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Selective laser melting (SLM) technology is a key technology for parts manufacturing in the aerospace field. With integrating the overall structural optimization design and SLM technology, the overall lightweight manufacturing of complex components can be achieved. In view of the high-performance manufacturing requirements of parts in the aerospace field, the progress in the manufacturing of complex integral components and lightweight structures in the aerospace field by SLM technology in recent years is introduced, and the future development direction is pointed out.

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激光选区熔化技术(Selective Laser Melting,SLM)是航空航天领域构件制造的一项关键技术,通过将结构整体优化设计与SLM技术融合可实现复杂构件的整体轻量化制造。针对航空航天领域构件高性能制造需求,介绍了近年来SLM技术在航空航天领域复杂整体构件、轻量化结构制造方面的进展,指出了未来的发展方向。

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倪江涛(1982—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为金属增材制造技术应用研究。

鲍晓通(1989—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为金属增材制造技术应用研究。

谢勇(1985—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为金属增材制造技术应用研究。

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激光选区熔化成形技术在航空航天领域应用现状
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倪江涛 , 鲍晓通 , 谢勇
导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 材料与制造技术 2025,48(2): 69-76
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导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 材料与制造技术 2025, 48(2): 69-76
激光选区熔化成形技术在航空航天领域应用现状
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倪江涛, 鲍晓通, 谢勇
作者信息
  • 首都航天机械有限公司,北京,100076
  • 倪江涛(1982—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为金属增材制造技术应用研究。

    鲍晓通(1989—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为金属增材制造技术应用研究。

    谢勇(1985—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为金属增材制造技术应用研究。

Application Progress of Selective Laser Melting Technology in Aerospace
Jiangtao NI, Xiaotong BAO, Yong XIE
Affiliations
  • Capital Aerospace Machinery Corporation Limited,Beijing,100076
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250209
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激光选区熔化技术(Selective Laser Melting,SLM)是航空航天领域构件制造的一项关键技术,通过将结构整体优化设计与SLM技术融合可实现复杂构件的整体轻量化制造。针对航空航天领域构件高性能制造需求,介绍了近年来SLM技术在航空航天领域复杂整体构件、轻量化结构制造方面的进展,指出了未来的发展方向。

激光选区熔化成形  /  复杂整体结构  /  轻量化结构  /  航空航天  /  应用现状

Selective laser melting (SLM) technology is a key technology for parts manufacturing in the aerospace field. With integrating the overall structural optimization design and SLM technology, the overall lightweight manufacturing of complex components can be achieved. In view of the high-performance manufacturing requirements of parts in the aerospace field, the progress in the manufacturing of complex integral components and lightweight structures in the aerospace field by SLM technology in recent years is introduced, and the future development direction is pointed out.

selective laser melting  /  complex integral components  /  lightweight structures  /  aerospace  /  application status
倪江涛, 鲍晓通, 谢勇. 激光选区熔化成形技术在航空航天领域应用现状. 导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), 2025 , 48 (2) : 69 -76 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250209
Jiangtao NI, Xiaotong BAO, Yong XIE. Application Progress of Selective Laser Melting Technology in Aerospace[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2025 , 48 (2) : 69 -76 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250209
航空航天制造技术在一定程度上反映了一个国家的科技实力,是一个国家科技发展水平的重要体现。 传统制造技术制备航空航天结构件存在制造周期长、 制造成本高、制造难度大等问题, 这在一定程度上制约了复杂结构件在航空航天领域的应用[1-2]。近年来, 金属增材制造技术已逐渐应用于航空航天领域发动机、 舵翼、主承力结构件、飞行器框架、机匣、燃油喷嘴等核心零部件的整体化制造, 为复杂高性能航空航天零部件设计制造提供了新的方法。金属增材制造技术是20世纪80年代发展起来的一项数字化制造技术, 根据其所用热源和成形方式可分为激光选区熔化成形、 激光熔化沉积、电子束选区熔化成形、电子束熔化沉积、电弧增材制造、搅拌摩擦成形、冷喷涂成形等[3-4]
激光选区熔化成形(Selective Laser Melting, SLM或Laser Powder Bed Fusion, LPBF)采用精细聚焦光斑的激光束, 根据构件三维CAD模型进行分层切片, 逐层逐道熔化粉末床上粉末, 按规划成形路径自下而上地堆积成形为致密复杂的金属构件。相比于其他金属增材制造技术, SLM技术成形的熔池小、 熔池冷却速率高(约${10}^{7}\sim {10}^{9}\mathrm{\;K}/\mathrm{s}$),可获得较高尺寸精度(尺寸精度可达 ±50μm,表面粗糙度达20~${30\mu }\mathrm{m}$)和近乎${100}\%$致密度的近净成形复杂构件[5-7]。 SLM技术成形复杂构件力学性能较高, 力学性能与传统锻件相当或优于锻件, 具有良好的机械性能和疲劳强度, 且可根据不同材料和工艺参数进行调控, 还可实现多种材料的混合制造, 满足不同零件的性能要求。SLM技术使得从模型设计、切片处理、路径规划到零件制造的全过程均实现了数字化, 便于对生产过程进行监控和优化, 能够显著缩短产品研发周期、提高生产效率。SLM技术不受传统制造方法的限制, 非常适合小批量、个性化定制产品的生产。SLM技术主要工作流程包括:
a)模型优化设计:使用CAD软件对零件进行三维模型优化设计;
b)模型切片处理:将三维模型切片处理成多层二维图形,厚度在${20}\sim {100\mu }\mathrm{m}$之间;
c)铺粉加工: 在成形平台上采用刮刀进行铺粉;
d)激光熔化成形: 根据切片数据, 激光束选择性地熔化金属粉末,凝固成形一层实体;
e)成形平台下降:待激光熔化后,升降台下降一个标准层厚, 重新铺粉, 重复激光扫描熔化过程;
f)后处理:待所有成形完成后,清理粉末取出零件进行必要的后续加工处理, 如线切割、去支撑、 热处理、机加工等。
SLM技术已被视为航空航天制造领域最具有竞争力的技术之一, 其主要用于航空航天中小型复杂构件的高性能整体制造, 原理见图1。目前, SLM技术的研究和应用主要集中于专用新型粉末研制、多光束装备研制和智能化系统研制等方面[8-9]。本文介绍了SLM技术制备构件在航空航天领域的应用现状, 探讨了SLM技术在航空航天制造领域的发展趋势。
随着航空航天领域对服役部件使用性能(整体结构集成、轻质高性能等)要求的提高, 复杂构件的整体集成制造越来越受到重视, 其内部多含复杂薄壁内流道、多曲面变截面等难加工结构,已远超出传统制造工艺的制造能力, 而基于SLM技术的离散高精度成形可使这些复杂结构的整体制造成为可能。SLM技术制造的典型整体复杂结构包括火箭发动机推力室、 火箭发动机燃烧室、航空发动机燃油喷嘴等。
美国宇航局(National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA)借助SLM技术提出了火箭发动机整体集成验证项目, 设计了基于SLM技术制造发动机原型。与原有发动机相比,其构件数量减少80%,焊缝减少70%,研制周期缩短50%[10]。此外, NASA和洛克达因公司(Aerojet Rocketdyne)开展了低成本推进技术研究, 基于SLM技术实现了火箭发动机GRCop-84和C18150推力室身部整体制造。燃烧室内推进剂燃烧温度超过了${2760}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,为防止构件在服役过程中发生熔化, 在铜合金内部衬套一体化的200多个随形冷却流道,使$-{173}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$的液氢在内部流道中循环冷却。对于该薄壁夹层内部的一体化随形冷却流道, 其布局受整体结构形状的约束, 是典型的复杂难加工结构。此外, 该推力室使用导电、导热性很强的铜合金材料,是典型的激光难加工材料。
采用SLM技术制备的GRCop-84和C18150推力室身部分别进行${2365}\mathrm{\;s}$${1443}\mathrm{\;s}$的热考核试验的状态图如图2所示, 两种推力室均发生失效。相比原有制造方式, SLM成形推力室身部制造成本降低30%, 制造周期压缩30% 以上,相关零部件数量减少40%。 通过构件的SLM整体制造, 发动机使用性能显著提升[11-12]
美国Launcher公司采用EOS公司增材制造设备, 致力于SLM成形燃烧室研发。该公司采用EOS公司M4K设备完成了E-2火箭发动机全尺寸C18150合金燃烧室整体化制造(见图3)。此外, E-2火箭发动机的液氧泵和涡轮泵等也采用SLM技术集成制造,并已完成多次试车验证[10]
在膨胀循环技术验证机项目(Expander-cycle Technology Integrated Demonstrator, ETID)的支持下, 欧洲航天局(European Space Agency, ESA)也开展了火箭发动机推力室SLM集成制造技术的研究, 采用SLM技术制备了具有薄壁异形复杂冷却通道的推力室, 同时衬套了推力室外壁夹套, 该推力室通过了热试车考核。此外, ESA采用SLM制备了火箭发动机喷注器。喷注器通常通过精密铸造和焊接而成, 其中焊缝数量多达百余条, 产量质量一致性难以控制。相比于传统制造技术, SLM制造的整体化喷注器质量减少25%,周期压缩50%,成本降低60%(见图4)[13]
在先进涡桨发动机(Advanced Turboprop, ATP)项目的支持下,通用电气公司(General Electric Company, GE)基于SLM技术分别设计制造了燃油喷嘴、 中框组件等核心部件(见图5)[13-14]。以燃油喷嘴为例, 燃油喷嘴需要经历精密铸造、装配、焊接和机加等多道组合加工工序, 工装多, 加工周期长, 加工精度、稳定性要求高, 难以直接达到使用要求。这些对传统制造技术来说均是极大挑战。针对这一技术难题,$\mathrm{{GE}}$公司采用$\mathrm{{SLM}}$技术实现了异形结构燃油喷嘴的集成化制造, 原有的20个构件变成了1个精密结构整体。SLM成形燃油喷嘴比原有喷嘴减重25%,寿命提高5倍,单件成本降低30%。通过异形流道特征燃油喷嘴的整体化制造, 不仅消除了不同连接件的冗余连接结构, 还实现了变曲面结构的整体化成形, 从而提高了燃油喷嘴的雾化效果, 减少了燃烧的积碳(见图5a)。目前,$\mathrm{{GE}}$公司燃油喷嘴的年产量约${35000}\sim$40 000件,已用于多型号民航客机[13-14]
中框组件包含密封环、组合框等多个部件, 包含铸造、机加、焊接等多道加工工序,成形质量和可靠性难以保证, 供应链多达50余家, 这导致生产周期较长、产品稳定性较低。运用SLM技术进行整体制造后, 构件数量由300多个变为1个, 不需要原有的7道组装工序, 极大地提升了产品质量, 缩短了供应周期(见图5b)。热交换器作为发动机的核心冷却部件, 需要经历多道精密焊接和组装工序制造, 构件数量达2000个, 且加工质量难以保证。采用SLM技术整体化制造后, 构件数量减少为1个, 体积减小70%, 内部流道质量较高(见图5c)。此外, GE公司采用SLM制备了涡轮螺旋桨发动机, 发动机的数量从85个减少为12个,发动机质量减少5%, 节约燃油20%, 发动机整体性能提升10%,显著提高了发动机的经济效益(见图5d)[13-14]
ITP Aero公司运用SLM技术为Rolls-Royce公司第一台UltraFan演示验证发动机制造了尾座轴承组件(Tailstock Bearing Housing, TBH)。UltraFan演示机风扇直径达355.6 cm,是世界上最大的发动机。采用SLM制造的TBH组件,材料利用率提高25%, 涡轮噪声降低50%。除$\mathrm{{TBH}}$外,中间压缩机壳体也采用SLM制造(见图6)[15-16]。MTU公司基于SLM技术制备了PW1100GJM发动机涡轮机匣的内窥镜轮毂。内窥镜轮毂作为涡轮机匣的一部分,可便于利用内窥镜进行磨损的间隙检查。MTU公司正在计划使用SLM技术进行蜂窝结构的整体制造[17-19]
减重研究是航空航天飞行器永恒的主题, 采用传统制造技术制备的构件已无法满足航空航天飞行器减重的需求。将SLM技术和点阵结构的设计制造相结合, 可获得轻质高强的力学性能。近年来, SLM成形复杂轻量化点阵构件, 为航空航天领域飞行器减重提供了新的契机。Pham等[20]借鉴金属硬化强化机制, 基于微尺度结构强韧化机理, 设计了一种仿生点阵结构, 相比于传统的点阵结构, 该结构具有较高的耐损伤性能(见图7)。Thomas等[21]将八隅体桁架结构应用于SLM成形, 制备了力学性能优异的八隅体金属点阵结构。该结构在高应变$\left({{10}^{3}{\mathrm{\;s}}^{-1}}\right)$条件下具有良好的吸收冲击力效果。此外, 基于拓扑优化点阵结构设计正在成为航空航天飞行器减重的重要途径之一。 Janos等[22]指出了拓扑优化技术在SLM技术的设计方法和应用策略。316L不锈钢点阵结构经拓扑优化设计后,其刚度可提高40%~50%。可见,基于SLM技术的轻量化结构制造已在航空航天点阵产品的设计制造方面展现出了一定的潜在优势, 成为飞行器制造发展的重要方向之一。
在航空航天飞行器制造过程中, 采用拓扑优化设计是实现构件SLM高性能成形的主要方法。如图8所示, Shi等[23]对飞行器重载支架316L不锈钢进行了重新优化设计(空间结构优化-拓扑优化-尺寸优化)。 首先对模型进行空间和典型特征优化设计, 再进行结构拓扑优化设计和尺寸优化设计, 最后生成打印模型。在模型优化设计中, 充分考虑成形过程应力释放和后续支撑去除难度,将整体构件旋转了${20}^{\circ }$,提高了构件成形的可靠性。采用SLM成形的构件, 抗拉强度达到${1210}\sim {1321}\mathrm{{MPa}}$,延伸率达到${6.5}\%\sim {10}\%$。 相较于原有制造构件, SLM成形重载支架成本降低30%,制造周期缩短50%。朱继宏等[24]利用拓扑优化实现了飞行器卫星天线支架TC4钛合金的整体设计, 相较于原有构件, 其动响应和质量分别降低了15% 和17%。Tomlin等[25]采用SLM技术制备了经拓扑优化的A320机舱铰链支架。构件质量比原有减少64%,且疲劳强度达到使用要求。
目前, 空客公司基于SLM技术制造的舱隔板已成功应用于商业飞机。如图9所示, 空客公司基于SLM技术和仿生优化设计, 制备了轻量化高强隔舱板(抗拉强度达520 MPa,延伸率达13%)。在结构设计上, 设计人员借鉴跨尺度仿生点阵结构设计, 实现了最优化的主体结构设计, 在保证整体结构和完整性的同时,实现了最少数量的连接和减重[26-27]。在微观尺度上, 跨尺度结构借鉴了骨骼生长的特征, 完成了约66 000个网格的整体设计, 实现了网格稠密度和应力分布的控制, 进而实现了跨尺度仿生结构的集成制造(见图9c图9d)。相比于原有隔舱板,采用SLM成形的隔舱板减重${45}\%$(约${30}\mathrm{\;{kg}}$),有效降低了飞行成本。
蜂窝结构材料具有低密度、高比强度、高比刚度和较好的缓冲吸能性等优点, 在航空航天领域得到了广泛应用。Zhang等[28]采用高速摄像系统探索了蜂窝夹层结构低速变形力学行为, 结果表明, 粘结层吸能对其损伤行为有较大影响, 蜂窝芯可吸收绝大部分能量, 在后续变形中, 吸收的能量大部分以塑性耗散形式损失, 剩下部分可转化为应变能。 近年来, 基于SLM技术制备蜂窝结构引起了工程领域的重视。郎晓明等[29]采用SLM技术制备了不锈钢蜂窝结构, 结合有限元模拟和试验研究了不锈钢蜂窝结构的力学响应和变形模式, 结果表明, 直线结构变形行为存在弹性阶段、平台阶段和压实阶段变形特征, 而蜂窝变形结构存在初始弹性阶段、平台阶段、强化阶段、第2次平台阶段和压实阶段。对于曲边蜂窝结构, 其第1次平台载荷低于直边蜂窝结构, 但其第2次平台载荷高于直边蜂窝结构。对于直线蜂窝结构, 其损伤主要分为3个阶段, 即开始时的胞壁弹性弯曲, 中间过程的局域化和后期鼓形压溃模式,直至整个结构被完全压实(见图10a)。$\mathrm{S}$形曲边蜂窝结构分为5个阶段: a)开始时的胞壁小挠度弹性弯曲变形;b)后续$\mathrm{S}$形曲边对角发生局域化和胞壁碰撞接触; c)随着压缩量增加,$\mathrm{S}$形曲边从六边形变为四边形; d)整体试样出现不对称鼓胀变形; e)蜂窝结构进入压紧破坏模式, 构件整体被压实(见图10b)。
夹层结构具有质量轻、比强度高、能量吸收好等优异性能, 被广泛应用于航空航天等冲击防护领域。传统的夹层结构一般由两个高强度薄壁面板与中间中强度的轻质结构焊接或胶接而成。两个高强度薄壁面板主要承受拉伸弯曲引起的拉压载荷作用, 芯层承受横向剪切应力。Zhou等[30]利用SLM技术成功设计并制造了一种具有晶格夹层结构的高效相变热控制装置。这种装置相较于传统制造方法制作的相同尺寸的热交换器,质量减轻了${60}\%$,热容量提升了50%,并且具备出色的防泄漏能力。同时, David等[31]通过增材制造技术对传统的板翅式空气- 液体错流换热器进行了优化, 通过增加空气侧的翅片数量, 使得换热器的热传递效率提高了大约10%, 但这也导致了空气侧的压降增加了1倍。典型热交换器见图11
随着航空航天领域构件轻质高性能制造需求越来越强烈, 构件结构整体化、功能一体化、设计制造一体化协同是实现轻质高性能低成本制造的重要理念, SLM技术制备航空航天构件已成为发展趋势。 近年来SLM技术在航空航天领域的应用效果越来越显著, 但仍存在诸多挑战, SLM技术仍有诸多问题需要解决。
a) SLM成形专用材料研发滞后, 已成为制约SLM技术在航空航天领域应用的基础问题。现有SLM成形材料多基于传统制造方法设计。在SLM成形过程中,构件经历一系列复杂热循环作用(超快熔化、超快凝固、多次重复热处理和合金元素超快扩散等非平衡态物理冶金作用), 合金元素发生偏折、挥发、烧损等复杂作用,成形构件元素与原始粉末有一定差别, 严重影响构件的服役性能。为此, 需要针对性地开展SLM成形专用材料开发研究。
b)SLM成形装备尺寸不能满足大尺寸复杂构件整体化制造需求, 这已成为制约其应用的瓶颈问题。 随着航空航天大尺寸构件制造朝低成本、短周期、高性能制造方向发展, 现有SLM成形设备主要集中在中尺寸范围(成形尺寸小于${1000}\mathrm{\;{mm}}\times {1000}\mathrm{\;{mm}}\times$${1000}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$),大尺寸/超大尺寸(成形尺寸大于${1500}\mathrm{\;{mm}}\times {1500}\mathrm{\;{mm}}\times {1500}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$) SLM成形设备的研制已成为发展必然趋势。而大尺寸/超大尺寸SLM设备的研制涉及到多种关键技术, 尤其是高可靠性多光束耦合协同控制技术、大幅面高稳定性风场均匀性控制技术、巨量粉末管理回收控制技术、高效率稳定除尘控制技术、设备可靠性优化设计验证技术等多学科综合技术, 上述关键技术均需要深入研究和验证。
c)现有航空航天大尺寸复杂构件设计多基于传统制造思维, 结构设计制造一体化并未协同, 严重制约了功能/结构一体化SLM制造技术的推广应用, 已成为限制SLM技术应用的关键问题。现有航空航天大尺寸复杂构件多基于铸造、锻造和机加等方法设计, 并未充分考虑SLM成形过程构件重熔/凝固收缩变形、尺寸精度和表面精度控制特点。在SLM技术模型处理过程中, 需要重新优化再设计相关典型结构特征, 以满足SLM成形研究。如何实现航空航天大尺寸复杂构件与SLM设计优化和整体高性能制造的深度融合, 是当前研究的热点和难点。
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250209
  • 接收时间:2024-07-31
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-31
  • 修回日期:2025-03-14
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    首都航天机械有限公司,北京,100076
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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