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In order to study the locking-swing phenomenon and swing suppression method during the pyrotechnic driving-locking process of aerocraft door, an explicit dynamic finite element simulation is conducted for an aircraft door opening-locking mechanism driven by a pyrotechnic actuator. The pyrotechnic driving-locking process of the mechanism is simulated in stages and verified compared with the pyrotechnic driving test. The locking-swing phenomenon and mechanism of the door are revealed, and swing suppression method is proposed. The research shows that the simulation method is effective, reproducing the experimental locking-swing phenomenon, and the swing angle is basically consistent with high-speed photography results. A single-freedom torsional vibration model can be used to estimate the swing characteristics of the door. Increasing the stiffness of the actuator or supported structure, or enhancing the door goose neck, has limited effect on swing suppression. Weakening the door goose neck, making it under plastic deformation during door swing, can effectively suppress the swing angle, and meet the demand for pyrotechnic opening of the door in emergency situations.

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为了研究舱门燃气冲击展开-锁止过程中的锁止摆动现象及其抑制方法,针对某飞行器上的一种燃气作动器驱动的舱门展开-锁止机构,采用显式动力学有限元仿真分析方法,对舱门机构燃气展开-锁止过程分阶段进行仿真分析,与舱门冲击燃气展开试验对比验证建模合理性,揭示舱门锁止摆动现象和机理,进一步提出锁止摆动抑制方法。研究表明,仿真建模方法合理有效,复现了舱门锁止后大幅摆动的试验现象,锁止摆动过程中摆动角度与高速摄影基本一致;可采用单自由度扭转振动模型估计舱门锁止后的摆动特性;提高作动器、机身刚度或增强舱门鹅颈,对舱门锁止摆动的抑制效果较为有限;削弱舱门鹅颈,使其在舱门锁止后局部进入塑性,能够有效抑制舱门的锁止摆动,满足紧急情况下舱门燃气展开的需求。

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刘 赛(1988—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为结构动力学。

姚宇地(1991—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为结构强度设计。

李克诚(1988—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为结构强度设计。

孔文秦(1978—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为起落架设计。

徐方舟(1989—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为起落架设计。

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刘 赛(1988—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为结构动力学。

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刘 赛(1988—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为结构动力学。

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figureFileSmall=u//GTYAvXgz4sN98IDbVkA==, figureFileBig=Ubp3ND0VwAdxIv1r4XQ+2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189594646339641681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1189584025527247092, language=CN, label=图14, caption=鹅颈削弱后的等效塑性应变云图, figureFileSmall=u//GTYAvXgz4sN98IDbVkA==, figureFileBig=Ubp3ND0VwAdxIv1r4XQ+2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1189594646448693586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1189584025527247092, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Material parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部件

密度/

(kg·m-3)

弹性模量/GPa 泊松比 屈服极限/MPa 切线模量/GPa
鹅颈 2 700 70 0.3 410 0.3
舱门 7 800 210 0.3
), ArticleFig(id=1189594646549356883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1189584025527247092, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

材料模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部件

密度/

(kg·m-3)

弹性模量/GPa 泊松比 屈服极限/MPa 切线模量/GPa
鹅颈 2 700 70 0.3 410 0.3
舱门 7 800 210 0.3
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舱门燃气展开-锁止过程仿真与锁止摆动抑制方法
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刘赛 , 姚宇地 , 李克诚 , 孔文秦 , 徐方舟
导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2025,48(3): 8-13
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导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2025, 48(3): 8-13
舱门燃气展开-锁止过程仿真与锁止摆动抑制方法
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刘赛, 姚宇地, 李克诚, 孔文秦, 徐方舟
作者信息
  • 中国运载火箭技术研究院,北京,100076
  • 刘 赛(1988—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为结构动力学。

    姚宇地(1991—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为结构强度设计。

    李克诚(1988—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为结构强度设计。

    孔文秦(1978—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为起落架设计。

    徐方舟(1989—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为起落架设计。

Simulation of Pyrotechnic Driving-locking Process of Aerocraft Door and Swing Suppression Method after Locking
Sai LIU, Yudi YAO, Kecheng LI, Wenqin KONG, Fangzhou XU
Affiliations
  • China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology, Beijing, 100076
出版时间: 2025-06-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250302
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为了研究舱门燃气冲击展开-锁止过程中的锁止摆动现象及其抑制方法,针对某飞行器上的一种燃气作动器驱动的舱门展开-锁止机构,采用显式动力学有限元仿真分析方法,对舱门机构燃气展开-锁止过程分阶段进行仿真分析,与舱门冲击燃气展开试验对比验证建模合理性,揭示舱门锁止摆动现象和机理,进一步提出锁止摆动抑制方法。研究表明,仿真建模方法合理有效,复现了舱门锁止后大幅摆动的试验现象,锁止摆动过程中摆动角度与高速摄影基本一致;可采用单自由度扭转振动模型估计舱门锁止后的摆动特性;提高作动器、机身刚度或增强舱门鹅颈,对舱门锁止摆动的抑制效果较为有限;削弱舱门鹅颈,使其在舱门锁止后局部进入塑性,能够有效抑制舱门的锁止摆动,满足紧急情况下舱门燃气展开的需求。

燃气作动器  /  燃气冲击  /  舱门展开  /  锁止摆动  /  有限元分析

In order to study the locking-swing phenomenon and swing suppression method during the pyrotechnic driving-locking process of aerocraft door, an explicit dynamic finite element simulation is conducted for an aircraft door opening-locking mechanism driven by a pyrotechnic actuator. The pyrotechnic driving-locking process of the mechanism is simulated in stages and verified compared with the pyrotechnic driving test. The locking-swing phenomenon and mechanism of the door are revealed, and swing suppression method is proposed. The research shows that the simulation method is effective, reproducing the experimental locking-swing phenomenon, and the swing angle is basically consistent with high-speed photography results. A single-freedom torsional vibration model can be used to estimate the swing characteristics of the door. Increasing the stiffness of the actuator or supported structure, or enhancing the door goose neck, has limited effect on swing suppression. Weakening the door goose neck, making it under plastic deformation during door swing, can effectively suppress the swing angle, and meet the demand for pyrotechnic opening of the door in emergency situations.

pyrotechnic actuator  /  pyrotechnic shock  /  aerocraft door opening  /  swing after locking  /  finite element analysis
刘赛, 姚宇地, 李克诚, 孔文秦, 徐方舟. 舱门燃气展开-锁止过程仿真与锁止摆动抑制方法. 导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), 2025 , 48 (3) : 8 -13 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250302
Sai LIU, Yudi YAO, Kecheng LI, Wenqin KONG, Fangzhou XU. Simulation of Pyrotechnic Driving-locking Process of Aerocraft Door and Swing Suppression Method after Locking[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2025 , 48 (3) : 8 -13 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250302
燃气作动(发生)器是一种满足快速响应、瞬时大功率输出和高可靠性要求的作动装置,在航天、航空、兵器等行业应用广泛1-3。马聪等4和杨敏勃等5介绍了燃气作动器在飞行器折叠翼展开机构中的应用方案和试验验证情况。Zhao等6和Wang等7-9研究了分离装置和微纳装置中燃气发生器的作用机理和仿真分析方法。在一般驱动方式(冷气、液压和电动作动器等)失效情况下,燃气作动器是一种可以紧急起动的高可靠性备用方案,但机构在紧急起动燃气备用方案时仍存在一些问题3。因为燃气作动器的驱动力远远大于一般作动器,属于冲击载荷,机构到位锁止后往往出现被驱动件大幅振动的现象,振幅明显超出运动许用包络,造成机构干涉、结构失效等问题10-12。因此燃气作动器的负载输出特性尤为重要,也是燃气作动器选型的重要依据。夏冬星等13和吴宪举等14采用内弹道模型和数值计算方法研究了燃气作动器负载输出特性,Lu等15和Wang等16设计了一种负载输出特性可控的燃气作动器。但对于某些需克服较大外载的燃气作动器驱动机构,例如飞行器舱门打开需克服较大的气动和压差载荷,为了保证此类机构紧急起动的可靠性,燃气作动器需保持较大的负载输出特性17-18,而且无法施加阻尼,机构到位锁止后不可避免出现被驱动件大幅振动的现象。目前有关此类作动筒及其锁止振动现象的研究较少。如何从机理方面揭示此类机构的冲击展开-锁止振动特性,从而抑制锁止振动,防止产生机构干涉、结构失效等问题,研究意义就显得尤为重要。
本文针对某飞行器上的一种燃气作动器驱动的舱门展开-锁止机构,采用显式动力学有限元方法,对舱门机构燃气展开-锁止过程进行仿真分析,与试验对比验证建模合理性,揭示舱门锁止摆动现象,进一步分析机理、改进机构,提出锁止摆动抑制方法。
某飞行器上的一种燃气作动器驱动的舱门展开-锁止机构如图1所示。冷气驱动失效的紧急状态下,燃气作动器推动舱门展开,舱门到位后作动器内部锁止机构起效,使机构锁止。试验现场的高速摄影结果见图2,舱门展开-锁止过程中舱门打开角度-时间曲线见图3,0.2 s舱门展开到位开始锁止,锁止后舱门出现大幅摆动的现象,舱门返回极限位置明显超出了运动许用包络。
舱门燃气展开-锁止过程分为展开和锁止两个阶段,分别进行建模仿真。舱门展开阶段模型简化方法见图4,由于缺少燃气作动器输出载荷-时间曲线,因此采用作动器驱动点绕鹅颈支撑点的转角-时间曲线作为输入,此曲线与图3舱门展开阶段的角度-时间曲线一致。展开阶段的有限元模型见图5,采用1阶六面体网格建模。鹅颈材料为铝合金,采用线性随动强化弹塑性材料模型,试算表明材料的应变率效应并不明显,暂不考虑材料的应变率效应,舱门材料为钢材,采用线弹性材料模型,材料模型参数见表1
舱门展开到位后进入锁止阶段,作动器内部锁止机构起效锁止,模型简化方法见图6,模型继承舱门展开阶段的位移、速度和应力等,在作动器驱动点与作动器支撑点之间建立等效弹簧起到锁止作用,不再采用图3曲线作为输入。等效弹簧考虑作动器刚度和支撑作动器的机身刚度,实测等效弹簧刚度约为17 kN/mm,有限元模型见图7
舱门展开-锁止过程中舱门打开角度-时间曲线的仿真结果见图8,仿真结果与高速摄影的比较见图9。舱门展开阶段仿真模型采用试验结果作为输入,两者曲线理应一致,因此以锁止阶段作为比较对象。仿真分析复现了舱门锁止后大幅摆动的现象,锁止摆动过程中摆动角度与高速摄影基本一致,仿真结果摆动角度大于试验结果,采用仿真结果进行预测分析更加保守。
舱门锁止后的摆动可简化为图10所示的单自由度扭转振动,扭簧刚度由图6中的等效弹簧和鹅颈提供。通过静力学计算得到等效弹簧产生的扭簧刚度为520 N·m/(°),鹅颈产生的扭簧刚度为2 108 N·m/(°),两者串联得到扭簧刚度,即:
k = k 等效 k 鹅颈 / k 等效 + k 鹅颈
式中 k 为扭簧刚度; k 等效为等效弹簧的扭簧刚度; k 鹅颈为鹅颈的扭簧刚度。计算得到扭簧刚度为417 N·m/(°),扭簧刚度主要由串联扭簧中较弱的一个决定,即由等效弹簧的扭簧刚度决定。舱门产生的转动惯量为8.5 kg·m2,扭转振动周期和振幅分别为
T = 2 π / k / J
φ = ω 0 / k / J
式中 T为振动周期; J为转动惯量; φ为振幅; ω 0为初始摆动速度。计算得到振动周期和振幅分别为0.12 s和13.9°,大致接近试验结果(0.18 s和17°)。这说明单自由度扭转振动模型基本合理,可以用于估计舱门锁止后的摆动特性,但此模型估计的振幅较小,属于非保守估计。
对于单自由度扭转振动,可通过增加阻尼或扭簧刚度,抑制扭转振动幅值。但为了保证此类机构紧急起动的可靠性,燃气作动器需保持较大的负载输出特性17-18,无法施加阻尼,因此首先尝试增大扭簧刚度,抑制舱门的锁止摆动。提高图6中等效弹簧刚度50%(即提高作动器刚度或机身刚度)后,舱门打开角度-时间曲线见图11。通过式(3)估计,可降低摆动振幅约20%,对舱门锁止摆动的抑制效果较为有限。
另一方面,改变鹅颈的设计方案(见图12)后,舱门打开角度-时间曲线见图13。与上节机理分析一致,提高扭簧刚度可降低摆动振幅,但扭簧刚度主要是由等效弹簧决定的,提高鹅颈刚度作用十分有限,这与图13结果一致,增厚鹅颈和增加随动鹅颈并未有效抑制舱门的锁止摆动。但削弱鹅颈,使鹅颈在舱门锁止过程中进入塑性,能够有效抑制舱门的锁止摆动,舱门返回极限位置未超出运动许用包络。鹅颈的等效塑性应变云图见图14,局部区域大范围进入塑性,等效塑性应变并未超过材料许用值(0.12)。可见削弱鹅颈方案满足紧急情况下舱门燃气展开的需求,但燃气展开后舱门无法正常关闭,需及时更换鹅颈。削弱后的鹅颈经仿真分析,在舱门冷气展开过程中未进入塑性,满足重复使用需求。
本文针对某飞行器上的一种燃气作动器驱动的舱门展开-锁止机构,采用仿真与机理分析相结合方法,研究了舱门燃气展开-锁止过程中锁止摆动现象及其抑制方法,得出如下主要结论:
a)采用的分阶段建模仿真方法合理有效,仿真分析复现了舱门锁止后大幅摆动的现象,锁止摆动过程中摆动角度与高速摄影基本一致,摆动极限位置明显超出了许用包络;
b)舱门锁止后的摆动可简化为单自由度扭转振动,从机理方面可采用扭转振动模型揭示舱门锁止后的摆动特性,但此模型预测的舱门摆动振幅较小,属于非保守估计;
c)提高作动器、机身刚度或增强舱门鹅颈的改进方案对舱门锁止摆动的抑制效果较为有限,但削弱舱门鹅颈,使其在舱门锁止过程中局部进入塑性,能够有效抑制舱门的锁止摆动,从而满足紧急情况下舱门燃气展开的需求。本文的研究成果具有一般性意义,有助于其他燃气锁止机构机理分析和优化设计。
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250302
  • 接收时间:2024-07-15
  • 首发时间:2025-10-27
  • 出版时间:2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-15
  • 修回日期:2025-03-10
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    中国运载火箭技术研究院,北京,100076
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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