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Aiming at the problem of difficulty in quickly and accurately estimating the pose of non-cooperative structures of satellites during the operation of space robotic arms, a neural radiation field based method for estimating and tracking the pose of non-cooperative key structures of satellites is proposed. This method first obtains the scene point cloud online through an RGBD camera, segments the point cloud to obtain satellite key structures, and then uses neural radiation fields to automatically establish a three-dimensional model of the key structures. Finally, based on the initial pose generation network and pose evaluation network, accurate pose estimation is obtained. An experimental platform consisting of an RGBD depth camera, a robotic arm, and a satellite model is constructed to conduct pose estimation experiments on key structures of satellites with different poses. The experimental results show that the algorithm proposed can automatically construct a 3D model of non-cooperative targets online without the need for human preparation of target data in advance. At the same time, it can effectively deal with target object occlusion and motion situations, thus achieving true non cooperative target pose estimation and tracking in spatial operations.

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针对空间机械臂操作过程对卫星非合作结构位姿难以快速准确估计的问题,提出一种基于神经辐射场的卫星非合作关键结构位姿估计方法。本方法首先通过RGBD相机在线获取场景点云,并对点云进行识别与分割得到卫星关键结构,然后利用神经辐射场自动建立关键结构三维模型,最后基于位姿生成网络得到准确的位姿估计。搭建由RGBD深度相机、机械臂和卫星模型组成的试验平台,对不同位姿的卫星关键结构进行位姿估计试验。试验结果表明,所提算法可以在线自动构建非合作目标的三维模型,而无须提前人为准备目标数据,从而实现空间操作中真正意义上的非合作目标位姿估计及跟踪。

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陈彦江(1995—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为机器人视觉和智能控制。

王燕波(1978—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为空间机械臂和智能机器人。

梁斌焱(1988—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为机器人智能感知。

林俊钦(1988—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为多机器人协同、机器人智能感知。

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陈彦江(1995—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为机器人视觉和智能控制。

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Experimental results of satellite key structure point cloud segmentation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
卫星本体 尾喷管 侧翼喷管 太阳能帆板 安装螺母
2.1 m 0.712 0.721 0.0 0.741 0.0
1.6 m 0.734 0.727 0.152 0.762 0.216
1.1 m 0.801 0.754 0.584 0.811 0.617
0.6 m 0.766 0.738 0.613 0.834 0.714
平均值 0.753 0.735 0.337 0.787 0.387
), ArticleFig(id=1189585297064063815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1189585010513408317, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

卫星关键结构点云分割试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
卫星本体 尾喷管 侧翼喷管 太阳能帆板 安装螺母
2.1 m 0.712 0.721 0.0 0.741 0.0
1.6 m 0.734 0.727 0.152 0.762 0.216
1.1 m 0.801 0.754 0.584 0.811 0.617
0.6 m 0.766 0.738 0.613 0.834 0.714
平均值 0.753 0.735 0.337 0.787 0.387
), ArticleFig(id=1189585297139561288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1189585010513408317, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Pose estimation error results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
太阳能帆板 尾喷管

安装

螺母

侧翼

喷管

平均值
平均距离误差 4.6 8.8 8.3 9.5 7.55
), ArticleFig(id=1189585297210864457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1189585010513408317, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

位姿估计误差结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
太阳能帆板 尾喷管

安装

螺母

侧翼

喷管

平均值
平均距离误差 4.6 8.8 8.3 9.5 7.55
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基于神经辐射场的卫星非合作结构位姿估计算法
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陈彦江 1, 2 , 王燕波 1, 2 , 梁斌焱 1, 2 , 林俊钦 1, 2
导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 人工智能技术专栏 2025,48(4): 67-73
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导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 人工智能技术专栏 2025, 48(4): 67-73
基于神经辐射场的卫星非合作结构位姿估计算法
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陈彦江1, 2, 王燕波1, 2, 梁斌焱1, 2, 林俊钦1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.北京精密机电控制设备研究所,北京,100076
  • 2.控制执行机构技术创新中心,北京,100076
  • 陈彦江(1995—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为机器人视觉和智能控制。

    王燕波(1978—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为空间机械臂和智能机器人。

    梁斌焱(1988—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为机器人智能感知。

    林俊钦(1988—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为多机器人协同、机器人智能感知。

Satellite Non-cooperative Structure Pose Estimation Algorithm Based on Neural Radiation Field
Yanjiang CHEN1, 2, Yanbo WANG1, 2, Binyan LIANG1, 2, Junqin LIN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1. Beijing Institute of Precision Mechatronics and Controls, Beijing, 100076
  • 2. Innovation Center for Control Actuators, Beijing, 100076
出版时间: 2025-08-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250409
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针对空间机械臂操作过程对卫星非合作结构位姿难以快速准确估计的问题,提出一种基于神经辐射场的卫星非合作关键结构位姿估计方法。本方法首先通过RGBD相机在线获取场景点云,并对点云进行识别与分割得到卫星关键结构,然后利用神经辐射场自动建立关键结构三维模型,最后基于位姿生成网络得到准确的位姿估计。搭建由RGBD深度相机、机械臂和卫星模型组成的试验平台,对不同位姿的卫星关键结构进行位姿估计试验。试验结果表明,所提算法可以在线自动构建非合作目标的三维模型,而无须提前人为准备目标数据,从而实现空间操作中真正意义上的非合作目标位姿估计及跟踪。

卫星非合作结构  /  位姿估计  /  神经辐射场  /  点云分割  /  多层感知机

Aiming at the problem of difficulty in quickly and accurately estimating the pose of non-cooperative structures of satellites during the operation of space robotic arms, a neural radiation field based method for estimating and tracking the pose of non-cooperative key structures of satellites is proposed. This method first obtains the scene point cloud online through an RGBD camera, segments the point cloud to obtain satellite key structures, and then uses neural radiation fields to automatically establish a three-dimensional model of the key structures. Finally, based on the initial pose generation network and pose evaluation network, accurate pose estimation is obtained. An experimental platform consisting of an RGBD depth camera, a robotic arm, and a satellite model is constructed to conduct pose estimation experiments on key structures of satellites with different poses. The experimental results show that the algorithm proposed can automatically construct a 3D model of non-cooperative targets online without the need for human preparation of target data in advance. At the same time, it can effectively deal with target object occlusion and motion situations, thus achieving true non cooperative target pose estimation and tracking in spatial operations.

satellite non-cooperative structure  /  pose estimation  /  neural radiation field  /  point cloud segmentation  /  multilayer perceptions
陈彦江, 王燕波, 梁斌焱, 林俊钦. 基于神经辐射场的卫星非合作结构位姿估计算法. 导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), 2025 , 48 (4) : 67 -73 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250409
Yanjiang CHEN, Yanbo WANG, Binyan LIANG, Junqin LIN. Satellite Non-cooperative Structure Pose Estimation Algorithm Based on Neural Radiation Field[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2025 , 48 (4) : 67 -73 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250409
随着空间技术的不断进步,空间领域对在轨服务技术的需求日益增长。在此背景下,空间机械臂作为一种关键技术在轨道上进行精确操作的任务日益增多1。其中,基于视觉引导的机械臂自主操作技术已成为空间在轨服务领域的重要作业方式之一,基于视觉操作目标的位姿测量技术是其主要关键技术。在轨服务任务中,根据被操作对象是否具有先验的交互对接信息可将其分为合作目标和非合作目标两类2。由于非合作目标没有安装结构化标识、通信应答机或其他主动传感器,故空间机械臂无法通过主动识别、电子询问或发射信号等方式实现对此类目标的识别和定位,对空间机械臂交互测量和抓捕等操作带来了极大的挑战3-4。当前,空间机械臂在操作合作目标方面的研究已经取得了一定的进展,然而,对于非合作目标的操作,尤其是在稳定操作位姿估计方面的研究相对较少5
特征匹配是目标位姿估计问题早期研究使用的方法。该方法通过人工标注或仿真环境生成等方式建立目标可靠操作位姿的数据集,基于局部或全局几何形状、材质参数等类型特征与数据集作对比匹配,从而得到稳定操作位姿。Curtis等6建立抓取物体的几何、物理数据库,学习其先验抓取位姿特征,得到准确结果。Collet等7提取单个视角下物体位姿估计结果,结合多视角下物体特征点的变化,计算出最终的准确结果。上述方法在预先建立数据集的前提下可以估计操作位姿,但数据集的大小和精度对位姿估计结果的实时性和准确性影响较大。力平衡和力封闭约束是基于机械臂夹爪几何形状和目标表面接触力的约束关系而计算得到稳定操作位姿的另一种方法。苏杰等8基于夹持器形状约束得到候选抓捕位姿,然后通过摩擦圆锥力封闭模型和夹指垂直目标表面法线力平衡模型快速筛选稳定抓捕位姿。Pas等9利用夹爪模型和物体三维点云的几何形状约束关系建立可操作位姿集合,使用力封闭自动标注训练集生成最优操作位姿。Jabalameli等10提出一种基于深度图像边缘检测的力封闭抓取位姿估计方法,通过一系列二维线检测结果得到可靠操作区域。力平衡和力封闭约束无须建立目标数据集,但其计算复杂度较高,影响算法运行的实时性。
随着计算性能的不断提高,基于神经网络的方法成为目前主流的未知物体位姿估计方法。以卷积网络和残差网络为代表的深度网络方法首先应用在物体位姿估计问题上,并取得了一定的进展。Mahler等11在仿真环境中对大量夹持器的抓取可靠性进行分析,提出多层卷积神经网络抓取网络GQ-CNN选取可靠性最高的操作位姿。He等12通过深度霍夫评价网络建立CAD模型和当前视角下RGBD图像的关键点关联关系,从而生成物体位姿。为了减少在实际使用中对CAD模型的依赖,研究者们提出了类别级方法来避免实例级训练。Taeyeop等13采用推理适应网络将数据集训练模型在推理时进行适应性微调,以满足目标域的收敛条件。Meng等14利用预训练的基础几何形状网络重建未知物体的三维模型,从而在一组RGBD图像中估计物体位姿。这些基于神经网络的方法依赖于目标物体训练数据集的质量,数据集的大小和标注精度直接影响结果的泛化性和准确性。
上述方法大多依赖于识别和估计对象的大量数据集、精确模型等先验信息,但这对于空间中的非合作目标很难提前获取到,所以本文提出了一种基于神经辐射场的非合作目标位姿估计方法,本方法可以在线自动构建非合作目标的三维模型,而无需提前人为准备目标数据,从而实现空间操作中真正意义上的非合作目标位姿估计。本文的主要贡献包括:
a)通过神经辐射场将少量RGBD图像联立生成非合作卫星结构三维纹理模型,并使用位姿生成网络得到最终的准确结果。只要得到卫星关键结构不同视角下的RGBD图像,便可以生成三维模型,对于没有经过训练的未知卫星同样有效。
b)为了得到较为准确的关键部位RGBD图像,本文通过对真实卫星的关键结构分析与提取,采用点云拼接的方式构建卫星关键结构数据集,设计层联级卫星点云分割网络获取未知卫星关键结构粗定位。试验结果显示,训练后的模型对未知卫星具有一定的适用性。
c)对卫星非合作结构位姿估计和跟踪算法分别在仿真环境和真实地面环境里进行验证,试验结果显示,本文提出的方法在静态场景中对卫星太阳能帆板、尾喷管、侧翼喷管等非合作关键结构位姿估计的平均距离误差为7.55。
卫星非合作关键结构位姿估计与跟踪算法总体流程如图1所示。首先,空间机械臂搭载手眼深度相机获取RGBD图像,根据相机内参数恢复场景三维点云。层联级卫星点云分割网络的输入为场景三维点云,经过网络高阶特征提取和逐点语义赋予,输出为包含语义分割结果的场景三维点云。对同一语义的点集进行提取,得到单个关键结构的点云集,基于点云集建立该关键部位相对于深度相机的相对位置关系。以关键结构点云集为中心,顺序拍摄多组不同视角下的RGBD图像,基于神经辐射场恢复关键结构的三维模型。该三维模型具有稠密几何外形特征和纹理特征,有助于精确位姿的计算。位姿生成网络可根据基于神经辐射场恢复的关键结构三维模型和基于深度相机生成的当前视角下RGBD图像生成初始的关键结构位姿,最终生成精确的位姿作为结果输出。其中,层联级卫星点云分割网络需要根据被操作的非合作目标构建数据集进行离线的训练,而基于神经辐射场的关键结构建模和位姿生成网络是预训练好的网络,位姿生成网络采用NVIDIA在LINEMOD、YCB-Video等数据集上的预训练模型作为最终模型。
本文提出一种分割精度较高的层联级卫星点云分割网络,用于未知卫星非合作关键结构的初始定位,为神经辐射场建立准确三维模型奠定基础。
层联级点云分割网络由点云特征提取层为基础构建,点云特征提取层的结构如图2所示,其中 x y是经过特征提取层提取的抽象的点云特征,p表示特征维度,符号“⊕”表示对两个高维特征矩阵在特定维度(代码中为第三维)上前后拼接。多层感知机由两层线性层构成,激活函数为Relu函数15。根据网络的输入层、隐藏层和输出层的维度,将网络的不同模块划分为全连接层和多层感知机。全连接层和多层感知机在不同的层级上,其输入输出维度会有所不同,并且两者的网络参数中均包含偏置。网络整体由8层点云特征提取层组成,前4层每层特征提取层后连接特征下采样层,后4层每层特征提取层连接特征上采样层,最后通过全连接层恢复到输入点云个数维度的语义特征。
多层上采样和下采样结构可以充分提取不同大小区域下的点云特征,避免点云聚集和稀疏情况下的特征丢失情况。下采样层是为了减少点云基数,提取点云的高维特征;上采样层是为了将高维特征映射到点云集上,并赋予语义信息,每个高维特征经过线性层映射后,再经过三次样条插值输出结果,将此结果与经过线性层映射的跳跃连接的特征求和,得到最终输出结果。同时,将上采样层的输出作为对应下采样层的输入,建立同级别特征层的关系,进一步提升网络输出的准确性。上采样层与下采样层的结构如图3所示。
与基于图像语义分割的现有神经网络相比,本文所述的层联级卫星点云分割网络更适合提取三维点云这种无序数据结构的高维特征,并通过层联级的网络结构设计,使网络可以更准确地感知不同维度上的点云特征。
层联级卫星点云分割网络的损失函数采用交叉熵损失函数,可以衡量模型预测概率分布与真实标签之间的差异,其形式如下所示:
L = - i = 1 N i = 1 C y i c l o g ( p i c )
式中 N为点的数量; C为类别数; y i c为第 i个点属于类别 c的真实标签; p i c为模型预测第 i个点属于类别 c的概率。
使用神经辐射场计算三维场景信息是近些年比较流行的方法16-18,这是因为神经辐射场可以隐式表示三维空间,物体表面的细节信息可以被神经网络抽象成高维特征,通过特征学习可以重建高质量的物体模型。为了使位姿生成网络输入具有高质量的目标渲染模型,在前述卫星关键结构粗定位的基础上,连续拍摄 n组RGBD图像,采用神经辐射场构建以目标为中心的隐式表达。前述卫星关键结构粗定位是指通过深度相机采集的场景点云,经过层联级点云分割网络输出的场景点云语义结果,即场景中卫星的关键结构的点云信息。一方面,由于存在从深度图像转换场景点云的精度误差和点云分割网络语义分割误差,此关键结构的点云信息并不准确,无法直接作为空间机械臂进行操作所需的定位结果。另一方面,点云数据虽具备空间属性,但其空间位置特征属于稀疏特征,分辨率较低,若单纯增加点云中点的个数,其计算量会呈指数增加。只有网状结构模型具备空间稠密特征,位姿生成网络通过深度图像和网状结构模型可以快速、准确地得到目标物体的位姿。而“连续拍摄多组照片”也是为了通过神经辐射场生成目标物体的网状结构模型。由于网状结构模型是通过多组拍摄图像经神经辐射场生成的,其模型精度取决于多组图像的连续性和完整性,而模型泛化性取决于层联级点云分割网络训练所需的卫星关键结构数据集的泛化性。
基于神经辐射场的关键结构建模采用预训练模型,网络模型是通过在六维位姿公开数据集上训练得到的,公开数据集包括HO3D、YBCInEOTA、BEHAVE等,这些公开数据集通过深度相机采集RGBD视频流数据,并基于相机内参和二维码定位获取训练所需的标签数据。
基于神经辐射场的关键结构建模网络如图4所示。首先,在连续拍摄的图像之间匹配特征,以获得粗略的姿态估计。其中一些姿势帧存放在存储池中,稍后使用和改进。从存储池的随机采样其子集,通过动态姿态生成器生成输出姿态,在线优化线程会将存储池中的所有姿势与当前姿势一起进行优化。然后将这些更新后的姿势存储回存储池中。最后,在单独的线程中使用存储池中的所有姿势帧来学习神经辐射场,该神经辐射场对目标的几何外形和视觉纹理进行建模,同时调整其先前估计的姿势。
神经辐射场对目标物体的表示分为几何网络和外观网络,几何网络的输入为三维空间采样点坐标 x R 3,输出为有符号距离值 s R,可表示为 Ω : x s;外观网络的输入为从几何网络中间层获取的特征向量 f Ω x R 3、采样点法向量 n R 3和视线向量 f R 3,输出为三通道颜色值 c R + 3,可表示为 Φ : ( f Ω x , n , d ) c。几何网络和外观网络均由多层感知机构成。采样点 x在输入到几何网络前,对其进行多分辨率哈希编码,以减少网络训练时间。 n d均单位化,使网络可以快速收敛。当 x = 0时,几何网络 Ω ( x )隐式表示物体表面,对应的外观网络输出物体表面颜色。这样表示有两方面的优势,一是降低训练时间,二是法线信息的引入可以更准确地重建物体表面。
神经辐射场对于物体临近表面区域的渲染由下式19表示:
c r = z r - λ z r + 0.5 λ ω ( x i ) Φ ( f Ω x i , n ( x i ) , d ( x i ) ) d t
ω x i = 1 ( 1 + e - α Ω x i ) ( 1 + e α Ω x i )
式中 ω ( x i )为钟形概率密度函数; Ω ( x i )为点 x i的几何网络输出; α为常数,用来调整概率密度函数的最大值,最大值为 x i处于物体表面 Ω ( x i ) = 0时; r为从相机光心发出的光线; z ( r )为深度图中该光线位置的深度值; λ为截断距离。以 ( z ( r ) - λ z ( r ) + 0.5 λ )为界限,将渲染空间划分为自由空间和临近表面空间,对临近表面空间的所有采样点积分,可得到临近表面的颜色值 c ( r )
神经辐射场的损失函数包含4部分。
第一部分为对于颜色监督训练的损失函数,可表示为
c = 1 r c r - c ¯ r 2
式中 为生成图像时从相机光心发出所有光线的集合; c ¯ r为视角图像中光线对应位置的颜色真值。
第二部分为自由空间监督训练损失函数,设 𝒳 e为自由空间所有采样点集合,损失函数可表示为
e = 1 𝒳 e x 𝒳 e Ω x - λ
第三部分为临近表面空间监督训练损失函数,设 d x为相机光心到采样点的距离, d D为相机光心到观测深度点的距离, 𝒳 s为临近表面空间所有采样点集合。损失函数可表示为
s = 1 𝒳 s x 𝒳 s ( Ω x + d x - d D ) 2
第四部分为在光程正则化20中对临近表面空间监督训练的损失函数,设 为光程正则化。损失函数可表示为
e i k = 1 𝒳 s x 𝒳 s Ω x 2 - 1 2
则神经辐射场的损失函数为
= ω c c + ω e e + ω s s + ω e i k e i k
式中 ω c ω e ω s ω e i k为权重系数。
位姿生成网络的结构如图5所示。采用两个卷积网络分别从当前视角下RGBD图像和掩码裁剪图中提取特征,将特征拼接后输入至卷积残差块中,切片划分后进行位置编码,最后通过两组Transformer编码器21和全连接层分别更新物体的旋转矩阵和平移矩阵,得到初始精确位姿。当前视角下RGBD图像由深度相机实时生成,掩码裁剪图由基于图像的语义分割模型生成。位置编码是对切片采用相对位置编码的形式,通过一个输入与输出维度相同的全连接层网络来实现。
在位姿生成网络的卷积编码器中,每个卷积核会在整个输入图像上进行卷积操作。而RGBD图像卷积编码器和掩码裁剪图像卷积编码器的卷积核的形式和权重是相同的,具有相同的卷积核结构,故两个卷积编码器之间可以共享权重。该设计意味着这两个网络在特定层使用完全相同的权重参数进行训练和推理,可以减少模型的参数量。
对目标物体先进行位姿初始化,采用MaskRCNN22网络检测图像中的关键结构,选取平均深度值处的坐标作为平移矩阵。以物体中心点为球心,在一定距离的球面均匀采样,采样点处虚拟化面向目标物体的相机,得到多个相机视角下的旋转矩阵。旋转矩阵为笛卡尔坐标系下3×3矩阵,平移矩阵为笛卡尔坐标系下3×1矩阵。平移矩阵和旋转矩阵可以组成4×4的位移矩阵,其形式如式(8)所示:
T = R t 0 1
掩码裁剪图像主要用于平移矩阵的更新,对于精确的位姿跟踪较为重要。裁剪策略是以位姿初始化的球心坐标为原点,计算深度图上物体任意两点之间距离的最大值,并确定扩大系数,以最大距离值乘扩大系数为半径在掩码图上进行裁剪。扩大系数的确定依据工程经验和最终模型精度,是通过不断训练和推理得到的最优值。试验场景对应的各关键结构的掩码示意如图6所示。
一般情况下,利用真实数据和人工标注的手段构建数据集是较为常见的方法。然而对于卫星来说,由于获取在轨服务卫星真实数据的成本过大,因此,本文采用关键结构三维建模+组合的方式构建卫星数据集。考虑到卫星可靠抓捕的结构种类,所建立的数据集包括太阳能帆板、尾喷管、侧翼喷管、安装螺母、卫星本体5种卫星结构。使用三维建模软件分别构建2种太阳能帆板、1种尾喷管、3种侧翼喷管、4种安装螺母和2种卫星本体,并通过数据增广的方式在几何大小方面扩增数据,数据增广的方式是对所创建卫星关键结构三维模型通过采样的方式生成点云数据,并对点云数据的几何外形、颜色、噪声随机改变,最终得到128种卫星模型。关键结构模型以及离散点云如图7所示。
在网络训练环节,本文使用的CPU为Intel I9 13 900 k,GPU为Nvidia RTX 4090。共训练200万轮,耗时10.7 h。经训练,网络收敛,其损失值如图8所示。
为了模拟卫星在实际轨道环境中的行为并评估算法的性能,本文使用深度相机、带二指夹爪的六自由度机械臂和卫星模型组成试验平台。深度相机与机械臂相对位置固定且经标定后已知,卫星模型关键结构与数据集内容不同,以验证算法模型经仿真环境训练收敛后在实际环境中的泛化性。对于非合作目标稳定操作位姿的估计,太空中的微重力、辐射、真空、低温等环境因素并不直接影响算法性能表现,而是可能通过影响图像传感装置的成像质量而间接影响算法精度,在保证相机的物理特性满足空间使用的前提下,地面模拟试验结果可较为准确地反映算法的空间实际表现。试验平台如图9所示,深度相机为Realsense D455,机械臂为AUBO i5,二指夹爪为Robotiq 2F-85,卫星模型采用3D打印加工。试验时,为了验证卫星模型与深度相机不同相对位姿下算法识别性能,对其进行调整,受深度相机观测范围和支架安装方式的限制,距离调整范围0.5~2.3 m,姿态调整方式为绕自身Z轴方向任意角度旋转。
卫星关键结构部分点云分割结果如图10所示,从上至下依次表示2.1 m、1.6 m、1.1 m、0.6 m距离的场景点云图及分割结果,场景点云图由深度相机采集的RGBD图像生成。
对卫星关键结构点云分割算法性能采用平均交并比指标衡量。平均交并比越接近1,则表示点云分割得越准确。设 A为卫星关键结构的真实点集, B为卫星关键结构的预测点集,平均交并比计算方式为
m I o U = A B A B
对不同相对位姿下的卫星模型进行关键结构识别,分别在距离相机2.1 m、1.6 m、1.1 m和0.6 m处进行测试,并且相同距离下设置15种不同的旋转姿态,对所有距离下卫星关键结构识别的平均交并比统计,结果如表1所示。
从试验结果中可以看出,距离越远,对关键结构的识别精度越低,这是受深度相机检测距离限制,远距离下深度测量值误差较大,点云分辨率降低。另外,卫星侧翼喷管和安装螺母的平均交并比较低,从模型外观可以看出,两者体积较小,而Realsense深度相机对小体积物体的深度检测精度较低,导致识别准确率降低。通过更换有效探测范围更大的深度相机或大功率激光雷达可以很好地解决这两类问题。
本试验根据2.1节所分割的卫星关键结构点云数据,在其周围采集不同视角下的RGBD图像,利用基于神经辐射场的关键结构建模方法生成的三维模型。最终通过初始位姿生成网络和位姿评价网络得到准确的位姿估计。图11为关键结构部分位姿估计可视化结果,红色、绿色、蓝色轴分别为目标物体坐标系的xyz轴。
本文使用平均距离误差衡量所估计位姿的准确性。设 为卫星关键结构三维模型点集, m为卫星关键结构三维模型点个数, x为某点三维坐标, R T为算法估计的目标点到相机光心的旋转矩阵和平移矩阵, R ˜ T ˜为真实的目标点到相机光心的旋转矩阵和平移矩阵,则平均距离矩阵计算方式为
A D D = 1 m x R x + T - R ˜ x + T ˜
对每种卫星关键结构标记20种不同位姿,统计目标物体平均距离误差的平均值。表2为位姿估计结果。
根据误差定义和相关文献,可以接受的距离误差阈值通常是模型直径的10%,即 A D D值小于10,则认为位姿估计是准确的。试验结果表明,算法对于卫星模型的4种关键结构可以准确识别其位置与姿态。
针对空间机械臂在轨服务场景对卫星主要结构位姿估计任务,提出一种基于神经辐射场的卫星非合作目标关键结构位姿估计与跟踪算法。首先,通过层联级卫星点云分割网络对关键结构进行粗定位;其次,基于神经辐射场对卫星关键结构建模,得到其三维模型;最后,通过初始位姿生成网络和位姿评价网络得到准确位姿。试验结果表明,本文方法在地面模拟环境下可以在场景点云图中分割无先验模型信息的卫星关键结构,并通过神经辐射场使用多角度二维图像构建卫星关键结构的三维模型,最终实现对其位姿的准确估计。
在未来在轨服务应用场景中,可以在手眼和非手眼位置固定多个深度相机,通过多个视角对同一非合作目标所估计的位姿来确定最终准确的位姿结果。
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250409
  • 接收时间:2024-10-18
  • 首发时间:2025-10-27
  • 出版时间:2025-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-18
  • 修回日期:2025-07-09
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    1.北京精密机电控制设备研究所,北京,100076
    2.控制执行机构技术创新中心,北京,100076
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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