Article(id=1154065253076816125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1148011752937218501, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250203, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1720972800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-15, revisedDate=1743696000000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753080197829, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753080197829, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753080197829, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753080197829, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148011752937218501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2025', volume='48', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751636930927, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754905338909, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1161720449667785615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1148011752937218501, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1161720449667785616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1148011752937218501, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=22, endPage=30, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154065253450109183, articleId=1154065253076816125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=A Dynamic Modeling Method for Flexible Folding Structure based on Three Dimensional Finite Segments, columnId=1154057568293999177, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Launch Vehicle and Missile, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In response to the problems of large deformation, multi-contacts, and time-varying folding stiffness during the deployment of flexible folding spacecraft, research has been conducted on the dynamic modeling methods of the deployment process of large-flexibility folding structures. Based on the folding method of such large-flexibility structures, a typical folding model is simplified and extracted, and a three-dimensional finite-segment discrete model suitable for the deployment of large-flexibility folding structures is established using the finite segment method. Utilizing vector mechanics, a mechanical model of the connecting forces between adjacent units is derived from the Newton-Euler equations, and the stiffness matrix of the connection forces is provided. Nonlinear equivalent contact spring damping and a continuous friction coefficient Coulomb friction force model are introduced to simulate the contact and friction states between units, ensuring the stability and efficiency of the solution. A time-varying nonlinear elastic connection model at the crease is proposed, along with a parameter identification method for bending stiffness. Using ADAMS software, dynamic simulations of deployment are conducted for typical folding models under four working conditions, and corresponding deployment experiments are designed. The comparison between the two results shows that the change in tensile force during the deployment process of typical folding models matches well, validating the feasibility and accuracy of dynamic modeling for such structures, and laying the foundation for subsequent simulations of the overall structure's unfolding.

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针对空间柔性折叠展开飞行器在展开时存在的大变形、多接触、折叠刚度时变等问题,开展了一类大柔度折叠结构展开过程相关的动力学建模方法研究。基于该类大柔度结构的折叠方式,简化并抽取典型折叠模型,采用有限段方法建立了适用于大柔度折叠结构展开的三维有限段离散模型;采用矢量力学方法,从牛顿-欧拉方程出发,推导出相邻单元间连接力的力学模型,并给出连接力的刚度矩阵;引入非线性等效接触弹簧阻尼和连续摩擦系数库伦摩擦力模型模拟相应段间接触与摩擦状态,保证求解的稳定性和效率;提出折痕处时变非线性弹性连接模型并给出弯折刚度的参数辨识方法。借助ADAMS软件对4种工况下典型折叠模型进行了展开动力学仿真分析,并设计了相应状态下的展开试验,比较二者结果可知,典型折叠模型在受拉展开过程中拉力变化吻合良好,验证了该类结构展开动力学建模的可行性和准确性,为后续整体折叠结构展开的仿真奠定了基础。

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李轩(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为大柔度结构折叠展开动力学。

黄铁球(1971—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为机械系统动力学。

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李轩(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为大柔度结构折叠展开动力学。

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李轩(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为大柔度结构折叠展开动力学。

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黄铁球(1971—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为机械系统动力学。

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黄铁球(1971—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为机械系统动力学。

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$\theta$一折叠角度,为纸张与水平方向夹角。

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影响因素工况
1234
折叠角度/(°)80808383
刚度
), ArticleFig(id=1197261281016197263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065253076816125, language=CN, label=表1, caption=工况, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因素工况
1234
折叠角度/(°)80808383
刚度
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基于三维有限段的柔性折叠结构展开动力学建模方法
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李轩 , 黄铁球
导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2025,48(2): 22-30
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导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2025, 48(2): 22-30
基于三维有限段的柔性折叠结构展开动力学建模方法
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李轩, 黄铁球
作者信息
  • 北京交通大学机械与电子控制工程学院,北京,100044
  • 李轩(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为大柔度结构折叠展开动力学。

    黄铁球(1971—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为机械系统动力学。

A Dynamic Modeling Method for Flexible Folding Structure based on Three Dimensional Finite Segments
Xuan LI, Tieqiu HUANG
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering,Beijing Jiaotong University,Beijing,100044
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250203
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针对空间柔性折叠展开飞行器在展开时存在的大变形、多接触、折叠刚度时变等问题,开展了一类大柔度折叠结构展开过程相关的动力学建模方法研究。基于该类大柔度结构的折叠方式,简化并抽取典型折叠模型,采用有限段方法建立了适用于大柔度折叠结构展开的三维有限段离散模型;采用矢量力学方法,从牛顿-欧拉方程出发,推导出相邻单元间连接力的力学模型,并给出连接力的刚度矩阵;引入非线性等效接触弹簧阻尼和连续摩擦系数库伦摩擦力模型模拟相应段间接触与摩擦状态,保证求解的稳定性和效率;提出折痕处时变非线性弹性连接模型并给出弯折刚度的参数辨识方法。借助ADAMS软件对4种工况下典型折叠模型进行了展开动力学仿真分析,并设计了相应状态下的展开试验,比较二者结果可知,典型折叠模型在受拉展开过程中拉力变化吻合良好,验证了该类结构展开动力学建模的可行性和准确性,为后续整体折叠结构展开的仿真奠定了基础。

大柔度折叠结构  /  有限段法  /  牛顿-欧拉法  /  弯折刚度参数辨识  /  动力学分析与试验

In response to the problems of large deformation, multi-contacts, and time-varying folding stiffness during the deployment of flexible folding spacecraft, research has been conducted on the dynamic modeling methods of the deployment process of large-flexibility folding structures. Based on the folding method of such large-flexibility structures, a typical folding model is simplified and extracted, and a three-dimensional finite-segment discrete model suitable for the deployment of large-flexibility folding structures is established using the finite segment method. Utilizing vector mechanics, a mechanical model of the connecting forces between adjacent units is derived from the Newton-Euler equations, and the stiffness matrix of the connection forces is provided. Nonlinear equivalent contact spring damping and a continuous friction coefficient Coulomb friction force model are introduced to simulate the contact and friction states between units, ensuring the stability and efficiency of the solution. A time-varying nonlinear elastic connection model at the crease is proposed, along with a parameter identification method for bending stiffness. Using ADAMS software, dynamic simulations of deployment are conducted for typical folding models under four working conditions, and corresponding deployment experiments are designed. The comparison between the two results shows that the change in tensile force during the deployment process of typical folding models matches well, validating the feasibility and accuracy of dynamic modeling for such structures, and laying the foundation for subsequent simulations of the overall structure's unfolding.

large-flexibility folding structures  /  finite segment method  /  Newton-Euler method  /  bending stiffness parameter identification  /  dynamic analysis and experimentation
李轩, 黄铁球. 基于三维有限段的柔性折叠结构展开动力学建模方法. 导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), 2025 , 48 (2) : 22 -30 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250203
Xuan LI, Tieqiu HUANG. A Dynamic Modeling Method for Flexible Folding Structure based on Three Dimensional Finite Segments[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2025 , 48 (2) : 22 -30 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250203
随着材料科学技术及航天器技术的发展, 考虑到运输成本, 薄膜类结构因其质量轻、可靠度高、大收纳比等特点逐渐成为航空航天领域的研究热点之一, 例如太阳翼[1-3]、大型充气反射面天线[4-5]、太阳帆[6]、大型遮光罩[7]、载人充气密封舱[8]和月球基地[9]等。本文针对空间柔性折叠展开飞行器开展了相应研究, 该飞行器主体为大柔度折叠展开结构, 飞行器经过折叠包装后, 通过运载母体将其运送到指定高度, 之后进行展开成型, 该类飞行器可作为轻型充气太阳能阵列飞行器进行空间探索工作[10](见图1)。
大柔度折叠结构展开过程属于柔性体大变形运动, 该过程中的动力学特性非常复杂, 在折叠结构展开的过程中存在柔性体间碰撞和系统惯量变化的问题, 这些因素会影响飞行器稳定性和姿态控制精度, 甚至导致飞行器失稳偏航等严重的后果, 所以关于大柔度折叠结构展开动力学的研究尤为重要。
截至目前, 众多学者针对大柔度折叠结构展开动力学特性进行了较为广泛的研究, 西安电子科技大学的张腾[11]基于绝对节点坐标方法研究了矩形板单元的力学特性, 后将矩形板单元推广至四边形单元, 推导了四边形单元的质量矩阵、弹性矩阵、刚度矩阵和广义外力矩阵, 最后运用ANSYS对薄膜天线进行了力学分析。孙潘等[12]对水下环形折叠气囊的充气展开特性进行了相关研究, 基于初始矩阵法建立了气囊的有限元模型, 并基于控制体积法在LS-DYNA软件中对折叠气囊的展开进行仿真分析。南京航空航天大学的周涛[13]针对某型气囊的展开数值模拟进行了研究, 详细讨论了气囊展开数值模拟中的接触非线性问题、惩罚函数和控制体积法的原理。
以大柔度结构作为主体的飞行器的相关研究较少, 该结构大多用于高空飞艇, 其中浙江大学的徐彦等[14]基于ANSYS对该类飞行器展开后的动力学相应进行了研究, 但是他们并未对展开过程进行分析。南京理工大学阮洋[15]基于RecurDyn动力学仿真软件对该类飞行器的展开过程进行了研究, 如图2所示, 但是由于软件的建模功能限制, 不能在RecurDyn中建立完全折叠状态下的囊体模型, 即不能建立径向、轴向同时折叠的模型, 因此只能对展开过程中的径向展开和轴向展开进行独立分析。
综上所述, 现阶段针对大柔度折叠结构展开动力学的研究大多采用有限元的方法, 该方法建模难度大, 数值计算困难。目前的发展趋势则是通过分析锥形柔性结构完全折叠状态下的几何特征, 运用ADAMS二次开发功能, 在软件中自动建立柔性体折叠状态中的虚拟样机模型。有限段方法[16]相对有限元方法, 其建模过程相对简单。
本文针对空间大柔度折展飞行器在展开过程中存在的复杂动力学特性展开了一系列研究。基于锥面折叠状态模型及展开运动特点, 抽取简化了一典型折叠展开模型。基于有限段方法对典型折叠展开模型进行有限段划分, 运用牛顿-欧拉法推导出了段间的力学模型, 在模型中考虑了展开过程中的摩擦与碰撞问题, 基于段间力学模型给出了需测定的段间刚度矩阵。提出了折痕与非折痕处弯折刚度的辨识方法, 并以柔性纸张为研究对象, 利用ADAMS动力学仿真软件和物理试验相结合的方法, 验证了三维有限段模型在模拟大柔度折展结构展开运动时的可行性和有效性。
通过分析圆锥的几何特征,采用单顶点多折痕方式对其进行径向折叠[17],采用映射方式对其轴向进行折叠[18],两种折叠方式如图3所示。
结合图3两种折叠方式, 可得到图4所示的折叠形式。
考虑到整体折叠展开试验的进行较为困难, 为了验证所提出的三维有限段模型的可行性与准确性, 基于柔性材料轴向折叠状态, 简化并抽取了典型大柔度折叠展开模型进行研究, 如图5所示。
将纸面视为细杆, 折痕及弯折点被视为转动副关节, 简化后的模型与初始模型均可等效为图6所示的连杆机构。
图6可知, 两结构顶端受力点的运动方程相同, 由图5可知, 囊体展开模型可被认为是多个典型模型的耦合展开运动。
基于有限段方法, 可得到如图7所示的典型折叠结构的三维有限段模型。
在有限段模型中, 折痕由两个离散单元组合而成, 如图7所示。同时考虑到计算效率的问题, 对典型折叠结构展开过程中变形较大的地方采用较大的离散程度, 对变形程度小或不变形的地方采用较小的离散程度或不离散。
将柔性材料分割成有限个具有质量和惯量特征的刚体单元, 如图8所示。
段间通过3个线性扭簧和3个线性位移弹簧相连, 有限段模型中各单元的自由度数均为6 , 即单元间仅通过段间弹簧连接,不附加其余约束,该种关联在多体动力学中被称为力元。
设系统中有${n}_{\mathrm{e}}$个力元,记作${E}_{k}$,有$n$个刚体${B}_{i}$。 力元${E}_{k}$所关联的一对刚体中,内外接刚体的标号都是$k$的整标函数,分别记作${\mathrm{e}}^{+ }\left( k\right)$${\mathrm{e}}^{- }\left( k\right)$。任取图8b中非边缘处的一对邻接单元${B}_{{\mathrm{e}}^{+ }\left( k\right)}$${B}_{{\mathrm{e}}^{- }\left( k\right)}$,如图9所示。
其中${O}_{\mathrm{c},{\mathrm{e}}^{+ }\left( k\right)}$${O}_{\mathrm{c},{\mathrm{e}}^{- }\left( k\right)}$分别为相互邻接的刚体${B}_{{\mathrm{e}}^{+ }\left( k\right)}$${B}_{{\mathrm{e}}^{- }\left( k\right)}$的质心,其相对惯性参考点$O$的矢径为${\mathbf{r}}_{{\mathrm{e}}^{+ }\left( k\right)}$${\mathbf{r}}_{{\mathrm{e}}^{- }\left( k\right)};{P}_{k}^{+ },{P}_{k}^{- }$为第$k$个力元在内、外接刚体上的作用点;${\mathbf{Z}}_{k}$为两作用点之间的距离矢量;${\mathbf{c}}_{{\mathrm{e}}^{+ }\left( k\right) k},{\mathbf{c}}_{{\mathrm{e}}^{+ }\left( k\right) k}$为力元矢量, 力元矢量是由每个刚体单元的质心指向力作用点的矢径。
图9可得力元关联矩阵${\mathbf{S}}^{\mathrm{e}}$,其第$i$行第$k$列元素${\mathbf{S}}_{ik}^{\mathrm{e}}$
${\mathbf{S}}_{ik}^{\mathrm{e}}= \left\{{\begin{matrix} 1 &{P}_{k}^{+ }\text{ 与 }{B}_{i}\text{ 刚体关联 }\\- 1 &{P}_{k}^{- }\text{与 }{B}_{i}\text{ 刚体关联 }\\ 0 &{B}_{i}\text{ 与 }{P}_{k}^{+ }\text{或 }{P}_{k}^{- }\text{都不关联 }\end{matrix}\left(\begin{array}{l} i = 1,2,\cdots , n \\ k = 1,2,\cdots ,{n}_{\mathrm{e}}\end{array}\right)}\right.$
${\mathbf{F}}_{k}^{\mathrm{e}}\left({k = 1,2,\cdots ,{n}_{\mathrm{e}}}\right)$为第$k$个力元${E}_{k}$对所关联刚体的作用力,${\mathbf{F}}_{i}^{k}\left({i = 1,2,\cdots , n}\right)$为刚体${B}_{i}$上全部力元的作用力。${F}_{i}^{\mathrm{e}}$可利用力元关联矩阵的元素表示为
${\mathbf{F}}_{k}^{\mathrm{e}}= -\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{{n}_{\mathrm{e}}}{S}_{ik}^{\mathrm{e}}{\mathbf{F}}_{k}^{\mathrm{e}}$
与刚体关联的全部力元作用力对质心${O}_{\mathrm{c}, i}$之矩${\mathbf{M}}_{i}^{\mathrm{e}}$可利用加权力元矢量表示为
${\mathbf{M}}_{i}^{\widehat{\mathrm{e}}}= -\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{{n}_{\mathrm{e}}}{\mathbf{C}}_{ik}^{\mathrm{e}}\times {\mathbf{F}}_{k}^{\mathrm{e}}$
式中${\mathbf{C}}_{ik}^{\mathrm{e}}$为加权力元矢量,定义为
${\mathbf{C}}_{ik}^{\mathrm{e}}= {\mathbf{S}}_{ik}^{\mathrm{e}}{\mathbf{c}}_{ik}^{\mathrm{e}}\left({i = 1,2,\cdots , n;k = 1,2,\cdots ,{n}_{\mathrm{e}}}\right)$
除了段间3个自由度上的位移弹簧, 还存在3个转动自由度上扭转弹簧提供的力矩${\mathbf{M}}_{k}^{h}$。将同一力元关联的内外接刚体作用点的相对转动角度坐标${\theta }_{ks}(s =$$1,2,3)$用欧拉角$\psi \text{、}\theta \text{、}\varphi$表示,将转轴固定在力矩${\mathbf{M}}_{k}^{h}$所关联的外接刚体${B}_{{\mathrm{e}}^{- }\left( k\right)}$的作用点${P}_{k}^{- }$上,如图10所示, 转轴基矢量表示为${\mathbf{p}}_{ks}\left({s = 1,2,3}\right)$
文献[19]证明段间作用点间力${\mathbf{F}}_{k}^{\mathrm{e}}$和力矩${\mathbf{M}}_{k}^{h}$是关于段间位移及段间相对角位移的函数, 即:
${\mathbf{F}}_{k}^{\mathrm{e}}= -{\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{T}}\left({{\mathbf{Z}}_{k}- {\mathbf{Z}}_{0}}\right)$
${\mathbf{M}}_{k}^{h}= -{\mathbf{K}}_{\theta }{\mathbf{\theta }}_{k}$
式中${\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{T}}$${\mathbf{K}}_{\theta }$分别为段间位移弹簧和段间扭转弹簧对应的三自由度刚度矩阵。
因此单元间对应的刚度矩阵可综合表示为
${\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{Z}}= \left(\begin{matrix}{\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{T}}& 0 \\ 0 &{\mathbf{K}}_{\theta }\end{matrix}\right)= \left(\begin{matrix}{\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{T}1}& 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 &{\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{T}2}& 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 &{\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{T}3}& 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 &{\mathbf{K}}_{\theta 1}& 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 &{\mathbf{K}}_{\theta 2}& 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 &{\mathbf{K}}_{\theta 3}\end{matrix}\right)$
图10可知,单元间的第$k$个力矩${\mathbf{M}}_{k}^{h}$可分别等效为所关联的内接刚体和外接刚体的质心上的${\mathbf{F}}_{k}^{h +}$${\mathbf{F}}_{k}^{h -}$,可表示为
${\mathbf{F}}_{k}^{h +} =\frac{{\mathbf{M}}_{k}^{h}\times \left({{\mathbf{c}}_{{\mathrm{e}}^{+ }\left( k\right) k}+ {\mathbf{Z}}_{k}}\right)}{{\left|{\mathbf{c}}_{{\mathrm{e}}^{+ }\left( k\right) k}+ {\mathbf{Z}}_{k}\right|}^{2}}$
${\mathbf{F}}_{k}^{h -} =\frac{{\mathbf{M}}_{k}^{h}\times {\mathbf{c}}_{{\mathrm{e}}^{- }\left( k\right) k}}{{\left|{\mathbf{c}}_{{\mathrm{e}}^{- }\left( k\right) k}\right|}^{2}}$
式中$\left|{{\mathbf{c}}_{{\mathrm{e}}^{+ }\left( k\right) k}+ {\mathbf{Z}}_{k}}\right|$$\left|{\mathbf{c}}_{{\mathrm{e}}^{- }\left( k\right) k}\right|$为矢量的模长。
为了获得刚体${B}_{i}$上全部的由单元间力矩等效而来的力${\mathbf{F}}_{k}^{h +}$${\mathbf{F}}_{k}^{h -}$,引入新的力元关联矩阵${\mathbf{S}}^{+ }$${\mathbf{S}}^{- }$。这两个矩阵均为$n \times {n}_{\mathrm{e}}$阶矩阵,其元素分别可表示为
${\mathbf{S}}_{ik}^{+ }= \left\{\begin{matrix} 1 &{P}_{k}^{+ }\text{与刚体}{B}_{i}\text{关联}\\ 0 &{P}_{k}^{+ }\text{不与刚体}{B}_{i}\text{关联}\end{matrix}\right.\left(\begin{matrix} i = 1,2,\cdots , n \\ k = 1,2,\cdots ,{n}_{\mathrm{e}}\end{matrix}\right)$
${\mathbf{S}}_{ik}^{- }= \left\{\begin{matrix}- 1 &{P}_{k}^{- }\text{与刚体}{B}_{i}\text{关联}\\ 0 &{P}_{k}^{- }\text{不与刚体}{B}_{i}\text{关联}\end{matrix}\right.\left(\begin{matrix} i = 1,2,\cdots , n \\ k = 1,2,\cdots ,{n}_{\mathrm{e}}\end{matrix}\right)$
因此刚体${B}_{i}$上全部的由单元间力矩等效而来的力${\mathbf{F}}_{k}^{h}$可利用式(10)和(11)表示为
${\mathbf{F}}_{k}^{\widehat{h}}= -\left({\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{{n}_{e}}{\mathbf{S}}_{ik}^{+ }{\mathbf{F}}_{k}^{h +} +\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{{n}_{e}}{\mathbf{S}}_{ik}^{- }{\mathbf{F}}_{k}^{h -}}\right)$
综上所述,可将上述具有$n$个刚体${B}_{i}\left({i = 1,2,\cdots , n}\right)$${n}_{\mathrm{e}}$个力元${E}_{k}\left({k - 1,2,\cdots ,{n}_{\mathrm{e}}}\right)$的无根系统用牛顿-欧拉方程表示,系统中每个刚体的质心运动牛顿方程及质心转动的欧拉方程可表示为
${m}_{i}\left({\frac{{\mathrm{d}}^{2}{\mathbf{r}}_{\mathrm{c}}}{\mathrm{d}{t}^{2}}+ \frac{{\mathrm{d}}^{2}{\mathbf{\rho }}_{i}}{\mathrm{\;d}{t}^{2}}}\right)= {\mathbf{F}}_{i}^{g}- \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{{n}_{\mathrm{e}}}{S}_{ik}^{\mathrm{e}}{\mathbf{F}}_{k}^{\mathrm{e}}- {\mathbf{F}}_{k}^{h}$
${J}_{i}\cdot {\mathbf{\omega }}_{i}+ {\mathbf{\omega }}_{i}\times \left({{J}_{i}\cdot {\mathbf{\omega }}_{i}}\right)= {\mathbf{M}}_{i}^{g}- \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{{n}_{\mathrm{e}}}{\mathbf{C}}_{ik}^{\mathrm{e}}\times {\mathbf{F}}_{k}^{\mathrm{e}}$
式中${\mathbf{F}}_{i}^{g}\left({i = 1,2,\cdots , n}\right),{\mathbf{M}}_{i}^{g}\left({i = 1,2,\cdots , n}\right)$为外力和对于质心的主矩;${m}_{i},{J}_{i}$为刚体${B}_{i}$的质量及相对质心的惯量张量;${r}_{\mathrm{c}}$为总质心${O}_{\mathrm{c}}$相对惯性坐标系空间中固定参考点$O$的矢径;${\rho }_{i}$为刚体${B}_{i}$的质心${O}_{\mathrm{c}i}$相对系统总质心${O}_{\mathrm{c}}$的矢径,可表示为
${\mathbf{r}}_{i}= {\mathbf{r}}_{\mathrm{c}}+ {\mathbf{\rho }}_{i}$
由于材料特性, 折痕处单元间的刚度矩阵具有非线性和时变性特征, 即随着折痕形成时间的推移及折叠次数的增加, 其对应展开角度的折痕刚度矩阵也不再是定值。因此通过试验测定及差值方法对${\mathbf{K}}_{\theta 2}$重新赋值, 进而得到折痕处新的力学模型, 即:
$\left(\begin{array}{l}{\mathbf{F}}_{1}\\{\mathbf{F}}_{2}\\{\mathbf{F}}_{3}\\{\mathbf{M}}_{1}\\{\mathbf{M}}_{2}\\{\mathbf{M}}_{3}\end{array}\right)= -\left(\begin{matrix}{\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{T}1}& 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 &{\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{T}2}& 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 &{\mathbf{K}}_{\mathrm{T}3}& 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 &{\mathbf{K}}_{\theta 1}& 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 &{\mathbf{K}}_{\theta 2}^{\prime }& 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 &{\mathbf{K}}_{\theta 3}\end{matrix}\right)\left(\begin{array}{l}\Delta {X}_{1}\\\Delta {X}_{2}\\\Delta {X}_{3}\\\Delta {\theta }_{4}\\\Delta {\theta }_{5}\\\Delta {\theta }_{6}\end{array}\right)$
式中${\mathbf{K}}_{\theta 2}^{\prime }$为重新赋值后的旋转刚度。
${\mathbf{K}}_{\theta 2}^{\prime }= \operatorname{Spline}\left( x\right)$
式中$\operatorname{Spline}\left( x\right)$为3次样条插值方法运算,由于试验数据由手动采集, 所提取的信息较少, 相比于其他差值方法, 3次样条差值方法可以在较少信息的情况下构造出光滑曲线;$x$为需要进行差值处理的试验数据。
观察图11所示的折叠状态, 在展开过程中,图11中标号3的折痕处存在垂直向上的拉力,过程中固定(1)(6)段, 从而实现展开运动。通过分析其展开运动可知相邻折叠段存在接触碰撞的可能性, 因此需要对(1)和(2)、(2)和(3)、(3)和(4)、(4)和(5)、(5)和(6)这几对折叠段之间的接触碰撞模型进行讨论。
为了解决单元间的接触非线性问题, 引入了非线性等效阻尼弹簧模型[20],其广义形式可表示为
${F}_{\mathrm{n}}= K \cdot {\delta }^{e}+ C\left(\delta \right)\dot{\delta }$
式中${F}_{\mathrm{n}}$为两物体间的法向接触力;$K$为Hertz接触刚度, 其值与材料的弹性模量、泊松比、施加的载荷有关;$e$为不小于1的指数;$\delta$为物体间的法向渗透深度;$C$为与渗透深度有关的阻尼因子。
当单元间相互接触并发生相对滑动的时候, 会在接触点产生切向摩擦力,如图12所示。
在单元相对滑动过程中, 随着单元间相对速度的变化存在滑动摩擦与静摩擦,因此引入了与相对滑动速度有关的连续摩擦系数$\mu \left( v\right)$,如图13所示。
单元间摩擦力可表示为
$ f =- {F}_{\mathrm{n}}\mu \left( v\right)$
基于有限段方法和柔性材料非线性特性, 设计了柔性材料非折痕与折痕处弯折刚度参数辨识方法, 以柔性纸张为例, 进行了以下弯折刚度辨识试验。
试验中所用到的位移传感器为GLF系列CMOS激光位移传感器,分度值为${0.01}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,数显式推拉力计型号为$\mathrm{{SH}}-2\mathrm{\;N}$,最大量程为$2\mathrm{\;N}$,分度值为${0.001}\mathrm{\;N}$。所测柔性纸张宽度为${40}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$
基于有限段方法中运用段间线性小变形表示柔性体大变形的原理,设计了相应的试验装置, 见图14
图14可知,当偏离角度$\theta$足够小时,可忽略受力点在纵向的位移。通过红外位移传感器和推拉力计记录图中$F$$x$的数值,结合ADAMS即可得出段间刚度。
任取图11中一折痕,如图15所示,当柔性材料绕折痕进行展开时, 其对应单元间的变形为大变形, 因此需要重新对折痕处刚度进行参数辨识。
图15可知, 将柔性材料绕折痕展开的运动等效为两刚性板绕中间轴旋转的模型, 固定一侧刚性板,并在另一侧距转轴为$L$的受力点处施加始终垂直于刚性板向外的拉力$F$,由此可得力学模型:
${FL}= M ={K}_{\theta 2}^{\prime }{\Delta \theta }$
根据上述试验原理设计了图16所示的试验装置。
试验中所用到的折痕通过一定质量的铁块压制而成, 因此试验中针对了3种不同压制时间的折痕, 进行了多次拉开测量试验, 记录推拉力计中的数值及其对应的角度, 并结合软件绘制了图17所示的折痕处刚度特性曲线。
图中$\operatorname{la-}n\left({n = 1,2,3,4}\right)$为折痕折叠次数。由图17可知, 柔性纸张折痕处的刚度为时变非线性参数, 即随着压制时间的增加, 其折痕处的刚度也随之增大, 并且随着折叠次数的增加, 其刚度也会随之变化。在第1次拉开的时, 折痕处刚度呈现明显的刚度弱化特性, 在之后的几次的拉开试验中, 折痕处的刚度呈现出刚度硬化特性, 并逐渐趋于线性。由于材料的不同, 折痕处的刚度对展开过程的阻碍程度也会不同, 因此在实际的工程应用中, 尤其针对可多次折叠展开的结构, 应在地面进行多次试验, 待刚度稳定后再安装正式产品。
由于离散程度较大, 本文通过编写基于CMD语言的宏命令在ADAMS软件中自动化建模。
在基于CMD语言的程序设计中, 包括了确定基点、添加作用力、添加约束和驱动4个环节。在建模环节中,首先通过纸条的长、宽、离散程度、折叠段数和折叠角度5个参数确定了模型的基点, 再进行建模、添加约束、施加外力及驱动,最终得到所需要的虚拟样机模型,图18为建模程序流程。
通过在图19中标号3的折痕处添加竖直向上的拉力, 并在展开过程中固定(1)(6)段, 从而实现典型折叠结构的展开运动。
基于ADAMS软件, 通过调整非折痕处刚度及折叠角度, 对表1所示的4种工况下柔性纸张的典型折叠展开运动进行了动力学仿真分析。
通过观察图19中(2)(5)段的变形,可将展开过程分为初始变形阶段、接触碰撞阶段、弯曲变形阶段, 如图20所示。
考察图21所示的试验装置, 试验中用到的柔性纸张长${480}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$、宽${40}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,手摇式滑台模组的手轮每转动一圈,滑台移动$2\mathrm{\;{mm}}$。因此在折叠展开过程中, 通过记录滑台移动距离以及其相应位置处对应的测力计数值, 即可绘制出当前工况下折叠展开过程中拉力的变化曲线。
本试验同样针对4.2节中的4种工况进行研究, 其中低刚度为柔性纸张原始刚度, 高刚度是柔性纸张非折痕处通过胶带附着后的刚度。通过观察试验过程可知,在展开过程中同样存在与4.2节仿真结果中对应的3个过程, 如图22所示。
运用软件对试验测量结果进行插值处理, 绘制4种工况下的展开特性曲线, 并将ADAMS结果与试验结果绘制到同一坐标系内进行对比可得图23中的4组曲线。
图23中差值曲线是ADAMS仿真曲线与试验测量均值曲线的差值, 通过差值曲线可知, 在拉力达到最大时,仿真精度最高,此时工况1的误差为${5.66}\%$, 工况2的误差为1.65%,工况3的误差为3.52%,工况4的误差为3.47%。考虑到计算机性能与实际许可误差, 该模型的精度符合设计要求。
柔性结构通常借助骨架或气体进行展开, 然而在其实际工作过程中往往会因为柔性体间的挤压、摩擦等因素导致展开失败, 本文研究内容对柔性结构在展开过程中所需要的展开力最大值的选取具有参考作用。
本文以柔性纸张为材料的典型折叠展开模型为研究对象, 通过所提出的折痕与非折痕处弯折刚度测定方法测量出了三维有限段力学模型中给出的段间刚度矩阵。利用ADAMS二次开发功能建立基于三维有限段方法的动力学模型, 模型中通过引入非线性弹簧阻尼模型和连续摩擦力库仑摩擦模型模拟了展开过程中柔性材料间的碰撞与摩擦的力学现象, 在ADAMS软件中以折叠角度和弯折刚度为影响因素, 研究分析了4种工况下展开所需要拉力的响应, 并绘制了拉力与展开位移的曲线, 得出了多组数据。为了验证模型的可行性和准确性, 进行了典型折叠展开模型的展开物理试验, 并利用软件绘制拉力位移图, 通过对结果曲线的误差对比可知, 基于三维有限段的动力学建模方法可以有效地模拟出大柔度折展结构展开时的动力学特性, 且具有一定的精度, 为带大柔度折展结构飞行器整体的仿真提供理论支持。
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250203
  • 接收时间:2024-07-15
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-15
  • 修回日期:2025-04-04
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    北京交通大学机械与电子控制工程学院,北京,100044
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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