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Numerical investigation on the characteristics of a two-dimensional, mixed-compression inlet with various leading edge bluntness is presented. Effects of leading edge bluntness on the self-starting ability, aerodynamic performance of the inlet at design and off design operations are acquired. Results indicate that, with the increase of blunted radius, the self-starting ability and mass flow capture of the inlet are deteriorated, the backpressure tolerance capability and critical total pressure recovery coefficient goes down, while the drag coefficient rises obviously. 5% decrease of mass flow ratio is observed while the backpressure tolerance and critical total pressure recovery coefficient drop off at least 8.5% for the design operating point. Complex shock wave interference pattern forms due to the oblique shock waves from the external compression of the inlet intersecting the bow shock wave produced in front of the leading edge with the variation of freestream Mach number and the angle of attack. Diminution of flow separation in the inner side of the inlet lip is observed with the increase of blunted radius at a high Mach number condition. As the angle of attack rises, the influence of the bow shock wave induced by the blunted leading edge on the performance of the inlet is found to be weaken.

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针对一种超声速混压式二元进气道,采用数值仿真方法对不同唇缘钝度的进气道特性开展研究,获取了唇缘钝化半径对进气道加速自起动能力、设计点及非设计点下气动性能的影响特性。结果表明:随着唇缘钝化半径增大,进气道的自起动能力及流量捕获能力变差,最大抗反压能力、临界总压恢复系数下降,阻力系数明显增大;设计马赫数下,进气道的流量系数下降5%,抗反压能力和出口临界总压恢复系数下降高达8.5%以上。随着来流马赫数和攻角的变化,进气道头部斜激波系与唇口弓形激波相互作用形成了复杂的波系结构,高马赫数状态下,随着钝化半径的增大,进气道唇罩内侧流动分离减小;而随着攻角的增大,前缘钝化导致的弓形脱体激波对进气道性能的影响有所减弱。

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张晨凯(1987—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为内流空气动力学和风洞特种试验技术。

温玉芬(1986—),女,高级工程师,主要研究方向为内外流空气动力学。

王 帅(1993—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为风洞特种试验技术。

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张晨凯(1987—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为内流空气动力学和风洞特种试验技术。

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Flow parameters of simulation

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来流参数 高度H/km 静压p 0/Pa 静温T 0/K
量值 15 12 111.8 216.65
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计算模拟的来流参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来流参数 高度H/km 静压p 0/Pa 静温T 0/K
量值 15 12 111.8 216.65
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唇缘钝化对超声速二元进气道的性能影响研究
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张晨凯 1 , 温玉芬 2 , 王帅 1
导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2025,48(4): 81-89
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导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2025, 48(4): 81-89
唇缘钝化对超声速二元进气道的性能影响研究
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张晨凯1, 温玉芬2, 王帅1
作者信息
  • 1.中国航天空气动力技术研究院,北京,100074
  • 2.中国运载火箭技术研究院,北京,100076
  • 张晨凯(1987—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为内流空气动力学和风洞特种试验技术。

    温玉芬(1986—),女,高级工程师,主要研究方向为内外流空气动力学。

    王 帅(1993—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为风洞特种试验技术。

Investigation of Leading Edge Bluntness Effects on the Performance of Two-dimensional Supersonic Inlet
Chenkai ZHANG1, Yufen WEN2, Shuai WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1. China Academy of Aerospace Aerodynamics, Beijing, 100074
  • 2. China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology, Beijing, 100076
出版时间: 2025-08-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250411
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针对一种超声速混压式二元进气道,采用数值仿真方法对不同唇缘钝度的进气道特性开展研究,获取了唇缘钝化半径对进气道加速自起动能力、设计点及非设计点下气动性能的影响特性。结果表明:随着唇缘钝化半径增大,进气道的自起动能力及流量捕获能力变差,最大抗反压能力、临界总压恢复系数下降,阻力系数明显增大;设计马赫数下,进气道的流量系数下降5%,抗反压能力和出口临界总压恢复系数下降高达8.5%以上。随着来流马赫数和攻角的变化,进气道头部斜激波系与唇口弓形激波相互作用形成了复杂的波系结构,高马赫数状态下,随着钝化半径的增大,进气道唇罩内侧流动分离减小;而随着攻角的增大,前缘钝化导致的弓形脱体激波对进气道性能的影响有所减弱。

超声速二元进气道  /  钝化前缘  /  总压恢复系数  /  自起动  /  阻力系数

Numerical investigation on the characteristics of a two-dimensional, mixed-compression inlet with various leading edge bluntness is presented. Effects of leading edge bluntness on the self-starting ability, aerodynamic performance of the inlet at design and off design operations are acquired. Results indicate that, with the increase of blunted radius, the self-starting ability and mass flow capture of the inlet are deteriorated, the backpressure tolerance capability and critical total pressure recovery coefficient goes down, while the drag coefficient rises obviously. 5% decrease of mass flow ratio is observed while the backpressure tolerance and critical total pressure recovery coefficient drop off at least 8.5% for the design operating point. Complex shock wave interference pattern forms due to the oblique shock waves from the external compression of the inlet intersecting the bow shock wave produced in front of the leading edge with the variation of freestream Mach number and the angle of attack. Diminution of flow separation in the inner side of the inlet lip is observed with the increase of blunted radius at a high Mach number condition. As the angle of attack rises, the influence of the bow shock wave induced by the blunted leading edge on the performance of the inlet is found to be weaken.

two-dimensional supersonic inlet  /  blunted leading edge  /  total pressure recovery coefficient  /  self-starting  /  drag coefficient
张晨凯, 温玉芬, 王帅. 唇缘钝化对超声速二元进气道的性能影响研究. 导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), 2025 , 48 (4) : 81 -89 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250411
Chenkai ZHANG, Yufen WEN, Shuai WANG. Investigation of Leading Edge Bluntness Effects on the Performance of Two-dimensional Supersonic Inlet[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2025 , 48 (4) : 81 -89 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250411
进气道是冲压发动机的关键部件,其主要作用是向发动机提供足够的空气,并使迎面流入的高速气流减速增压,动能转变为压力能,以满足燃烧的要求。在设计初期,为了对进气道性能进行快速评估,一般将进气道的前缘和唇口设计得非常尖锐。然而,实际工程实现时,受结构工艺的限制,并考虑到结构刚度问题,尤其对于高速长航时工作的飞行器,还需要考虑结构防热问题,通常需要对进气道的前缘和唇口进行钝化处理。然而,唇缘钝化会改变进气道的波系结构,使得进气道的头部斜激波与唇口弓形激波相互作用,从而衍变为更复杂的波系结构1-3,进而直接影响进气道的流场品质和工作性能。对于宽包线工作的吸气式飞行器,随着来流马赫数、飞行姿态角4-5、发动机工作条件等的变化,进气道的波系相干结构呈现出多样的变化,其流场和特性规律更为复杂,进气道的性能预测难度增大。同时,唇缘钝化后还会改变进气道的阻力特性6-7,进而影响吸气式飞行器的推阻匹配设计和射程能力。上述这些问题已经引起了国内外相关学者的关注,并在过去的几十年里对进气道唇缘钝化的方法8-10及其带来的影响11-19开展了系列研究。然而,已有的大部分研究工作集中于对高超声速进气道的气动特性和气动热问题进行讨论,对超声速进气道的影响研究相对较少。仅南京理工大学7、南京航空航天大学20-21对唇缘钝化的超声速轴对称进气道流场进行了数值研究,分析了唇缘钝化在不同来流马赫数、攻角、出口反压条件下对进气道性能的影响特性,并获得了设计马赫数为2.94时相同燃烧室反压下唇缘钝化对进气道阻力特性的影响规律。但上述研究均未涉及超声速进气道的起动问题,对进气道唇缘钝化的阻力影响研究也仅局限于设计状态下,未对进气道在非设计状态下的唇缘钝化阻力特性进行分析。
综上所述,至今为止,已公开的唇缘钝化对进气道性能的影响研究大多集中于高超声速进气道,针对超声速进气道的报道相对有限。考虑到进气道的起动性能、稳定工作范围及阻力特性对冲压发动机转级及吸气式飞行器的推阻匹配设计至关重要,进气道唇缘钝化直接关乎飞行器的总体性能,为此,本文设计了一种超声速二元进气道,采用数值仿真方法对比分析了不同唇缘钝度下的进气道工作性能,获得了唇缘钝化对进气道自起动特性的影响及不同唇缘钝度下的进气道设计/非设计状态临界性能和阻力特性变化规律。
图1所示,本文设计了一封口马赫数为3.0的超声速二元进气道,该进气道采用混压式压缩,总压缩角为27°,总压缩比(Compression Ratio,CR)为2.22。进气道捕获进口的理论高度为H,总长L为10H。进气道唇缘未钝化的方案为本文研究的基准方案(即方案1)。
在方案1的基础上,对进气道压缩面前缘、唇口前缘同时进行钝化。共设计了5种不同的钝化方案,钝化半径R lip分别为0.5 mm、1.0 mm、1.5 mm、2.0 mm、3.0 mm,分别记为方案2、方案3、方案4、方案5、方案6。图2给出了方案6进气道前缘钝化(R lip=0.02H)后的模型示意。
数值仿真计算域包括进气道内流道及进气道进口上游2H、唇口下游1.75H、外侧2H的外流区间。计算采用结构化网格,在壁面附近、进气道压缩面、进气道唇缘附近区域进行了网格加密,壁面附近第一层网格高度为0.005 mm,y +在1左右,其中,y +为一个无量纲距离,指流体中某一点到最近的固体壁面的距离。计算所采用的网格总数约为33万,如图3所示。
采用有限体积法对进气道开展定常数值仿真。计算基于N-S方程进行离散求解,湍流方程采用k-ω SST模型,对流项采用Roe格式,黏性项采用二阶迎风格式进行差分。
仿真计算模拟的来流参数如表1所示,来流边界和出口边界按照表中的参数分别设置为压力远场和压力出口边界条件。
本文研究的进气道流场中存在显著的激波/边界层干扰作用和流动分离现象,为了验证本文数值仿真方法的正确性及可靠性,选取文献[22]中的激波发生器进行算例校验。该激波发生器三维模型如图4所示,图中的β=14°。仿真第一层网格高度为5×10-3 mm,壁面附近的y +保持在1附近。数值模拟的来流参数与试验参数一致:马赫数Ma=5,总压P *=2.12 MPa,总温T *= 410 K。
图5给出了本文仿真与文献[22]试验获得的平板沿程静压对比,图6给出了试验与仿真的流场结构对比。
图5图6可知,仿真与试验获得的平板沿程静压规律一致,量值吻合,且二者的激波/边界层干扰结构、流动分离形态相似。可见,本文所采用的数值仿真方法具有较高的精度及可靠性,可用于开展唇缘钝化对进气道性能的影响研究。
首先对方案1~方案6进气道在零姿态角下的自起动特性进行数值仿真计算,分析前缘钝化半径对进气道自起动能力的影响。图7给出了进气道的自起动马赫数(Ma s)随钝化半径的变化曲线,该图显示,随着钝化半径的增大,进气道的自起动马赫数逐渐增大,当钝化半径由0 mm增大至3.0 mm时,进气道的自起动马赫数由2.17增大至2.51,即进气道的自起动能力明显变差。这主要是由于对进气道压缩面前缘和唇口进行钝化后,在压缩面前缘和唇口形成了弓形脱体激波,随着钝化半径的增大,弓形脱体激波的强度增大,从而导致了进气道的总压损失加剧,自起动能力下降。
图8给出了设计马赫数Ma=3.0时,进气道的性能参数φ(流量系数)、p cr/p 0(出口临界反压比)、σ cr(出口临界总压恢复系数)随钝化半径的变化曲线。随着唇缘钝度的增大,进气道的流动性能下降。当唇缘钝化半径由0 mm增大至3 mm时,进气道的流量系数下降5.3%,最大抗反压能力和出口临界总压恢复系数分别下降9.1%和8.6%。这主要是由于进气道前缘钝化后,在压缩面前缘和唇口前缘均产生了弓形脱体激波,该弓形激波与进气道的两道外斜激波及唇口入射激波发生干涉,从而导致了进气道的流动性能发生变化。
图9给出了Ma=3.0时,不同钝化方案进气道的马赫数等值图谱。
图9中压缩面前缘的局部放大图可以看出,随着钝化半径的增大,相同y向位置发出的流线逐渐远离进气道一级压缩面,即一级压缩面产生的斜激波在前缘弓形脱体激波的影响下向外偏斜加剧,从而导致了该斜激波在唇口附近的入射点位置逐渐远离唇口,进气道的溢流增大,捕获流量下降。与此同时,唇罩内侧的斜激波受唇口前缘产生的弓形激波影响,激波角随钝化半径的增大逐渐增大,其打在进气道肩部的轴向位置逐渐前移。
图10给出了不同钝化方案的进气道壁面沿程静压分布。由图10a可以看出,随着钝化半径的增大,唇口入射激波的波前静压逐渐增大,波后静压逐渐减小,即经过唇口入射激波的波后与波前静压比下降,其强度减弱,从而导致了其在内流道的反射激波强度也随之减弱,反射激波打到进气道下壁面的位置也逐渐前移(图10bx/L=0.30~0.36范围)。虽然进气道的唇口入射激波及其在内流道的反射激波强度有所减弱,但由于压缩面前缘和唇口弓形脱体激波的强度较大,因此导致了进气道在经过外压缩后的流动损失明显加剧,进气道的进口马赫数下降,其抗反压能力减弱,出口临界总压恢复系数下降。
图11给出了不同来流马赫数下进气道的流量系数随钝化半径的变化曲线。当Ma≤3.0时,进气道的流量系数随钝化半径的变化规律相似,均是随着钝化半径的增大逐渐下降,钝化半径从0 mm增大至3.0 mm时,流量系数下降约为5%;当Ma=3.5时,进气道流量系数随钝化半径增大变化不明显,仅在较大钝化半径下(R lip>2.0 mm)略有下降,钝化半径从0 mm增大至3.0 mm时,流量系数下降仅为0.4%。导致这种差异的主要原因是:不同马赫数下,随着钝化半径的增大,进气道外压缩面形成的斜激波系偏离唇口程度不同。
图12给出了来流马赫数为2.5、3.0、3.5时进气道唇口前缘附近的静压等值图谱和流线分布。对比发现:
a)当Ma=2.5时,来流马赫数低于设计马赫数,进气道外压缩面产生的两道斜激波打在唇口外侧,导致了明显的超声速溢流,其流量系数相对较低,不超过0.85。随着钝化半径的增大,这两道斜激波偏离唇口加剧,溢流量增大,进气道流量系数下降明显。
b)当Ma=3.0时,前缘不钝化时,进气道的两道外斜激波相交于唇口略外侧,存在小幅溢流,流量系数为0.983;随着前缘钝化半径的增大,第二道斜激波入射位置变化不明显,但第一道斜激波受压缩面前缘钝化的影响,逐渐偏离唇口,进气道溢流增大,流量系数出现明显下降。当R lip=3.0 mm时,进气道的流量系数下降至0.93。
c)当Ma=3.5时,来流马赫数高于设计马赫数,前缘不钝化时,进气道的两道外斜激波在唇口上游的内侧相交形成了一道较强的斜激波,该斜激波打在进气道唇罩内侧,诱导出了明显的局部流动分离。然而,由于该流动分离区未影响到进气道进口的流量捕获,因此进气道的流量系数为1。随着前缘钝化半径的增大,进气道头部第二道斜激波的激波角基本不变,但第一道斜激波受压缩面前缘弓形脱体激波的影响,其激波角增大,逐渐向唇口方向移动,两道斜激波在到达唇罩内侧前未发生相交。当R lip=3.0 mm时,第一道斜激波移动至唇口之外,与唇口弓形脱体激波在唇口前方相交,导致了进气道出现小幅溢流,流量系数略有下降,此时由于唇罩内侧仅有第二道斜激波入射,其强度明显减弱,因此流动分离区大幅减小。
图13给出了设计马赫数Ma=3.0时,不同唇缘钝化方案的进气道在临界状态下的性能参数随攻角α的变化曲线。由图13可知,不同钝化半径下,进气道的性能随攻角的变化规律相似:随着攻角的增大,流量系数逐渐上升,最大抗反压能力和出口临界总压恢复系数先上升后下降,出现拐点的攻角均为8°。此外,由图13还可以看出,随着攻角的增大,不同钝化方案的进气道流量系数和出口临界总压恢复系数下降幅度减小,这表明,随着攻角的增大,前缘钝化对进气道性能的影响有所减弱。
图14给出了设计马赫数Ma=3.0时,不同唇缘钝化方案的进气道唇口入射激波在进气道肩部的入射点轴向位置随攻角的变化曲线,图15给出了Ma=3.0时,不同方案在不同攻角下进气道唇口前缘附近的静压等值图谱和流线分布。可以看出,随着攻角的增大,进气道的等效压缩增强,头部斜激波逐渐向外偏斜,斜激波强度增大,波后马赫数减小,从而导致了唇口入射激波的激波角增大,在进气道肩部的入射点前移。对于方案1(R lip=0 mm),随着攻角的增大,进气道的两道外斜激波在唇口前相交变成一道较强的斜激波,且该斜激波逐渐偏离唇口。而对于方案4和方案6,受前缘钝化的影响,进气道的两道外斜激波与唇口弓形脱体激波相互作用,衍变出了更为复杂的波系结构,具体如下所述。
对于方案4(R lip=1.5 mm):当α=0°时,受压缩面前缘脱体激波的影响,第一道斜激波向外偏斜较方案1严重,因此两道外斜激波在唇口前未相交,第二道斜激波打在唇口略前方,与唇口弓形激波干涉形成第Ⅲ类激波干扰结构,导致了唇口外侧的弓形激波角减小,其后在距离唇口外侧较远处,第一道斜激波与弓形激波相交形成第Ⅵ类激波干扰结构。当α=2°时,受攻角的影响,两道外斜激波与唇口弓形激波的相交位置较为接近。当α≥5°时,受攻角影响,进气道的等效压缩进一步增大,两道外斜激波在到达唇口前相交变成了一道较强的斜激波,该斜激波在距离唇口外侧较远处与弓形激波发生同侧相交,从而导致了弓形激波的激波角减小,这是第Ⅵ类激波干扰结构。
对于方案6(R lip=3.0 mm):当α=0°时,与方案4类似,第二道斜激波与弓形激波干涉,形成第Ⅲ类激波干扰结构,而第一道斜激波偏离唇口较多。当α=2°时,第二道斜激波与弓形激波相交后导致弓形激波下半段演变为近似正激波的形态,该正激波与第一道斜激波相交使得弓形激波的激波角进一步减小。当α≥5°时,为第“Ⅳ”类激波干扰结构,两道外斜激波在到达唇口前相交变成一道较强的斜激波入射,唇口弓形激波转变为通过透射激波连接的两段弓形激波。
进一步对进气道的阻力特性进行分析,如图16给出了不同马赫数下进气道的轴向力系数随钝化半径的变化曲线,图中纵坐标 C A为进气道的轴向力系数,其定义为
C A = F D Q · S
式中 F D为进气道的轴向力;Q为来流动压;S为进气道的理论捕获面积。当Ma≤3.0时,进气道轴向力系数随钝化半径的增加大致呈线性增大;当Ma>3.0时,进气道轴向力系数随钝化半径的增加其上升斜率增大。与无钝化的方案1相比,当钝化半径R lip=3.0 mm时,Ma=2.5、3.0、3.5状态下,进气道轴向力系数增大幅度分别为60.55%、86%、39.23%。
图16还可以发现,对于方案1,Ma=3.5的进气道轴向力系数较Ma=3.0反而增大了5.62%。这主要是由于Ma=3.0时,进气道的两道外斜激波略偏离唇口外侧,但Ma=3.5时,两道外斜激波相交后打入唇罩内侧,激波强度较大,内流道的反射激波较Ma=3.0时增强,从而导致了进气道的轴向力系数增大。
图17给出了设计马赫数Ma=3.0时,不同前缘钝化方案的进气道轴向力系数随攻角的变化曲线。由图17可知,不同前缘钝化方案的进气道轴向力系数随攻角增大整体上都呈线性上升。典型攻角α=5°时,与无钝化的方案1相比,方案4(R lip=1.5 mm)和方案6(R lip=3.0 mm)进气道的轴向力系数分别增大27.74%和65.73%。
综上所述,前缘钝化对超声速进气道的自起动特性、流动性能、阻力特性均产生了显著影响:随着钝化半径的增大,进气道自起动能力变差,各马赫数下的流量捕获能力、抗反压能力和出口总压恢复系数均明显下降,轴向力系数显著增大;而随着攻角的增大,前缘钝化导致的弓形脱体激波对进气道性能的影响有所减弱。对于吸气式飞行器而言,应重点关注前缘钝化带来的进气道自起动性能下降对冲压发动机转级的影响及进气道轴向力系数增大对飞行器推阻匹配设计的影响。
本文设计了一种超声速混压式二元进气道,采用数值仿真方法研究了不同唇缘钝度下的进气道内流场结构,对比分析了唇缘钝化对进气道加速自起动特性的影响,获取了不同唇缘钝度下的进气道设计/非设计状态下的临界性能和阻力特性变化规律,得到的主要结论如下:
a)随着钝化半径的增大,进气道的唇缘弓形脱体激波强度增大,总压损失加剧,加速自起动能力变差。
b)随着钝化半径的增大,进气道的流量捕获能力、抗反压能力和出口临界总压恢复系数均逐渐下降,设计马赫数下,唇缘半径由0 mm增大至3 mm时,进气道的流量系数下降约为5%,抗反压能力和出口临界总压恢复系数下降高达8.5%以上。
c)随着来流马赫数和攻角的变化,进气道外斜激波入射位置改变,其与唇口弓形脱体激波相互作用衍变出了复杂多样的相干结构;高马赫数状态下,随钝化半径的增大,进气道唇罩内侧的流动分离减小,而随着攻角的增大,唇缘钝化导致的弓形脱体激波对进气道性能的影响有所减弱。
d)随着钝化半径增大,进气道的阻力系数显著增大,马赫数3.0、攻角5°状态下,当唇缘钝化半径由0 mm增大至3 mm时,进气道轴向力系数增幅高达65.73%。
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2025年第48卷第4期
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250411
  • 接收时间:2024-11-23
  • 首发时间:2025-10-27
  • 出版时间:2025-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-23
  • 修回日期:2025-04-12
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    1.中国航天空气动力技术研究院,北京,100074
    2.中国运载火箭技术研究院,北京,100076
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