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For the flaged structure used in the fully friction stir welded tank bulkhead of the next-generation launch vehicle, strain measurements are conducted at typical locations during the flange assembly, welding, repair welding, and hydrostatic testing processes. Additionally, finite element analysis (FEA) is performed to simulate the internal pressure loading of the tank bulkhead. The test results reveal significant non-uniform stress distribution in the flange fillet area after welding, while full stirring repair welding has a relatively small influence on the final stress level of the flange. Under internal pressure loading, the flange exhibit uneven stress distribution, leading to localized yielding at certain points. The experimental results validate the accuracy of the finite element method, demonstrating its applicability for evaluating the effectiveness of subsequent structural optimizations.

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针对新一代运载火箭贮箱全搅拌摩擦焊接箱底采用的翻边法兰结构,对箱底法兰焊前装配、搅拌焊接、补焊及整底液压考核过程中的典型位置进行应变测量,同时,进行了箱底液压过程的有限元计算。测试结果表明,法兰焊接后在圆角区存在幅度较大的不均匀应力分布,而全搅拌补焊对法兰最终应力水平影响较小;法兰在内压承载时,存在因受力不均匀导致局部点进入屈服的状态。通过试验验证了有限元方法的准确性,可以用于后续法兰结构优化的有效性评估。

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李庆庆(1988—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为火箭贮箱结构设计。

刘冠华(1993—),女,工程师,主要研究方向为火箭结构强度仿真。

姬秀滨(1988—),女,高级工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭结构设计。

张佳佳(1992—),女,工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭贮箱结构设计。

付玉行(1995—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭贮箱结构设计。

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运载火箭贮箱箱底法兰力学特征分析
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李庆庆 , 刘冠华 , 姬秀滨 , 张佳佳 , 付玉行
导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2025,48(3): 23-29
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导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2025, 48(3): 23-29
运载火箭贮箱箱底法兰力学特征分析
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李庆庆, 刘冠华, 姬秀滨, 张佳佳, 付玉行
作者信息
  • 蓝箭航天空间科技股份有限公司,北京,100076
  • 李庆庆(1988—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为火箭贮箱结构设计。

    刘冠华(1993—),女,工程师,主要研究方向为火箭结构强度仿真。

    姬秀滨(1988—),女,高级工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭结构设计。

    张佳佳(1992—),女,工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭贮箱结构设计。

    付玉行(1995—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭贮箱结构设计。

Mechanical Characteristics Analysis of the Flange on the Tank Bulkhead of Launch Vehicle
Qingqing LI, Guanhua LIU, Xiubin JI, Jiajia ZHANG, Yuhang FU
Affiliations
  • Landspace Technology Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100076
出版时间: 2025-06-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250304
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针对新一代运载火箭贮箱全搅拌摩擦焊接箱底采用的翻边法兰结构,对箱底法兰焊前装配、搅拌焊接、补焊及整底液压考核过程中的典型位置进行应变测量,同时,进行了箱底液压过程的有限元计算。测试结果表明,法兰焊接后在圆角区存在幅度较大的不均匀应力分布,而全搅拌补焊对法兰最终应力水平影响较小;法兰在内压承载时,存在因受力不均匀导致局部点进入屈服的状态。通过试验验证了有限元方法的准确性,可以用于后续法兰结构优化的有效性评估。

火箭  /  箱底  /  法兰  /  搅拌摩擦焊  /  应变  /  有限元

For the flaged structure used in the fully friction stir welded tank bulkhead of the next-generation launch vehicle, strain measurements are conducted at typical locations during the flange assembly, welding, repair welding, and hydrostatic testing processes. Additionally, finite element analysis (FEA) is performed to simulate the internal pressure loading of the tank bulkhead. The test results reveal significant non-uniform stress distribution in the flange fillet area after welding, while full stirring repair welding has a relatively small influence on the final stress level of the flange. Under internal pressure loading, the flange exhibit uneven stress distribution, leading to localized yielding at certain points. The experimental results validate the accuracy of the finite element method, demonstrating its applicability for evaluating the effectiveness of subsequent structural optimizations.

launch vehicle  /  tank bulkhead  /  flange  /  friction stir welding  /  strain  /  finite element analysis
李庆庆, 刘冠华, 姬秀滨, 张佳佳, 付玉行. 运载火箭贮箱箱底法兰力学特征分析. 导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), 2025 , 48 (3) : 23 -29 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250304
Qingqing LI, Guanhua LIU, Xiubin JI, Jiajia ZHANG, Yuhang FU. Mechanical Characteristics Analysis of the Flange on the Tank Bulkhead of Launch Vehicle[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2025 , 48 (3) : 23 -29 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250304
贮箱作为运载火箭的关键部段,目前主要采用高强度铝合金材料拼焊而成。其中,箱底法兰作为贮箱典型结构,是贮箱与增压输送系统间气、液通道的重要接口,同时受贮箱内压、贮箱与管路系统变形协调和管路振动等载荷1-3
传统型号贮箱箱底法兰受早期装备能力和工艺能力不足的限制,普遍采用了在箱底瓜瓣或顶盖零件状态下凸孔,整底状态下手工焊接法兰的工艺路线,优点是不依赖装备、对法兰原材料综合性能要求较低,但存在焊接质量不稳定、形位尺寸精度一致性较差的问题。近年来,基础工业能力的发展促进了国内贮箱结构制造相关大型装备的研制和新工艺的开发,伴随新一代运载火箭的研制,箱底法兰已广泛应用整底状态原位开孔后装配、搅拌摩擦焊接工艺,法兰结构也从传统的直边对接手工熔焊结构转变为翻边对接搅拌摩擦焊结构。法兰原材料也普遍采用综合性能更高的锻件4-7
法兰结构、焊接装备、焊接工艺的改变,导致法兰装配、焊接过程的受力状态和承载条件下的应力状态均发生显著变化,在研制中也出现了法兰焊缝、法兰锻件本体开裂的相关质量问题,而对法兰全寿命周期内实际受力状态的研究未见相关报道。
因此,掌握装备、结构和工艺改变后的装配焊接过程及实际内压工况下的法兰力学特征,对该结构法兰原材料性能控制、设计方案优化、焊接质量控制和提高整体结构的可靠性具有重要意义8-15
为获取翻边对接焊法兰受力状态,试验采集了试验件法兰装配、焊接、补焊全程中的应变数据和箱底内压试验过程的法兰应变数据,以全面评估法兰在生产、服役状态下的力学特征。
试验对象为模数1.6的3350椭球型面贮箱箱底。该箱底由叉形环1件、旋压圆环1件和法兰6件(1件中心人孔法兰、5件偏心法兰)拼焊组成,包含1条叉形环环缝、6条法兰环缝,人孔法兰环缝的分度圆直径为796 mm。偏心法兰中心均位于直径为1 800 mm的分度圆上,叉形环环缝位置的分度圆直径为3 288 mm。
箱底的材料为2A14铝合金,整底圆环由O态板材旋压成形后进行固溶时效热处理,法兰由T6态锻件机加,叉形环为T652态锻环机加,人孔法兰焊接区厚度为4.6 mm、偏心法兰焊接区厚度为4.5 mm。整底所有对接焊缝均采用搅拌摩擦焊工艺。
为监测法兰装配、焊接及补焊过程的法兰圆角区受力情况,选择位置相邻的两件尺寸相同的密封插头法兰,采集了首先焊接的法兰1装配、焊接、焊后拆除工装全过程应变数据(测点1#~4#);再采集了后焊接法兰2装配、焊接、焊后拆除工装及二次装配并整圈补焊全过程应变数据(测点5#~8#)。两件法兰均在法兰圆角均布4个测点(直角应变片)。焊接过程两法兰测点布置示意及实物测试贴片状态如图1所示。
单底液压过程主要关心法兰在圆角应力集中区及焊缝性能折减区的力学状态,在法兰圆角位置、焊缝边缘和箱底圆环母材典型位置设置测点,对液压全程进行了应变数据采集(测点布置如图2所示),共布置24个测点(三向应变片),总通道数72个。
箱底采用纯水介质进行液压试验,液压过程分级加压至设计压力0.733 MPa,然后分级加压至破坏,每级保压3 min,加载至0.89 MPa。
测点1#~4#布置在R1300分度圆的4个象限处,5#~8#布置在自生增压法兰,9#~12#布置在测压法兰,13#~16#布置在排气法兰,17#~24#布置在密封插头法兰。其中,所有奇数测点均位于法兰焊缝内缘、偶数测点均位于法兰圆角。
采用mm/N/MPa单位制。建立有限元模型,主要包含叉形环、旋压圆环和法兰组件(1件中心人孔法兰、5件偏心法兰),如图3所示。
其中旋压圆环采用S4壳单元,赋圆环实测厚度,其余部件采用C3D8I实体单元。为保证计算准确度,旋压圆环与叉形环、法兰组件之间采用shell-to-solid绑定连接,边缘切割出20 mm热影响区赋焊缝折减性能。计算时couple叉形环下端面施加固支约束,旋压圆环与法兰内表面施加面压载荷。
有限元模型为对称阵列,对于周向相似位置提取的仿真结果几乎无差异,为清晰展示仿真计算结果,仅展示平均值。周向相似位置布置3个及以上测点的应变数据进行预处理,无试验数据的点为坏点,试验数据与平均值相差40%以上的认为是异常点,进行数据对比时去除坏点和异常点。周向相似位置仅布置2个测点的应变数据,取平均值进行对比,平均值与仿真值相差在25%以上时对应变数据进行单独分析。分析时对于花片应变数据转换为应力数据进行对比分析。
两法兰圆角位置在装配、焊接过程的应力变化曲线如图4所示,可见两法兰在装配焊接过程中的变化规律基本一致。在法兰固定工装压紧后法兰开始受力,沿箱底环向分布的2#、4#、6#和8#测点受力明显偏大,且后焊接的第二件法兰受第一件焊接变形的影响受力偏大,最大值约75 MPa;沿箱底母线方向分布的1#、3#、5#和7#测点受力较小,均小于10 MPa。此时的法兰应力状态反映了在产品实际型面与理论型面不一致的状态下,法兰与圆环在周向存在型面不匹配量偏大的问题,在工装压力作用下的装配约束变形,导致法兰的周向测点明显高于母线方向。
定位焊接后,所有测点应力水平相比装配后明显提高。正式焊接后,两法兰的2#、4#、6#和8#测点的应力水平为120~135 MPa,1#、3#、5#、和7#测点的应力水平为80~100 MPa。焊后应力分布结果与实际产品装配约束状态相同,在约束最大的方向焊接应力偏大。
正式焊后静置至室温状态,冷却过程应力状态无明显变化。分解焊接工装后,后焊接的法兰2整体残余应力为80~190 MPa,先焊接的法兰1应力水平为65~105 MPa。焊后和冷却后的状态变化不明显,与搅拌焊接为非熔化固相连接特点相关,搅拌摩擦焊相比熔焊的热输入明显偏小,因此在冷却前后的应力水平无明显变化。由于法兰1先完成焊接,焊后的应变协调导致法兰2的装配约束状态发生变化,最终表现为法兰2焊后应力水平相对偏高。
法兰2进行了二次装配及整圈搅拌摩擦补焊,补焊完成下架后的4个测点应力水平相比补焊前趋于一致。补焊后再次下架后整体应力水平与补焊前和未补焊的法兰1应力水平相当。整圈补焊未改变应力水平,说明二次装配和焊接未引入新的装配约束及焊接变形,体现了搅拌摩擦焊工艺热输入小、焊后变形小的优势。
正式试验前进行预试验,预试验加载过程中,应变及位移与载荷之间呈现良好线性关系,与仿真值差异较小,判断试验加载及测试系统正常,卸载过程曲线无异常。正式试验过程中加载至前底内压设计载荷时无异常,加载至0.89 MPa时试验终止。
母材设置基准测点,环向均布4处,实测无坏点,异常点为2#,液压过程实测及有限元计算的数据如图5所示,对比箱底在内压0.5 MPa时应力云图如图6所示。
分析数据可看出,前底母材的载荷-应力曲线在0.733 MPa之前斜率均为定值,应力与载荷呈现线性关系;0.733~0.8 MPa之间斜率发生变化,曲线出现非线性,0.8 MPa之后应变数据斜率增大,此时前底开始进入塑性。对比有限元仿真值可看出,有限元仿真值在约0.8 MPa时进入塑性段,线性段最大误差约8.6%。
计算极限承载结果如图7~8所示,最大承载为0.966 MPa,危险点出现在箱底蒙皮薄区,法兰未破坏。
综合焊接工艺在结构产品上产生约100~200 MPa的焊接应力。此焊接残余应力叠加内压载荷后,只会使得法兰与椭球面圆角区提前进入屈服,屈服后应力释放。因此,焊接应力增加了结构应力水平,与试验结果吻合。
两个密封插头法兰共布置8处测点,无坏点、异常点,液压过程实测及有限元计算数据如图9所示,两法兰在内压为0.5 MPa时应力云图对比如图10所示。
分析数据可看出,近底顶点侧焊缝处的17#、21#测点应力高于近赤道面侧的19#、23#测点,差值均为45 MPa。法兰圆角的18#、20#、22#、24#测点基本处于同一应力水平。应力分布满足回转椭球壳体内压条件下薄膜应力水平只与测点位置第二曲率半径相关的规律。
在达到使用载荷0.55 MPa时,法兰圆角最大应力为88 MPa,焊缝边缘法兰母材最大应力约为177 MPa。
母材圆角区应力在0.8 MPa时出现振荡,振荡后载荷应力曲线斜率几乎未改变,此时母材圆角区仍未进入屈服。焊缝区17#、21#测点应力在0.5 MPa时进入非线性段。19#、23#测点在破坏时未达到屈服强度。
与有限元计算值进行对比,对于母材圆角区测点,实测数据与计算值对应良好;对于焊缝处测点,19#、23#测点计算值与实测数据对应良好,17#、21#测点计算值在0.89 MPa之前未出现非线性,在线性段与实测数据对应良好。线性段最大误差为13%。
其余法兰共12个测点,如图11图12所示。分析数据可看出,法兰圆角区的3处测点应力水平相当,几何轴对称的区域应力水平基本一致;焊缝对应测点靠近底顶点测点应力大于靠近叉形环方向的应力,与密封插头法兰规律一致。
对比最大应变点9#与有限元计算结果,应力最大位置在测压法兰近前底顶点焊缝区,试验值在0.5 MPa之后斜率出现略微变化,在0.8 MPa之后进入屈服,仿真值在0.8 MPa以前为线性段,在0.8 MPa之后进入屈服,误差最大为11%。
对比两个尺寸相同、位置相邻近的法兰在整个装配、焊接及补焊后的受力状态,焊接导致法兰圆角区存在65~180 MPa的应力,且法兰沿箱底环向测点的应力高于沿椭球母线方向测点应力。先焊接法兰产生的圆环型面变形会导致后焊接的法兰残余应力水平提高。采用搅拌摩擦工艺的整圈补焊对法兰整体的应力水平影响较小。
法兰圆角区最大应力出现在增压法兰处,最大应力值约150 MPa,未进入屈服。考虑焊接残余应力,在法兰圆角区应力最大为190 MPa,内压工况下未导致法兰提前破坏,这是由于在进行法兰设计时对圆角区进行了厚度补强,内压载荷带来的母材圆角位置应力水平较低,且残余应力与内压载荷产生的应力不是简单相加的关系,在法兰进入屈服后存在应力释放阶段将降低残余应力对法兰产生的影响。考虑法兰圆角处在焊接后存在残余应力,且内压条件下圆角区为蒙皮不连续的应力集中区,因此在法兰结构设计时应考虑在圆角区适当加厚提高结构可靠性。
0.55 MPa使用内压载荷下,法兰焊缝处测点最大应力约为220 MPa,焊缝处应力值高于圆角区应力值,焊缝边缘应力最大的测点均为靠近箱底顶点,符合回转椭球体薄膜应力分布规律。从实测应力曲线观察,箱底的偏心法兰在焊缝附近存在部分测点进入屈服状态,而有限元计算值约在0.8 MPa之后才会产生屈服,推断原因为有限元计算时采用的焊缝处材料性能与实际存在差距,后续可借助本体取样手段获取焊缝性能实测值以修正有限元模型。
综合对比各测点实测值与有限元计算结果,除部分法兰焊缝处测点外,有限元分析值与实测值吻合较好。
综上讨论,本文结论如下:
a)法兰焊接后,圆角区存在幅度较大的不均匀应力分布。搅拌摩擦工艺的整圈补焊过程的二次装配会导致法兰圆角区最大应力达到约190 MPa,但补焊对法兰最终整体的残余应力水平影响较小。结构设计应考虑生成过程中法兰最大受力状态的影响。
b)需要考虑法兰内压应力与焊接残余应力叠加效应,在进行翻边法兰结构法兰设计、法兰原材料性能和法兰原材料质量控制方面应考虑过程最大应力水平的影响。
c)通过对比试验与有限元计算结果,验证了计算方法的准确性,可以通过有限元方法完成结构设计的优化评估。为进一步提高计算准确性,建议获取焊缝区本体性能用于计算。
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YAO Meng, ZHANG Wenxue, MA Kang, et al. Effect of forging process on microstructure and properties of 2219 aluminum alloy welded flange[J]. Journal of Plasticity Engineering, 2022, 29(4): 39-44.
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250304
  • 接收时间:2025-02-22
  • 首发时间:2025-10-27
  • 出版时间:2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-22
  • 修回日期:2025-04-29
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    蓝箭航天空间科技股份有限公司,北京,100076
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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