对算法中的参数进行求解。大多数SBL算法使用高斯分布和拉普拉斯分布作为信号的先验分布。高斯分布模型简单但是稀疏性较低,拉普拉斯分布需要更多的参数但是稀疏性较高。GDP分布由Armagan等8提出,通过高斯分布和拉普拉斯分布混合得到。各个函数分布如图1所示。
图1曲线中,可以清晰地看出GDP的分布函数具有更尖锐的峰,通过调整参数,GDP分布的峰值会在零点处越来越尖锐,进一步增加信号的稀疏性,并得到更准确的重构结果。因此,本文GDP-SBL-DPD算法假设信号服从收敛的GDP分布,其分布函数如下:
GDP(x;ρ, ε, μ)=12ρ1+xρε-(ε+1)
式中 ρ为尺度参数;εx为形状参数。但是多辐射源信号的处理是在复数域上进行的,而GDP分布只能对实数信号建模,不能直接被用于复数域上,所以本文采用3层先验模型来将GDP先验分布应用于复数域上,对多辐射源信号进行稀疏重构。
首先,在第1层先验中,假设多辐射源待重构信号x的各列元素相互独立,并且每个列中的元素都服从均值为0方差为γ的复高斯分布,概率密度函数如下:
p(x|γ)=l=1Lj=1JCC(xjl|0,γj)              =l=1L(xl|0,Γ)              =π-NLΓ-Lexp-l=1LxlHΓ-1xl
其中信号协方差矩阵Γ=diag(γ),γ=[γ1,,γJ]Hγj为第j行的方差。参数l为信号的时域快拍数。其次在第2层先验中,对信号的方差进行建模,假设超参数γj符合参数ξj独立的Gamma分布:
p(γ|ξ)=Gammaγj;32,ζj24
式中 ξ=[ξ1,ξ2,ξj]H为信号超参数。设置第3层先验,假设ξ中的每个参数都服从独立的Gamma分布:
p(ξ)=j=1Jp(ξj)=j=1JGamma(h,h)
式中 h是一个趋于0的正常数,其数值可以被调整,进而影响稀疏度。综上,多辐射源待重构信号概率分布函数x使用参数γξ进行计算,如下:
p(xl;h)==j=1J00p(xjl|γj)p(γj|ξj)p(ξj)dγjdξj=    j=1J12π(h+1)/h(xjl/h+1)(h+1)+1j=1JGDP(xjl;h/(h+1),h+1
假设多辐射源待重构信号中噪声服从独立的复高斯分布N~CN(0,βI)。在多快拍L场景下,噪声和多辐射源接收信号如下:
p(Nβ)=l=1LCN(N0, βI)p(y|x, β)=l=1L(yl|Φxl, βI)
式中 β为噪声的方差,表示噪声的功率;I为单位矩阵。综上所述,基于GDP分布多辐射源信号稀疏贝叶斯学习框架如图2所示。
本节将推导GDP-SBL-DPD算法第1部分粗搜索,并给出信号超参数和噪声方差的迭代公式,为后续细搜索做基础。
由贝叶斯基本定理可以得到待重构信号在GDP分布下的后验分布为
p(x|y;Γ, β, ζ)=p(y|x,β)p(x|Γ)p(γ|ξ)p(ξ)p(y|x,β)p(x|Γ)p(γ|ξ)p(ξ)dx
多辐射源信号的后验均值和后验方差如下:
μ=ΓΦHΣy-1yΣ=Γ-ΓΦHΣy-1ΦΓΣy=βI+ΦΓΦH
对信号超参数和噪声方差进行求解,使用TYPEП估计方法来对目标函数进行估计,如下:
L(γ, ζ, β)=p(y|x, β)p(x|γ)p(γ|ζ)p(ζ)dx
使用Expectation-Maximum(EM)算法9来最大化似然函数L(γ,ζ,β),求解参数γ,ζ,β10,如下:
γj=(2LWj+1)+2(1/2+LWj)2+ujujHζj2ζj2ζj=-h+h2+2γj(h+2)γjβnew=NL(y-ΦμF2+tr(B-BΣy-1B))
式中 Wj=-1+(Σjj/γj)Σjj=γj-(γj)2(ΦΣy-1)jΦjΣjjΣ的对角元素;F2为2范数;tr为矩阵的迹。
最后,对算法输出的信号后验均值μ搜索最大值,求出目标所在网格格点,即辐射源粗位置。
使用稀疏重构类算法对辐射源距离横坐标和距离纵坐标离散化会带来离格点问题,辐射源位置不一定恰好落在预先设置的网格点上,将导致算法性能下降11。在本文GDP-SBL-DPD算法粗搜索的基础上,分别确定各辐射源细化网格范围、细化网格格点并构建对应的新观测矩阵;同时,通过对辐射源信号超参数二次更新的方法,去除该辐射源对周围格点能量泄露的影响和新细化观测矩阵的影响;最后,对辐射源进行细搜索,重新计算新定义格点范围内的能量,对格点按照能量大小进行排列,选取能量最大的格点为更新后的网格格点,即辐射源新位置。
在上节目标函数公式中,只考虑参数γ,得到其代价函数为
L(γ)=-LlnΣy-l=1L(yHΣy-1y)+-ζj24γJ+lnγJ
在进行多目标细搜索时,需要考虑其他辐射源、细化观测矩阵和辐射源自身多种因素对细搜索的影响。首先定义在细搜索范围内格点数量为kk=1,2,,K,构建对应的观测矩阵Φ¯(k)h;其次,通过对辐射源信号的超参数进行更新的方法消除辐射源周围格点能量泄露,即Σy-h=Σy-Φ˜hΓ˜hΦ˜hH,其中Γ˜hΦ˜h为目标周围格点的观测矩阵。最后,再对Σy-h进行二次更新,从而消除新细化观测矩阵的影响。定义Σ¯y=Σy-h+γ¯hΦ¯(k)hΦ¯(k)hH为消除新细化观测矩阵影响的信号协方差矩阵。γ¯h为第h个信号超参数。使用Σ¯y来代替L(γ)中的Σy,得到下式:
L(k,γ¯h)=-lnΣy-h+γ¯hΦ¯(k)hΦ¯(k)hH-                    yH(Σy-h+γ¯hΦ¯(k)hΦ¯(k)hH)-1y-                   ζh24γ¯h+12lnγ¯h, k=1, 2, , K
式中 ζh为第h个信号超参数。求解得到:
γh=-2ζh22+Lzh+ζh22+Lzh2-ζh2Lzh-qh+ζh24zhζh2zh=Φ¯(k)hHΣy-k-1Φ¯(k)hqh=Φ¯(k)hHΣy-k-1RyΣy-k-1Φ¯(k)h
γh其带入L(k,γ¯h)中,可以得到L(γ),最后选择其中幅值最大的点,为更新的辐射源格点,即:
khnew=argmaxkhR(L(kh))
式中 RL(kh)的实部,再将求出的格点转换到辐射源距离横坐标和距离纵坐标。本文GDP-SBL-DPD算法具体步骤如下:
a)输入:多辐射源信号y,观测矩阵Φ,快拍数L,迭代次数itermax
b)初始化:iter=0γ0=1JLl=1LΦHyζ0=1J*1β0=NL0.1yF2
c)更新信号后验均值μ和后验方差Σjj
d)更新信号超参数γjζn,更新噪声方差β
e)在γ中寻找H个最大值,进行细搜索;
f)更新γ¯hL(k,γ¯h)khnew
g)输出:μγkhnew,将网格点khnew转换到辐射源距离横坐标和距离纵坐标。
本节对本文所提GDP-SBL-DPD算法进行仿真,并与基于OMP12、ADMM和SBL与粗细搜索结合的网格细化方法进行比较。通过设置多种目标运动场景,从改善程度、信噪比和目标个数等多个角度来验证本文提出算法的有效性和优越性。
本文假设4个接收基站位于(-5,-5),(-5,5),(5,-5),和(5,5)(单位:km)。采用10阵元线阵进行观测,阵元间距为半波长。设置辐射源SNR=20 dB,快拍数为16,发射信号带宽1 MHz,载波频率1 GHz。本节使用均方根误差(Root Mean Square Error,RMSE)来对所提离格算法的改善程度进行讨论。
R=1IHi=1Ih=1HR^hi-Rhi2
式中 I为蒙特卡罗试验次数;H为待观测的目标个数。
设置3个辐射源,分别位于(0.7,20.8),(-49.3,-19.94),和(-88.43,-78.7)(单位:m),在辐射源距离横坐标和距离纵坐标添加随机变量ρ,其中ρ[-grid/2,grid/2]。3个辐射源的定位结果如图3所示。算法细搜索结果见图4
目标信号信噪比从10 dB变化到20 dB,每组进行200次蒙特卡罗试验。从图5中可知,各种算法的性能都随着信噪比的增加而提升。在有噪声的情况下,GDP-SBL-DPD算法受到网格失配带来的影响较小,因为使用更具稀疏特性的GDP分布作为信号的先验分布,并且在细搜索中对信号超参数进行了二次更新,消除了各种因素对辐射源的影响。
目标信号个数从3变化到7,每组进行200次蒙特卡罗试验。不同定位方法定位结果RMSE随辐射源个数变化关系见图6
图6可知,各种算法的性能都随着辐射源个数的增加而下降。在有噪声的情况下,GDP-SBL-DPD算法受到辐射源个数和网格失配的影响较小。
为了提高信号的重构性能,缓解多辐射源场景中离格问题影响,本文提出一种粗搜索和细搜索相结合的GDP-SBL-DPD算法。GDP-SBL-DPD算法假设待重构信号服从更具稀疏特性的GDP先验分布,使用SBL框架求解多辐射源信号的超参数,并对信号超参数的二次更新。使用软件设置不同的多辐射源场景和蒙特卡罗试验进行仿真。仿真试验结果表明,GDP-SBL-DPD算法可以实现网格点的更新,有效地优化了多辐射源场景离格问题。在多辐射源场景下,相比基于OMP、ADMM和SBL网格细化结合的离格优化算法,GDP-SBL-DPD算法具有更好的精度和更强的鲁棒性。
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250504
  • 接收时间:2024-04-22
  • 首发时间:2025-11-27
  • 出版时间:2025-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-22
  • 修回日期:2024-12-01
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    北京航天长征飞行器研究所,北京,100076
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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