Article(id=1154065846411448643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298855528714458, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250110, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1716048000000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-19, revisedDate=1735574400000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753080339291, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753080339291, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753080339291, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753080339291, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149298855528714458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2025', volume='48', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751943800098, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754905336149, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1161720438087307694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298855528714458, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1161720438087307695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298855528714458, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=73, endPage=77, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154065846809907524, articleId=1154065846411448643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=Modeling and Application Research on Vertical Recovery Control Capability of Launch Vehicles, columnId=1154057567841014343, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Guidance, Navigation and Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

When the design input is limited during the initial stage of scheme argumentation, in order to solve the problem of how to conduct control capability analysis quickly and effectively, the adaptability of traditional control capability analysis method is analyzed. A set of controllability analytical method for reentrant launch vehicles is researched by dynamic modeling and original method improving. And under the premise of limited control capability, the constraint conditions for allowable flight conditions is limited preliminary in order to quickly locate and feedback the closure of the overall unit control capability.

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为在方案论证初期设计输入数据有限的条件下,快速有效地进行控制能力分析,基于常规大气层内飞行器控制能力分析方法,针对返回式火箭对该方法的适应性进行了分析。通过动力学建模和对原分析方法拓展改进,探索出一套适合返回式运载火箭的控制能力分析方法,并在有限控制能力的前提下,对允许飞行工况的约束条件进行初步明确,为返回式火箭飞行控制系统的详细设计奠定基础。

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伊鑫(1982–),女,高级工程师,主要研究方向为飞行控制系统设计、动力学建模与仿真、飞行器总体设计。

胡海峰(1978—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为导航、制导与控制。

贺元军(1975—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为飞行器设计。

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伊鑫(1982–),女,高级工程师,主要研究方向为飞行控制系统设计、动力学建模与仿真、飞行器总体设计。

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${P}_{x1}$一发动机推力;${F}_{\mathrm{{aa}}}$一轴向力;$G$一重力;${F}_{\mathrm{{cn}}}$一控制力在法向的分量;${F}_{\mathrm{{an}}}$一气动力在法向的分量;$\alpha$一攻角;${C}_{1}$一升力;${C}_{\mathrm{d}}$一阻力;$\theta$一俯仰角。

, figureFileSmall=hVnUvDOvBaTnxztRcbfpXg==, figureFileBig=XKGV4cTou4NDf5unHGtJEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197268352361083808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065846411448643, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Trim capability analysis of moment, figureFileSmall=lXUiI8ZwAlS/EWxkUOesXw==, figureFileBig=sYREC0416WeofbEzdbviAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197268352566604705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065846411448643, language=CN, label=图3, caption=力矩配平能力分析, figureFileSmall=lXUiI8ZwAlS/EWxkUOesXw==, figureFileBig=sYREC0416WeofbEzdbviAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197268352776319906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065846411448643, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Coundary with trim pitch angle, figureFileSmall=y6jXdqIpomNqRjiE969wEA==, figureFileBig=E2/ERYY76DOfr3LjoXZvzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197268353871033251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065846411448643, language=CN, label=图4, caption=俯仰角配平边界, figureFileSmall=y6jXdqIpomNqRjiE969wEA==, figureFileBig=E2/ERYY76DOfr3LjoXZvzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197268353992668068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065846411448643, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Deviation result at characteristic point, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征点时间/s基准弹道匹配结论平衡能力裕度分析
$\Delta {V}_{\mathrm{{tz}}}^{1}$${\alpha }_{\mathrm{{tz}}}^{\max }$${\alpha }_{\mathrm{{tz}}}^{\mathrm{p}}$
10${V}_{\mathrm{{tz}}}^{0}= {180.217}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s},$${\alpha }_{\mathrm{{tz}}}^{0}= -{0.105}^{\circ },\left|{M}_{\mathrm{{az}}}\right|< \left|{M}_{\mathrm{{cz}}}\right|$2-40.0
5-9.5
821.04.2
1013.32.7
140${V}_{\mathrm{{tz}}}^{0}= {20.398}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$, ${\alpha }_{\mathrm{{tz}}}^{0}= {179.476}^{\circ },\left|{M}_{\mathrm{{az}}}\right|< \left|{M}_{\mathrm{{cz}}}\right|$2-20
5-4.8
8167.62.5
10172.61.5
), ArticleFig(id=1197268354168828837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065846411448643, language=CN, label=表1, caption=特征点拉偏结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征点时间/s基准弹道匹配结论平衡能力裕度分析
$\Delta {V}_{\mathrm{{tz}}}^{1}$${\alpha }_{\mathrm{{tz}}}^{\max }$${\alpha }_{\mathrm{{tz}}}^{\mathrm{p}}$
10${V}_{\mathrm{{tz}}}^{0}= {180.217}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s},$${\alpha }_{\mathrm{{tz}}}^{0}= -{0.105}^{\circ },\left|{M}_{\mathrm{{az}}}\right|< \left|{M}_{\mathrm{{cz}}}\right|$2-40.0
5-9.5
821.04.2
1013.32.7
140${V}_{\mathrm{{tz}}}^{0}= {20.398}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$, ${\alpha }_{\mathrm{{tz}}}^{0}= {179.476}^{\circ },\left|{M}_{\mathrm{{az}}}\right|< \left|{M}_{\mathrm{{cz}}}\right|$2-20
5-4.8
8167.62.5
10172.61.5
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运载火箭垂直回收控制能力建模及应用研究
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伊鑫 1 , 胡海峰 1 , 贺元军 2
导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 导航、制导与控制 2025,48(1): 73-77
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导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 导航、制导与控制 2025, 48(1): 73-77
运载火箭垂直回收控制能力建模及应用研究
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伊鑫1, 胡海峰1, 贺元军2
作者信息
  • 1北京航天自动控制研究所,北京,100854
  • 2中国载人航天工程办公室,北京,100011
  • 伊鑫(1982–),女,高级工程师,主要研究方向为飞行控制系统设计、动力学建模与仿真、飞行器总体设计。

    胡海峰(1978—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为导航、制导与控制。

    贺元军(1975—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为飞行器设计。

Modeling and Application Research on Vertical Recovery Control Capability of Launch Vehicles
Xin YI1, Haifeng HU1, Yuanjun HE2
Affiliations
  • 1Beijing Aerospace Automatic Control Institute,Beijing,100854
  • 2China Manned Space Engineering Office,Beijing,100011
出版时间: 2025-02-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250110
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为在方案论证初期设计输入数据有限的条件下,快速有效地进行控制能力分析,基于常规大气层内飞行器控制能力分析方法,针对返回式火箭对该方法的适应性进行了分析。通过动力学建模和对原分析方法拓展改进,探索出一套适合返回式运载火箭的控制能力分析方法,并在有限控制能力的前提下,对允许飞行工况的约束条件进行初步明确,为返回式火箭飞行控制系统的详细设计奠定基础。

返回式火箭  /  控制能力分析  /  配平方程  /  飞行工况约束  /  动力学建模

When the design input is limited during the initial stage of scheme argumentation, in order to solve the problem of how to conduct control capability analysis quickly and effectively, the adaptability of traditional control capability analysis method is analyzed. A set of controllability analytical method for reentrant launch vehicles is researched by dynamic modeling and original method improving. And under the premise of limited control capability, the constraint conditions for allowable flight conditions is limited preliminary in order to quickly locate and feedback the closure of the overall unit control capability.

reentrant launch vehicles  /  controllability and analytic method  /  balance equation  /  flight condition constrains  /  dynamic modeling
伊鑫, 胡海峰, 贺元军. 运载火箭垂直回收控制能力建模及应用研究. 导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), 2025 , 48 (1) : 73 -77 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250110
Xin YI, Haifeng HU, Yuanjun HE. Modeling and Application Research on Vertical Recovery Control Capability of Launch Vehicles[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2025 , 48 (1) : 73 -77 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250110
可重复使用运载器作为未来低成本快速往返太空的主要交通工具, 具有广阔的应用前景。其中, 垂直起降(Vertical Take-off and Vertical Landing, VTVL)可重复使用火箭凭借其相对传统火箭构型较小的技术改进幅度、对着陆场的低需求以及适中的技术跨度和研发成本等特点, 成为当下的热点。
VTVL技术的研发和应用以Blue Origin和SpaceX两家商业航天公司为代表, 两家公司都已采用着陆缓冲机构垂直回收方式实现了运载火箭的软着陆可控回收。
a) Blue Origin公司于2015年11月率先在New Shepard火箭上实现了垂直起降[1],验证了着陆支腿控制、箭体减速舵面控制效果、着陆支腿展开、着陆段制导控制等算法; 在此基础上, Blue Origin正在研制New Glenn重型火箭,近地轨道运载能力达到${45}\mathrm{t}$, 可实现一级回收[2]
b) SpaceX公司利用Falcon 9在完成载荷发射任务后, 先后开展了6次助推级海面降落试验, 验证了高空高速返回全程多飞行段的制导控制技术, 并于2015年12月实现了陆上垂直回收[3]。2018年2月SpaceX研制了3个助推级模块并联的Falcon Heavy火箭, 同时对2枚助推器开展返回原场的垂直回收, 并对芯一级在分离后进行海上垂直回收[4]
中国运载火箭技术研究院、哈尔滨工业大学等专业研究机构和院校也开展了关于垂直起降的关键技术研究和演示验证工作[5-7]。此外,许多民营航天企业也纷纷加入垂直回收火箭的研发领域并取得一定的进展, 例如: 2018年1月, 北京翎客航天科技有限公司实现了RLV-T3型火箭的低空回收和平移, 同年5月完成了RLV-T5型火箭技术方案详的细设计并投产, 2019年1月、 4月和8月, RLV-T5型火箭的悬停飞行试验和多次低空发射及回收试验均取得成功, 实现了${300}\mathrm{\;m}$飞行高度的回收[8];2021年10月,江苏深蓝航天有限公司公开宣布, 其自主研发的星云-M1号试验箭1公里级垂直起飞及降落试验在铜川取得成功[9];2024年1月,蓝箭航天空间科技股份有限公司自主研发的VTVL可重复使用回收验证火箭朱雀三号的首次垂直起降验证飞行试验在酒泉取得圆满成功[10]
由于垂直起降火箭可以实现多次复用, 产品费用和发射费用可以折旧均摊, 能大幅降低单位有效载荷发射成本, 且与航天飞机的水平回收相比, 垂直回收后拆卸维护周期短、成本低,因此运载火箭垂直回收技术具有极高的发展和应用前景[11]
传统运载火箭燃料加注时只需考虑上升段所需要的燃料量, 并可留有相应的裕量, 因此可用控制能力足以覆盖需用控制能力, 控制能力供需矛盾并不突出。返回式火箭需要考虑上升下降段全程的燃料需求, 并且出于运载效率和回收安全性的考虑, 加注量裕量不会像传统火箭那么充裕。随着飞行时间流逝, 火箭携带的燃料逐渐消耗, 火箭质心位置也会随之发生变化, 考虑到质心位置变化对火箭控制力臂的影响, 下降段控制能力的供需矛盾会逐步尖锐, 因此迫切需要重新建模分析探索出一套适用于返回式运载火箭的控制能力的分析方法。本文以摇摆发动机为动力执行机构, 在常规大气层内飞行器控制能力分析的基础上进行相应改进, 探索了一套适合返回式火箭的控制能力计算方法, 并在有限控制能力前提下, 对返回式火箭允许飞行的工况进行初步的规划约束。
对于传统使用空气舵作为执行机构的大气层内飞行器, 由于控制力矩在既定高度和速度下仅和空气舵摆角相关,可基于瞬时平衡假设,通过${b}_{2}\text{、}{b}_{3}$系数变化规律分析判断控制能力是否够用。${b}_{2}$${b}_{3}$系数为传统小扰动线性化方程对应的系数值,其中,${b}_{2}$为稳定力矩系数,${b}_{3}$为控制力矩系数。而对于返回式运载火箭而言, 摇摆发动机产生的控制力矩, 除了和执行机构的舵摆角相关, 还要受到发动机推力大小及推力调节系数的影响;同时执行机构的变化带来控制力矩${M}_{\mathrm{c}}= f\left({\delta , k}\right)$和控制力矩系数${b}_{3}$的变化,使得${b}_{2}/{b}_{3}$的物理意义不如采用气动舵面做执行机构的飞行器那么明晰,因此不再通过${b}_{2}/{b}_{3}$的变化规律分析控制能力,而是采用原始的控制力矩与干扰力矩在某瞬时的大小比较来判定控制能力是否够用。
传统气动舵面控制能力分析时,各项偏导数变化规律分析是通过气动插值表中自变量用插分代微分的方式计算出各项偏导数(相当于额定、无干扰状态), 画出图形或进行参数拟合, 以便查找气动表存在的明显跳点, 并确认气动变化规律是否符合理论预期[13]
对于摇摆发动机产生的控制力和的控制力矩可以用如下公式表述:
${F}_{\mathrm{c}}= f\left({K,\delta , H}\right)$
${M}_{\mathrm{c}}= m\left({{X}_{\mathrm{c}}, K,\delta , H}\right)$
式中$K$为推动调节系数;$\delta$为舵摆角;$H$为飞行高度;$f$为控制力计算方程;$m$为控制力矩计算方程。
此时对控制力矩${M}_{\mathrm{c}}$求偏导,考虑到影响因素不唯一且存在的单位的差异, 传统的变化规律分析方法已不再适用。该项可通过图示法分析控制力矩和控制力矩的偏导数来替代, 但由于该项对于返回式运载火箭的控制能力分析意义不大, 本文暂不进行讨论。
对于采用摇摆发动机作为主要执行机构的垂直回收火箭而言, 控制力矩既与执行机构摆角相关也与发动机推力相关, 此外还需要考虑到质心变化对控制力臂的影响。因此仅通过判断舵效、最大舵摆角裕量来判定偏差带[14]是否满足控制能力需求的方法已经不再适用于垂直回收火箭的控制能力分析, 还需要引入发动机推力调节深度系数$K$和火箭质心${X}_{\mathrm{c}}$变化的影响。
通过以上分析可以看出:传统航空飞行器的控制能力分析中${b}_{2}$${b}_{3}$系数分析方法和偏导数分析方法对采用摇摆发动机作为主要执行机构的垂直回收火箭已不再适用; 配平能力分析法和气动力矩偏差带合理性分析法也需要进行相应的改进才能继续适用, 因此以下在上升、下降段火箭受力差异性分析的基础上,对配平方程进行了适应性改进, 以满足能力分析和偏差带分析的需求。
考虑到垂直回收火箭上升和下降段横侧向受力变化不大,主要受力的差异体现在纵向平面内[15],下面以火箭发射点和回收点连线为$X$轴(指向回收点为正),垂直于$X$轴且位于纵垂面内为$Y$轴(指向上为正),$Z$轴垂直纵垂面,符合右手系法则,建立发射坐标系, 如图1所示, 并对火箭进行纵垂面受力分析, 如图2所示。
对于返回式运载火箭而言, 摇摆发动机产生的控制力矩就是火箭稳定力矩, 而气动力矩是火箭的干扰力矩。运载火箭要想稳定飞行并按预期返回指定回收点, 不仅需要姿态稳定, 还需要火箭能按预期轨迹运动, 结合2.1节的受力分析, 并将攻角范围扩充到$\alpha \in \left({-{180}^{\circ },{180}^{\circ }}\right\rbrack$,气动力的正负可由攻角正负来决定, 控制力的正负可由舵摆角正负来决定, 在此前提下火箭上升段和下降段的受力方程可统一为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{F}_{x}\left({{P}_{x1},{F}_{\mathrm{{aa}}}, G,\vartheta }\right)\\{F}_{y}\left({{F}_{\mathrm{{an}}},{F}_{\mathrm{{cn}}}, G,\vartheta }\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中$\vartheta$为俯仰姿态。
上升段:$\alpha \leq {90}^{\circ }$;下降段:${90}^{\circ }< \alpha \leq {180}^{\circ }$
可以推导出返回式运载火箭的纵平面内方程:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{M}_{z}\left({{M}_{\mathrm{{cz}}},{M}_{\mathrm{{az}}}}\right)= 0 \\{F}_{x}\left({{P}_{x1},{F}_{\mathrm{{aa}}}, G,\vartheta }\right)= 0 \\{F}_{y}\left({{F}_{\mathrm{{cn}}},{F}_{\mathrm{{aa}}}, G,\vartheta }\right)= 0 \end{array}\right.$
式中${M}_{\mathrm{{cz}}}$为俯仰控制力矩;${M}_{\mathrm{{az}}}$为俯仰气动力矩。
考虑到各力和力矩的影响因素, 上式可以改写为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{M}_{z}\left({{M}_{\mathrm{{cz}}}\left({{X}_{\mathrm{c}}, K,{\delta }_{\mathrm{z}}, H}\right),{M}_{\mathrm{{az}}}\left({{X}_{\mathrm{c}},\alpha , V, H}\right)}\right)= 0 \\{F}_{x}\left({{P}_{x1}\left({K, H}\right),{F}_{\mathrm{{aa}}}\left({\alpha , V, H}\right), G,\vartheta }\right)= 0 \\{F}_{y}\left({{F}_{\mathrm{{cn}}}\left({K,{\delta }_{z}, H}\right),{F}_{\mathrm{{an}}}\left({\alpha , V, H}\right), G,\vartheta }\right)= 0 \end{array}\right.$
先假设所有舵摆角全部用于姿态调整, 优先保证力矩能配平。此处主要研究控制力矩与气动力矩的匹配性, 先忽略干扰力矩、发动机惯性力矩等。
对摇摆发动机而言,控制力矩与质心${X}_{\mathrm{c}}$、推力调节系数$K$、舵摆角${\delta }_{z}$、飞行高度$H$相关,即${M}_{\mathrm{{cz}}}\left({{X}_{\mathrm{c}}, K,{\delta }_{z}, H}\right)$,而气动力矩${M}_{\mathrm{{az}}}$与火箭质心${X}_{\mathrm{c}}$、攻角$\alpha$、飞行速度$V$、飞行高度$H$相关,即${M}_{\mathrm{{az}}}\left({{X}_{\mathrm{c}},\alpha , V, H}\right)$
与飞机类的大空域广速域的飞行器不同[16],运载火箭属于弹道式飞行器, 高度、速度、质量等可根据基准弹道合理选定, 故而问题简化为在飞行弹道附近选择特征点,研究既定特征点同飞行高度$H$和火箭质心${X}_{\mathrm{c}}$条件下,通过调整攻角$\alpha$和飞行速度$V$能否使得气动力矩${M}_{\mathrm{{az}}}$小于等于控制系统硬件对发动机的推力调节系数$K$和执行机构摆角${\delta }_{z}$的限制范围内的最大控制力矩${M}_{\mathrm{{cz}}}$
此处以速度误差${\Delta V}$为例,问题可转化为在配平方程和硬件约束条件下,求偏差带的极值问题,即:
$\max J\left({\Delta V}\right)= {\Delta V}\\\text{s.t.}\left\{\begin{array}{l}{M}_{\mathrm{z}}\left({{M}_{\mathrm{{cz}}}\left({{X}_{\mathrm{c}}, K,{\delta }_{\mathrm{z}}, H}\right),{M}_{\mathrm{{az}}}\left({{X}_{\mathrm{c}},\alpha , V +{\Delta V}, H}\right)}\right)= 0 \\ K \in \left\lbrack {{0.5},1}\right\rbrack \\{\delta }_{\mathrm{z}}\in \left\lbrack {-{10}^{\circ },{10}^{\circ }}\right\rbrack \end{array}\right.$
需说明的是: 此处的偏差带可以是气动的偏差, 也可以是结构偏差, 但必须在力矩计算中用到才可以在配平中迭代求解。
如上节所述,${X}_{\mathrm{c}}\text{、}\alpha \text{、}V\text{、}H$都可根据基准弹道确定, 根据式(5)中3个等式方程应有3个自变量, 以保证方程组静定,$K\text{、}{\delta }_{\mathrm{z}}$为自变量,因此需要引入第3个自变量。考虑到推力调节系数$K$、伺服舵摆角${\delta }_{\mathrm{z}}$为直接可控量,姿态角为间接可控量,均属于可控量; 且配平姿态角可为程序姿态角设计提供参考和依据,因此选定俯仰姿态$\vartheta$为第3个自变量。此外, 飞行控制系统能保证火箭按照预定轨道稳定飞行并完成既定任务不仅需要姿态稳定(即力矩平衡), 还需要火箭能按预期轨迹运动(即控制力至少能保证平衡其他外力之和), 因此将配平方程组作如下改变:
$\max J\left(\vartheta \right)= \vartheta \\\text{s.t.}\left\{\begin{array}{l}{M}_{\mathrm{z}}\left({{M}_{\mathrm{{cz}}}\left({{X}_{\mathrm{c}}, K,{\delta }_{\mathrm{z}}, H}\right),{M}_{\mathrm{{az}}}\left({{X}_{\mathrm{c}},\alpha , V, H}\right)}\right)= 0 \\{F}_{x}\left({{P}_{x1}\left({K, H}\right),{F}_{\mathrm{{aa}}}\left({\alpha , V, H}\right), G,\vartheta }\right)= 0 \\{F}_{y}\left({{F}_{\mathrm{{cn}}}\left({K,{\delta }_{\mathrm{z}}, H}\right),{F}_{\mathrm{{an}}}\left({\alpha , V, H}\right), G,\vartheta }\right)= 0 \\ K \in \left\lbrack {{0.5},1}\right\rbrack \\{\delta }_{\mathrm{z}}\in \left\lbrack {-{10}^{\circ },{10}^{\circ }}\right\rbrack \end{array}\right.$
即在满足力矩平衡, 且控制力至少能平衡其他外力以及硬件约束条件下,求允许的俯仰姿态角最大值。
以某型返回式运载火箭主动段和垂直着陆段数据为例进行控制能力分析, 考虑到本例中偏航通道与俯仰通道在气动和执行机构分布上都成轴对称, 以下仅以俯仰通道为例进行相关分析, 偏航通道与之类似。
极限调节系数极限舵摆角下的控制力矩和气动参数表中对应数据点的气动力矩如图3所示。
图3中,黑、红两条带星实线为在不同$K$和极限执行机构摆角${\delta }_{\mathrm{z}}$的限制范围内的最大控制力矩${M}_{\mathrm{{cz}}}$; 其余4条带圈虚线为不同攻角$\alpha$和飞行速度$V$下的俯仰气动力矩${M}_{\mathrm{{az}}}$。根据瞬时平衡假设,气动力矩夹在极限控制力矩间的工况即为满足力矩配平的工况。由图3可以看出:速度越低,可配平的攻角范围越广, 当$V ={200}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$时,在${22}^{\circ }< \alpha <{80}^{\circ }$时,稳定力矩是无法平衡控制力矩的, 该工况下火箭会出现失控现象, 应尽量避免。
分别在上升段和下降段各选一个特征点进行拉偏配平, 结果如表1所示。
a)${V}_{\mathrm{{tz}}}^{0}\text{、}{\alpha }_{\mathrm{{tz}}}^{0}$是特征点的速度和攻角,通过分析基准弹道上的典型特征点的速度和攻角均使得$\left|{M}_{\mathrm{{az}}}\right|< \left|{M}_{\mathrm{{cz}}}\right|$, 基准弹道火箭全程可实现力矩平衡。
b)$\Delta {V}_{\mathrm{{tz}}}^{1}$为飞行速度的拉偏量,在典型特征点处保持高度和质心不变对飞行速度${V}_{\mathrm{{tr}}}^{0}$进行拉偏得到; 针对不同的$\Delta {V}_{\mathrm{{tz}}}^{1}$,在该特征点处保持力矩平衡,攻角$\alpha$需满足: 上升段$\alpha \leq {\alpha }_{\mathrm{{tz}}}^{\max }$; 下降段$\alpha \geq {\alpha }_{\mathrm{{tz}}}^{\min }$; 表中 “-” 表明在该行对应拉偏后的速度${V}_{\mathrm{{tz}}}^{0}$工况下攻角$\alpha$不受限制, 全程可实现力矩平衡。
c)特征点平衡攻角${\alpha }_{\mathrm{{tz}}}^{\mathrm{p}}$表示在满足力矩平衡条件下,$K = 1$${\delta }_{\mathrm{z}}= {1}^{\circ }$所对应的平衡攻角,从表1中可以看出,相同${V}_{\mathrm{{tz}}}^{0}$条件下,上升段特征点的${\alpha }_{\mathrm{{tz}}}^{\mathrm{p}}$约是下降段的2倍,说明下降段舵效明显下降; 且${\alpha }_{\mathrm{{tz}}}^{\max }\approx 2$.$\left({{180}- {\alpha }_{\mathrm{{tz}}}^{\mathrm{{min}}}}\right)$,说明下降段保持力矩平衡的条件更严苛,更容易失控。
d)减速回收段随着质心后移控制力臂变短,控制能力明显下降, 故而要求该段内气动力矩也相应减小才能保证力矩平衡, 因此该段内应对速度控制予以重点关注。
选取减速着陆段的特征点进行改进后的配平,并将画出配平后的俯仰姿态角曲线并进行平滑处理, 得到俯仰角配平边界如图4所示。
图4中,${\varphi }_{\mathrm{x}}$${\varphi }_{\mathrm{n}}$为俯仰角配平边界,${\varphi }_{\mathrm{x}}$代表最大值,${\varphi }_{\mathrm{n}}$代表最小值,${\varphi }_{\mathrm{c}}$为实际数学仿真时使用的俯仰程序角。由图4可以看出, 实际采用的俯仰程序角在所计算的俯仰程序角边界之内, 俯仰角配平边界对于俯仰程序角的设计具有重要借鉴意义; 减速回收段配平的俯仰角与垂直状态间存在一个小锐角, 也就是说火箭在下降段倾斜于地面状态才能实现力与力矩的平衡, 这也解释了SpaceX火箭回收段为何总是倾斜一个角度, 到最后快落地时再俯仰姿态回正。
本文基于传统大气层内飞行器控制能力分析方法, 针对垂直回收火箭执行机构的变化进行了传统方法的适用性分析, 并对不再适用的部分提出了替代方案, 改进并推广了配平方程应用范围, 最后通过典型算例验证该改进方法的可行性, 为垂直回收火箭设计过程中快速有效地进行飞行控制能力分析提供了解决方案, 也为在有限推力的允许飞行工况提供约束参考, 有效地提升了设计迭代效率, 所提方案可以为工程设计提供参考。
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2025年第48卷第1期
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250110
  • 接收时间:2024-05-19
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-19
  • 修回日期:2024-12-31
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    1北京航天自动控制研究所,北京,100854
    2中国载人航天工程办公室,北京,100011
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
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Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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