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The stability of lubricating grease performances is a significant factor that restricts the long-term storage reliability of aerospace electro-mechanical servo actuators. The rheological properties of lubricating grease can directly affect the transition characteristics of servo actuators. Accelerated degradation test at high temperature stresses is designed and carried out. Three grades of lubricating grease with different base oil systems, including soap based, non-soap based and mixed lubricating grease are investigated for their theological properties. The rheological properties of different lubricating grease changed in thermal aging time and temperature stress are analyzed. It is found that the viscosity of lubrication dose not change unidirectionally with the increase of thermal aging time. In addition, the rheological properties of mixed lubricating grease at high temperature is better than that of soap based lubricating grease and non-soap based lubricating grease, which is valuable to evaluate the properties of lubricating grease during long-term storage of aerospace electromechanical servo system.

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润滑脂性能稳定性是制约航天机电伺服机构长期贮存可靠性的重要因素,其流变特性直接影响伺服机构传动特性,为此设计并开展高温度应力下的加速退化试验,考察皂基、非皂基和混合基等不同基础油体系的3款牌号润滑脂的流变特性,分析获得不同润滑脂随热老化时间和温度应力变化的流变特性变化规律。研究发现,随着热老化时间的延长,润滑脂的黏度并不是单一方向变化,另外,在所考察牌号的润滑脂中,混合润滑脂在高温度应力下的流变特性稳定性优于皂基润滑脂和非皂基润滑脂,对航天机电伺服系统长期贮存过程中润滑脂性能评估具有工程价值。

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何露漫(1997—),女,工程师,主要研究方向为伺服系统设计与评估技术。

陶 胜(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为伺服系统性能评估技术。

郑 会(1987—),女,副研究员,主要研究方向为润滑油脂研究。

崔佩娟(1983—),女,研究员,主要研究方向为伺服系统设计与评估技术。

黄玉平(1967—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为伺服系统设计技术。

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郑 会(1987—),女,副研究员,主要研究方向为润滑油脂研究。

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Sampling time for each temperature stress grade

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样品序号原样12345
100 ℃取样时间02164326488641 080
115 ℃取样时间0144288432576720
130 ℃取样时间0108216324432540
145 ℃取样时间072144216288360
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各温度应力等级的取样时间 (h)

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样品序号原样12345
100 ℃取样时间02164326488641 080
115 ℃取样时间0144288432576720
130 ℃取样时间0108216324432540
145 ℃取样时间072144216288360
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Zero shear viscosity of different greases

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润滑脂类型零剪切黏度/(Pa·s-1)
A31 471.1
B117 999.1
C149 712.8
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不同润滑脂的零剪切黏度

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润滑脂类型零剪切黏度/(Pa·s-1)
A31 471.1
B117 999.1
C149 712.8
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基于热老化方法的润滑脂流变特性研究
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何露漫 1, 2 , 陶胜 1, 2 , 郑会 3 , 崔佩娟 1, 2 , 黄玉平 1, 2
导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 先进伺服技术专栏 2025,48(4): 26-31
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导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 先进伺服技术专栏 2025, 48(4): 26-31
基于热老化方法的润滑脂流变特性研究
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何露漫1, 2, 陶胜1, 2, 郑会3, 崔佩娟1, 2, 黄玉平1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.北京精密机电控制设备研究所,北京,100076
  • 2.控制执行机构技术创新中心,北京,100076
  • 3.中石化石油化工科学研究院有限公司,北京,100083
  • 何露漫(1997—),女,工程师,主要研究方向为伺服系统设计与评估技术。

    陶 胜(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为伺服系统性能评估技术。

    郑 会(1987—),女,副研究员,主要研究方向为润滑油脂研究。

    崔佩娟(1983—),女,研究员,主要研究方向为伺服系统设计与评估技术。

    黄玉平(1967—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为伺服系统设计技术。

The Research of Rheological Properties of Lubricating Grease Based on Thermal Aging Test
Luman HE1, 2, Sheng TAO1, 2, Hui ZHENG3, Peijuan CUI1, 2, Yuping HUANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1. Beijing Institute of Precision Mechatronics and Controls, Beijing, 100076
  • 2. Control Actuation Innovation Center, Beijing, 100076
  • 3. SINOPEC Research Institute of Petroleum Processing Co. , Ltd. , Beijing, 100083
出版时间: 2025-08-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250403
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润滑脂性能稳定性是制约航天机电伺服机构长期贮存可靠性的重要因素,其流变特性直接影响伺服机构传动特性,为此设计并开展高温度应力下的加速退化试验,考察皂基、非皂基和混合基等不同基础油体系的3款牌号润滑脂的流变特性,分析获得不同润滑脂随热老化时间和温度应力变化的流变特性变化规律。研究发现,随着热老化时间的延长,润滑脂的黏度并不是单一方向变化,另外,在所考察牌号的润滑脂中,混合润滑脂在高温度应力下的流变特性稳定性优于皂基润滑脂和非皂基润滑脂,对航天机电伺服系统长期贮存过程中润滑脂性能评估具有工程价值。

润滑脂  /  基础油体系  /  热老化  /  长期贮存  /  流变特性

The stability of lubricating grease performances is a significant factor that restricts the long-term storage reliability of aerospace electro-mechanical servo actuators. The rheological properties of lubricating grease can directly affect the transition characteristics of servo actuators. Accelerated degradation test at high temperature stresses is designed and carried out. Three grades of lubricating grease with different base oil systems, including soap based, non-soap based and mixed lubricating grease are investigated for their theological properties. The rheological properties of different lubricating grease changed in thermal aging time and temperature stress are analyzed. It is found that the viscosity of lubrication dose not change unidirectionally with the increase of thermal aging time. In addition, the rheological properties of mixed lubricating grease at high temperature is better than that of soap based lubricating grease and non-soap based lubricating grease, which is valuable to evaluate the properties of lubricating grease during long-term storage of aerospace electromechanical servo system.

lubricating grease  /  base oil system  /  thermal aging  /  long-term storage  /  rheological properties
何露漫, 陶胜, 郑会, 崔佩娟, 黄玉平. 基于热老化方法的润滑脂流变特性研究. 导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), 2025 , 48 (4) : 26 -31 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250403
Luman HE, Sheng TAO, Hui ZHENG, Peijuan CUI, Yuping HUANG. The Research of Rheological Properties of Lubricating Grease Based on Thermal Aging Test[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2025 , 48 (4) : 26 -31 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250403
航天飞行器往往具有“长期贮存,一次使用”的特点,机电伺服机构中的润滑材料在长贮存周期内润滑性能发生变化,将造成传动机构卡滞、启动力矩增大等不利影响1-2
润滑脂在长期贮存中会发生物理或化学性能的改变,如分油特性、流变特性、氧化安定性等。近年来国内外学者针对各种特定润滑脂开展了一系列的研究。
一方面,通过热老化方法从宏观角度评估润滑脂性能变化,并预测润滑脂贮存寿命。张新兰等1研究轴承用润滑脂的贮存退化过程,通过热空气加速老化的试验方法,用润滑脂质量变化率来表征润滑脂退化过程,建立了润滑脂贮存寿命评估模型。张凯等3开展了二硫化钼锂基润滑脂加速老化试验,以二硫化钼锂基润滑脂质量变化率为性能指标推导时温等效关系式,推算出不同贮存温度及不同贮存时间下二硫化钼锂润滑脂的质量变化情况,实现其老化性能的预测与评估。Hurley等4对锂基润滑脂进行热老化试验,通过乏脂状态下滚动接触时的油膜厚度和分油量来评估老化润滑脂的润滑性能,结果表明随着老化时间的增加,润滑脂的氧化程度增加。巫宗萍等5利用时温等效原理,完成了二硫化钼润滑脂在25 ℃条件下6年和10年的等效加速老化试验,分析了润滑脂摩擦性能随时间变化的情况。
另一方面,通过研究热老化过程中润滑脂的微观结构变化,分析热老化对润滑脂氧化安定性、摩擦磨损特性的影响机理。沙光荣等6-10采用静态热老化的方法研究润滑脂热老化过程中微观结构和流变性能的变化,发现在热老化过程中,润滑脂的皂纤维结构发生解缠和断裂,导致剪切恢复速率和润滑脂稳定性下降,基础油流失,且温度越高,润滑脂的老化速率越快,氧化安定性越差,结构强度越低。Lin等11通过研究滚子轴承中老化锂基润滑脂的微观结构发现,老化润滑脂中致密堆积的微观结构影响了基础油的渗出能力,可能导致润滑脂润滑性能下降,使轴承的磨损率增加。David等12-13研究发现热老化导致了润滑脂的严重氧化,油分蒸发,渗出油的黏度增加,流变性能下降。Zhou等14通过自研机械剪切老化机和流变仪测试老化润滑脂样品的流变性能,结果显示锂基润滑脂在早期阶段因稠化剂重新定向和断裂而逐渐降解,随后,润滑脂的退化以较小的纤维片段断裂主导,退化速度更加缓慢。
然而目前仍缺少对航天机电伺服机构用标准化润滑脂长贮存性能及其对机构传动性能影响的针对性研究。润滑脂的流变特性直接影响界面摩擦特性,进而影响机构传动性能,因此,本文选用3种不同基础油体系的航空航天润滑脂牌号,通过温度应力加速退化试验,从润滑脂种类、热老化时间、温度应力等级3个维度综合考察润滑脂在长期贮存过程中流变特性的变化,对预防润滑脂退化引起的滚动螺旋传动机构失效和伺服系统故障,提升机电伺服系统的贮存稳定性,具有重要的理论和工程意义。
为了研究机电伺服系统中润滑脂在长期贮存过程中流变特性随温度的变化,以传动机构用润滑脂为研究对象,对滚珠丝杠润滑界面处的润滑脂开展温度应力加速退化试验。
为研究不同基础油体系对润滑脂长贮存过程中流变特性的影响,分别选取A、B、C3种润滑脂开展温度应力下的加速退化试验。其中A脂属于皂基润滑脂,B脂属于非皂基润滑脂,C脂属于混合润滑脂(既含皂基润滑脂,又含非皂基润滑脂),3种润滑脂的理化指标都符合机电伺服传动机构润滑要求。
为模拟伺服机构长期贮存过程中滚珠丝杠润滑界面处润滑脂的真实环境状态,根据滚珠丝杠螺母、丝杆滚道和滚珠的界面特点,设计如图1所示的贮存模拟装置。按滚珠丝杠用润滑脂的用量要求,将3种润滑脂分别填涂于三组贮存模拟装置的模拟滚道内。
将填涂润滑脂的贮存模拟装置放置温湿度试验箱中,依次开展100 ℃、115 ℃、130 ℃、145 ℃ 4个温度应力等级的恒定应力加速退化试验。
在加速退化试验过程中,每完成一个温度应力等级进行依次取样。由于不同温度应力对应的加速因子不同,因此不同温度应力等级的试验总时长不同,综合考虑室温到各温度应力等级的加速因子、实际采样条件、不同温度应力等级同一取样时间(216 h、432 h)点数等因素,分别设置100 ℃、115 ℃、130 ℃和145 ℃温度应力下的试验总时长为1 080 h、720 h、540 h和360 h。考虑样件检测成本,等间隔选取6个采样点(含原样),各个温度应力等级的取样时间设置如表1所示。
将取得的润滑脂样品按JY/T 0590—2020《旋转流变仪测量方法通则》进行预处理,在旋转流变仪的测量间隙中加载样品,对不同样品分别开展稳态流变测试,依次按照大小为10-2~102 s-1的若干个恒定剪切速率,测量3种润滑脂剪切应力、黏度随剪切速率变化的流变测试结果。
润滑脂的流变特性主要包括流动性和黏弹性,分别可通过剪切应力和黏度两种参数进行表征。根据A、B、C3种润滑脂原样的流变测试结果,在对数坐标下分别绘制3种润滑脂剪切应力-剪切速率曲线和黏度-剪切速率曲线,如图2图3所示。
图2所示,在小剪切速率段(剪切速率小于1 s-1),B脂和C脂的剪切应力随着剪切速率的增加都有先减小再增大的趋势,A脂剪切应力总体呈上升趋势;在大剪切速率段(剪切速率大于1 s-1),3种润滑脂总体上都呈现上升趋势。
图3所示,3种润滑脂的黏度在对数坐标上都呈现出线性变化趋势,其中,A脂的黏度与剪切速率在大、小剪切速率段均呈现出一致的线性变化关系,B脂在大剪切速率段黏度-剪切速率拟合直线的截率大于小剪切速率段,C脂的黏度变化的线性度则稍差于A、B脂,这可能是因为C脂为混合润滑脂的原因,由于成分更加复杂,在不同的剪切速率下C脂中对流变特性起主要作用的组分发生改变。
可根据Carreau-Yasuda方程15-16对润滑脂黏度-剪切速率的关系进行拟合,计算公式为
η=η0-η1+λγ˙a(n-1)/a+η
式中 η为剪切速率为γ˙时的润滑脂黏度;η0为第一牛顿黏度,也称为零剪切黏度;η 为第二牛顿黏度;λ为松弛时间常数;a为Yasuda指数;n为幂律指数。
零剪切黏度可作为润滑脂黏度特性的衡量标准,根据Carreau-Yasuda方程分别对3种润滑脂的黏度-剪切速率关系进行拟合,其结果如表2所示。从零剪切黏度来看,3种脂的黏度总体上为:C脂>B脂>A脂。
为了从时间维度考察3种润滑脂流变特性的变化,分别绘制4个温度应力等级下A、B、C脂随热老化时间延长的过程中,各个取样时间节点处润滑脂样本的黏度-剪切速率曲线,同时根据Carreau-Yasuda方程对该曲线进行拟合,绘制零剪切黏度随热老化时间变化的曲线,其结果如图4所示。
图4可知,在润滑脂温度应力加速退化试验的过程中,3种润滑脂的零剪切黏度随着热老化时间的延长呈现往复波动的变化特征,在145 ℃温度应力等级下,3种润滑脂的零剪切黏度均存在随老化时间增长的大幅变化;在100 ℃温度应力等级下,零剪切黏度随老化时间波动的幅值为:C脂>B脂>A脂。A脂零剪切黏度随老化时间波动的幅值在不同温度应力下的差异较明显,100 ℃温度应力等级下的波动较为平缓,145 ℃温度应力等级下的波动幅度最大,A脂的流变性能的稳定性随温度的升高而减弱。
从温度变化的维度考察润滑脂流变特性的变化,由于不同温度应力等级下润滑脂取样时间并不完全一致,所以基于控制变量的原则,分别选取100 ℃、130 ℃、145 ℃温度应力等级下,热老化时间为216 h的润滑脂样本以及100 ℃、115 ℃、130 ℃温度应力等级下,热老化时间为432 h润滑脂样本的流变特性数据进行分析。绘制相同取样时间、不同温度应力等级下3种润滑脂黏度-剪切速率曲线,如图5所示。从图5中可以看出,随着加速退化试验温度应力的增大,3种润滑脂的黏度总体呈现出上升的趋势,其中,在216 h取样时,A脂的黏度随温度上升趋势明显且间隔清晰,而B、C脂在100 ℃和130 ℃的温度应力条件下的黏度相近,在145 ℃时黏度上升明显;在432 h取样时,A、B脂在小剪切速率段黏度随温度变化明显,C脂在试验剪切速率区间内黏度随温度变化最小。这也说明C脂在高温度应力下的稳定性要优于A、B脂。
为了考察航天伺服机构长期贮存过程中润滑脂流变特性的变化,模拟润滑脂在滚珠丝杠贮存过程中的界面特性与封装条件,开展温度应力加速退化试验,分别从润滑脂种类、热老化时间和温度应力等级三个维度对润滑脂流变特性进行分析。
从润滑脂种类的角度看,3种脂的黏度-剪切速率曲线在对数坐标上都呈现出线性变化的趋势,其中,皂基润滑脂(A脂)的线性度最好,非皂基润滑脂(B脂)在大、小剪切速率段的分别呈现线性关系,且在两个剪切速率段的线性关系存在差异,混合润滑脂(C脂)的线性度则较差。
从随热老化时间变化的角度看,在模拟润滑脂在滚珠丝杠贮存结构特征与封装条件下,3种脂的流变特性随着热老化时间的延长并不是单一方向变化,零剪切黏度随着热老化时间的延长往复波动。
从随温度应力变化的角度看,3种润滑脂的黏度随着温度应力升高都呈现出上升的趋势,在高温度应力条件下,混合润滑脂(C脂)对温度应力的敏感程度要弱于皂基润滑脂(A脂)、非皂基润滑脂(B脂)。
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250403
  • 接收时间:2024-10-24
  • 首发时间:2025-10-27
  • 出版时间:2025-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-24
  • 修回日期:2025-03-23
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    1.北京精密机电控制设备研究所,北京,100076
    2.控制执行机构技术创新中心,北京,100076
    3.中石化石油化工科学研究院有限公司,北京,100083
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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