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Based on the AMSAA model, which is centered on the failure data of the same or similar products collected during the R&D stage, the principle of minimization of discrete coefficients is innovatively introduced as an optimization criterion, which is used to guide the selection of goodness-of-fit test statistics. After integrating multivariate information such as mean and variance, a new algorithm for solving the time-environmental folding coefficients is constructed, aiming at effectively folding the original failure data and then accurately estimating various parameters of the model. By solving the resulting folding coefficients, the one-sided lower confidence limits of MTBF (Mean Time Between Failure) are calculated one by one for each of the 10 different confidence settings when the product design is being molded. Example studies show that when the confidence interval is between 0.9 and 0.99, the method consistently produces better results than the existing literature regardless of the same confidence level, i.e., the accuracy of the method is significantly improved for predicting the reliability growth of aerospace products. In addition, the values of the time-environment folding coefficients solved by the improved method do not change at different confidence levels, i. e., the quantitative relationship between the environmental stresses and the real environmental stresses for each test item does not change due to the increase in confidence level, which also proves that the improved method is closer to the engineering practice from another perspective.

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基于AMSAA模型以研发阶段收集的同类或相似产品故障数据为核心,创新性地引入离散系数最小化原则作为优化标准,用于指导拟合优度检验统计量的选取。在整合平均值与方差等多元信息后,构建了一种全新的时间环境折合系数求解算法,旨在对原始故障数据进行有效折算,进而精准估算模型各项参数。对所得折合系数进行求解,并在10种不同置信度设定下,逐一计算产品设计成型时平均无故障工作时间(Mean Time Between Failure, MTBF)的单侧置信下限。实例研究表明,当置信区间位于0.9~0.99之间时,无论同一置信水平如何,该方法始终能得出优于现有文献的结果,即采用该方法对航天产品可靠性增长进行预测,其准确度显著提升。此外,在不同置信水平下,由改进方法求解的时间环境折合系数值并没有改变,即每个试验项目的环境应力和真实环境应力之间的数量关系并没有因为置信度的增加而变化,也从另一个角度证明了该改进方法更接近于工程实践。

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胡琳(1994—),女,助教,主要研究方向为可靠性评估。

吴和成(1963—),男,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为可靠性评估。

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Interna-tional Journal of Engineering & Technology, 2018.DOI: 10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14146., articleTitle=Simultaneous fault detection and diagnosis in electric power system using hybrid method, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1197268409458143251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065848550547632, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197268409466531860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065848550547632, companyId=1197268409458143251, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Wuxi Vocational College of Science and Technology,Wuxi,214028), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197268409474920469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065848550547632, companyId=1197268409458143251, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, 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ArticleFig(id=1197268419146985559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065848550547632, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Failure data from initial product development tests, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产品$i$
试验项目序号1...$j$...$m$
试验时间/h${T}_{i1}$...${T}_{ij}- {T}_{i\left({j - 1}\right)}$...${T}_{im}- {T}_{i\left({m - 1}\right)}$
故障次序123.........$q$.........${n}_{i}$
故障时试验时间/h${t}_{i1}$${t}_{i2}$${t}_{i3}$.........${t}_{iq}- {T}_{i\left({j - 1}\right)}$.........${t}_{i{n}_{i}}- {T}_{i\left({m - 1}\right)}$
), ArticleFig(id=1197268419356700760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065848550547632, language=CN, label=表1, caption=产品初始研制试验故障数据, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产品$i$
试验项目序号1...$j$...$m$
试验时间/h${T}_{i1}$...${T}_{ij}- {T}_{i\left({j - 1}\right)}$...${T}_{im}- {T}_{i\left({m - 1}\right)}$
故障次序123.........$q$.........${n}_{i}$
故障时试验时间/h${t}_{i1}$${t}_{i2}$${t}_{i3}$.........${t}_{iq}- {T}_{i\left({j - 1}\right)}$.........${t}_{i{n}_{i}}- {T}_{i\left({m - 1}\right)}$
), ArticleFig(id=1197268419578998873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065848550547632, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Failure data from product development test for a certain type of space product No. 1, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验序号12345
试验名称性能试验综合测试综合环境试验高温老练试验联合试验
试验时间/h360200260300120
故障次序1234567891011121314151617181920
故障时试验时间/h12285496142242830691362215296148212108020020
), ArticleFig(id=1197268419847434330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065848550547632, language=CN, label=表2, caption=某1号航天产品研制试验故障数据, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验序号12345
试验名称性能试验综合测试综合环境试验高温老练试验联合试验
试验时间/h360200260300120
故障次序1234567891011121314151617181920
故障时试验时间/h12285496142242830691362215296148212108020020
), ArticleFig(id=1197268420120064091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065848550547632, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=Failure data from product development test for a model of space product No. 2, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验序号12345
试验名称性能试验综合测试综合环境试验高温老练试验联合试验
试验时间/h350190250290110
故障次序123456789101112131415161718
故障时试验时间/h1826981101987157519164211019031445593
), ArticleFig(id=1197268421357383772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065848550547632, language=CN, label=表3, caption=某2号航天产品研制试验故障数据, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验序号12345
试验名称性能试验综合测试综合环境试验高温老练试验联合试验
试验时间/h350190250290110
故障次序123456789101112131415161718
故障时试验时间/h1826981101987157519164211019031445593
), ArticleFig(id=1197268421487407197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065848550547632, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=Failure data from product development test for a model of space product No. 3, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验序号4 9212345
试验名称性能试验综合测试综合环境试验高温老练试验联合试验
试验时间/h380220280320140
故障次序12356789101112131415161718192021222324252627
故障时试验时间/h1019631501902539387415018913658771061391742322263981564389117
), ArticleFig(id=1197268421709705310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065848550547632, language=CN, label=表4, caption=某3号航天产品研制试验故障数据, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验序号4 9212345
试验名称性能试验综合测试综合环境试验高温老练试验联合试验
试验时间/h380220280320140
故障次序12356789101112131415161718192021222324252627
故障时试验时间/h1019631501902539387415018913658771061391742322263981564389117
), ArticleFig(id=1197268422049443935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065848550547632, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=Critical values ${C}_{{n}_{i},\alpha }^{2}$of the Cramer-Von Mises statistic, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
$\alpha$${C}_{{n}_{l},\alpha }^{2}$
${n}_{i}= 2$${n}_{i}= 3$${n}_{i}= 4$${n}_{i}= 5$${n}_{i}= 6$${n}_{i}= 7$${n}_{i}= 8$${n}_{i}= 9$${n}_{i}= {10}$${n}_{i}= {15}$${n}_{i}= {20}$${n}_{i}= {30}$${n}_{i}= {60}$${n}_{i}= {100}$
0.010.1860.2310.2790.2950.3070.3160.3190.3230.3240.3270.3330.3330.3330.336
0.050.1750.1840.1910.1990.2040.2080.2100.2120.2120.2150.2170.2180.2210.221
0.100.1620.1540.1550.1600.1620.1650.1650.1670.1670.1690.1720.1720.1730.173
0.150.1490.1350.1360.1370.1390.1400.1410.1420.1420.1440.1460.1460.1470.147
0.200.1380.1210.1210.1210.1230.1240.1240.1250.1250.1260.1280.1280.1280.129
), ArticleFig(id=1197268422351433824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065848550547632, language=CN, label=表5, caption=Cramer-Von Mises统计量的临界值${C}_{{n}_{i},\alpha }^{2}$, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
$\alpha$${C}_{{n}_{l},\alpha }^{2}$
${n}_{i}= 2$${n}_{i}= 3$${n}_{i}= 4$${n}_{i}= 5$${n}_{i}= 6$${n}_{i}= 7$${n}_{i}= 8$${n}_{i}= 9$${n}_{i}= {10}$${n}_{i}= {15}$${n}_{i}= {20}$${n}_{i}= {30}$${n}_{i}= {60}$${n}_{i}= {100}$
0.010.1860.2310.2790.2950.3070.3160.3190.3230.3240.3270.3330.3330.3330.336
0.050.1750.1840.1910.1990.2040.2080.2100.2120.2120.2150.2170.2180.2210.221
0.100.1620.1540.1550.1600.1620.1650.1650.1670.1670.1690.1720.1720.1730.173
0.150.1490.1350.1360.1370.1390.1400.1410.1420.1420.1440.1460.1460.1470.147
0.200.1380.1210.1210.1210.1230.1240.1240.1250.1250.1260.1280.1280.1280.129
), ArticleFig(id=1197268422582120545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065848550547632, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=Critical values ${C}_{n,\alpha }^{2}$of the Cramer-Von Mises statistic at ${n}_{i}= {20}$, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
1-$a$0.900.910.920.930.940.950.960.970.980.99
${C}_{{n}_{i}, a}^{2}$0.1720.1730.1790.1870.1950.2170.2210.2410.2710.333
), ArticleFig(id=1197268422905081954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065848550547632, language=CN, label=表6, caption=${n}_{i}= {20}$$\mathrm{C}$检验法统计量的临界值${C}_{{n}_{i},\alpha }^{2}$, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
1-$a$0.900.910.920.930.940.950.960.970.980.99
${C}_{{n}_{i}, a}^{2}$0.1720.1730.1790.1870.1950.2170.2210.2410.2710.333
), ArticleFig(id=1197268423056076899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065848550547632, language=EN, label=Tab. 7, caption=Values of time-environment conversion factor at different confidence levels, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
置信度离散系数最小(改进后)均值最小
0.90.910.920.930.940.950.960.970.980.990.90.910.920.930.940.950.960.970.980.99
${k}_{1}$0.20.20.20.20.20.20.20.20.20.20.40.40.40.40.40.40.40.40.40.2
${k}_{2}$11111111111.21.21.21.21.21.21.21.211
${k}_{3}$2.42.42.42.42.42.42.42.42.42.42.12.12.12.1212.12.12.12.12.1
${k}_{4}$0.80.80.80.80.80.80.80.80.80.80.80.80.80.80.80.80.80.80.80.8
${k}_{5}$1.61.61.61.61.61.61.61.61.61.61.61.61.61.61.61.61.61.61.61.6
), ArticleFig(id=1197268423265792100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065848550547632, language=CN, label=表7, caption=不同置信度下时间环境折合系数值, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
置信度离散系数最小(改进后)均值最小
0.90.910.920.930.940.950.960.970.980.990.90.910.920.930.940.950.960.970.980.99
${k}_{1}$0.20.20.20.20.20.20.20.20.20.20.40.40.40.40.40.40.40.40.40.2
${k}_{2}$11111111111.21.21.21.21.21.21.21.211
${k}_{3}$2.42.42.42.42.42.42.42.42.42.42.12.12.12.1212.12.12.12.12.1
${k}_{4}$0.80.80.80.80.80.80.80.80.80.80.80.80.80.80.80.80.80.80.80.8
${k}_{5}$1.61.61.61.61.61.61.61.61.61.61.61.61.61.61.61.61.61.61.61.6
), ArticleFig(id=1197268423504867429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065848550547632, language=EN, label=Tab. 8, caption=Test time for the entire development phase of product 1 at different confidence levels after discounting, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
置信度折合后试验时间/h
均值最小离散系数最小
0.991 2501 328
0.981 3221 328
0.9~0.971 3621 328
), ArticleFig(id=1197268423727165542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065848550547632, language=CN, label=表8, caption=1号产品在不同置信度下经折合后的整个研制阶段的试验时间, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
置信度折合后试验时间/h
均值最小离散系数最小
0.991 2501 328
0.981 3221 328
0.9~0.971 3621 328
), ArticleFig(id=1197268423941075047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065848550547632, language=EN, label=Tab. 9, caption=MTBF unilateral confidence lower limit for space product No. 1, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
置信度${a}_{1}$$\overline{{b}_{1}}$MTBF/h
离散系数最小均值最小离散系数最小均值最小离散系数最小均值最小
0.990.9580.9430.4220.42872.92867.713
0.980.9580.5590.4220.49878.59066.410
0.970.9580.5390.4220.50181.10170.183
0.960.9580.5390.4220.50184.24572.904
0.950.9580.5390.4220.50188.17476.304
0.940.9580.5390.4220.50188.80376.848
0.930.9580.5390.4220.50191.00378.752
0.920.9580.5390.4220.50193.04680.520
0.910.9580.5390.4220.50195.09082.289
0.900.9580.5390.4220.50198.07684.873
), ArticleFig(id=1197268424264036456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065848550547632, language=CN, label=表9, caption=1号航天产品MTBF单侧置信下限, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
置信度${a}_{1}$$\overline{{b}_{1}}$MTBF/h
离散系数最小均值最小离散系数最小均值最小离散系数最小均值最小
0.990.9580.9430.4220.42872.92867.713
0.980.9580.5590.4220.49878.59066.410
0.970.9580.5390.4220.50181.10170.183
0.960.9580.5390.4220.50184.24572.904
0.950.9580.5390.4220.50188.17476.304
0.940.9580.5390.4220.50188.80376.848
0.930.9580.5390.4220.50191.00378.752
0.920.9580.5390.4220.50193.04680.520
0.910.9580.5390.4220.50195.09082.289
0.900.9580.5390.4220.50198.07684.873
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基于AMSAA模型的航天产品可靠性增长预测研究
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胡琳 1 , 吴和成 2
导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2025,48(1): 42-50
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导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2025, 48(1): 42-50
基于AMSAA模型的航天产品可靠性增长预测研究
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胡琳1, 吴和成2
作者信息
  • 1无锡科技职业学院,无锡,214028
  • 2南京航空航天大学,南京,211106
  • 胡琳(1994—),女,助教,主要研究方向为可靠性评估。

    吴和成(1963—),男,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为可靠性评估。

Research on Reliability Growth Prediction of Aerospace Products based on AMSAA Model
Lin HU1, Hecheng WU2
Affiliations
  • 1Wuxi Vocational College of Science and Technology,Wuxi,214028
  • 2Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,Nanjing,211106
出版时间: 2025-02-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250106
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基于AMSAA模型以研发阶段收集的同类或相似产品故障数据为核心,创新性地引入离散系数最小化原则作为优化标准,用于指导拟合优度检验统计量的选取。在整合平均值与方差等多元信息后,构建了一种全新的时间环境折合系数求解算法,旨在对原始故障数据进行有效折算,进而精准估算模型各项参数。对所得折合系数进行求解,并在10种不同置信度设定下,逐一计算产品设计成型时平均无故障工作时间(Mean Time Between Failure, MTBF)的单侧置信下限。实例研究表明,当置信区间位于0.9~0.99之间时,无论同一置信水平如何,该方法始终能得出优于现有文献的结果,即采用该方法对航天产品可靠性增长进行预测,其准确度显著提升。此外,在不同置信水平下,由改进方法求解的时间环境折合系数值并没有改变,即每个试验项目的环境应力和真实环境应力之间的数量关系并没有因为置信度的增加而变化,也从另一个角度证明了该改进方法更接近于工程实践。

研制试验  /  故障数据  /  AMSAA模型  /  时间环境折合系数  /  可靠性增长

Based on the AMSAA model, which is centered on the failure data of the same or similar products collected during the R&D stage, the principle of minimization of discrete coefficients is innovatively introduced as an optimization criterion, which is used to guide the selection of goodness-of-fit test statistics. After integrating multivariate information such as mean and variance, a new algorithm for solving the time-environmental folding coefficients is constructed, aiming at effectively folding the original failure data and then accurately estimating various parameters of the model. By solving the resulting folding coefficients, the one-sided lower confidence limits of MTBF (Mean Time Between Failure) are calculated one by one for each of the 10 different confidence settings when the product design is being molded. Example studies show that when the confidence interval is between 0.9 and 0.99, the method consistently produces better results than the existing literature regardless of the same confidence level, i.e., the accuracy of the method is significantly improved for predicting the reliability growth of aerospace products. In addition, the values of the time-environment folding coefficients solved by the improved method do not change at different confidence levels, i. e., the quantitative relationship between the environmental stresses and the real environmental stresses for each test item does not change due to the increase in confidence level, which also proves that the improved method is closer to the engineering practice from another perspective.

development test  /  fault data  /  AMSAA model  /  time-environment conversion coefficient  /  reliability growth
胡琳, 吴和成. 基于AMSAA模型的航天产品可靠性增长预测研究. 导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), 2025 , 48 (1) : 42 -50 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250106
Lin HU, Hecheng WU. Research on Reliability Growth Prediction of Aerospace Products based on AMSAA Model[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2025 , 48 (1) : 42 -50 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250106
处于研发阶段的产品, 其可靠性和性能指标都有一些不足和缺陷, 难以符合现实的需要, 因此需要进行多次的试验和适当的改进, 以便持续地改善产品的性能, 直到能够实现预定的设计目标。在试验过程中, 产品的不足和缺陷相继暴露, 此时需要通过高效的手段持续改善其操作性能,推动其可靠性增长[1]
在工程领域中, 主要应用系统的可靠性指标来评价航天产品的运行状况, 包括故障次数、故障类型、 故障时间和寿命类型等。一般来说, 航天产品的可靠度主要由故障率、平均无故障工作时间(Mean Time Between Failure, MTBF)和平均修理时间(Mean Time To Repair, MTTR)等相关的指标来进行评估[2]。在产品研发的各个环节中,都可以对其进行较为客观的评估, 从而能够及时地把握和掌控装备的运行状态, 为后期改进设计提供强有力的数据支撑。但是, 在应用过程中存在许多问题, 比如, 面对航天飞行器因其高额投入、原型稀缺、服役期限长及性能标准严苛等特性导致的大规模试验实施困难, 评估其可靠性时往往需依靠短周期且风险较高的测试策略[3]。 在构筑复杂工程产品过程中, 首先要攻克的挑战是基于有限样本对系统可靠性进行精准判断。本质上, 可靠性评价旨在通过提供一个对研发成果相对公正的统计度量, 尽可能贴近实际性能表现。因此, 为了解决复杂产品研发过程中的小样本可靠性评价问题, 通过对数据的多元分析与探索[4],提出更为合理的可靠性评价方法, 以达到科学、合理地评价其可靠性的目的。
实际上, 在研发新的航天产品时, 由于样品的数目和规模都很少, 而待评估的对象又必须有大量的试验数据作为支撑。在此背景下, 可以从两个角度得到相关的信息:
第一,航天产品的研发具有一定的阶段性,可以将全研发流程分为多个环节, 在各个环节中对其操作性能进行适当的调节和优化, 以保证被评估目标能够真实地体现出改善进程[5]。此外,在每一阶段产品评估过程中,针对各阶段的被测对象,会实施一系列具备各异环境压力特性的试验项目。这些试验生成的结果鲜明地揭示出环境变动趋势, 由此所得的大量环境变量数据, 无疑为专业人员全方位评判产品性能及可靠性构建了坚实的数据基础。
第二,航天产品的研究与开发具有明显的相似性和继承性[6],该相似性可以是部分相似或是全局相似。因此, 同类或相似产品在研究开发过程中产生的各种可靠性数据, 也可以作为评价产品性能的重要依据。
通过上述两点, 不仅能较好地处理小样本问题, 还能确保评估结果的准确性和可信度。但除此之外, 评估航天产品性能时, 计划在定型阶段引入时间环境折合系数以增强可靠性增长预测的准确性。这一举措旨在通过转化原始数据, 全方位剖析复杂系统生成的可靠性指标, 充分挖掘并利用有效信息, 确保对航天产品运行状态做出全面而精准的判断。
Duane模型和AMSAA模型是当前可靠性增长评估领域中最为常用的两种模型。然而, 在可靠性增长评估的精细处理方面, Duane模型存在一定的局限性。具体而言, 它未能充分地将产品的累积失效次数视作一个随机变量进行处理, 而是仅提供了一种获取模型参数及平均故障间隔时间的点估计方法[7]。这种处理方式限制了其对数据波动性和不确定性的捕捉能力, 进而可能导致评估结果存在较大的误差。相比之下, AMSAA模型则显著地克服了Duane模型的这些局限性。AMSAA模型通过引入随机变量的概念更为精确地处理产品的累积失效次数, 这一改进不仅增强了模型对数据动态变化的适应性, 还有效提高了MT-$\mathrm{{BF}}$点估计的优良性,使得$\mathrm{{AMSAA}}$模型在可靠性增长评估中能够提供更可靠、更稳健的预测结果。此外, AMSAA模型还提出了一种相对理想的拟合优度检验方法。这一方法能够更为准确地评估模型与实际数据的吻合程度, 从而确保了评估结果的可靠性和有效性。正是基于这些优势, AMSAA模型在业界得到了广泛的认可与应用, 成为了可靠性增长评估领域中的一种重要工具。因此, 本文主要探讨AMSAA模型下研发阶段同质或相似产品的故障数据处理, 聚焦于试验与故障数据的整合问题。针对时间环境折合系数计算, 文中创新性地构建了一个嵌入多约束条件的最小化优化方案。其中最关键的问题是如何选择优化准则, 目前学术界普遍采用的准则是使拟合优度检验统计量的平均值达到最小[8-9],该标准仅针对均值单个因素, 存在一定的局限性。鉴于现有研究中的问题, 本文将利用拟合优度检验统计量的均值、方差信息, 建立一种以其离散系数为优化准则以求解时间环境折合系数的方法[10]。针对小样本问题寻找时间环境折合系数的有效途径, 在于通过运算得出能使各产品拟合优度检验统计量变异度最小的解, 此举不仅有助于增强评估的精确性, 还为该问题的工程化处理提供了实用方法依据。其次, 针对大规模复杂系统的高成本、高不确定的特点, 利用变母体变环境数据, 开展可靠性增长预测, 有利于减少评估风险, 以适应航天产品的可靠性指标评估实际需要[11]
求解产品定型时MTBF的点估计、置信区间及单侧置信下限,首要任务是计算时间环境折合系数,这一步骤应在获取产品研制阶段试验数据的基础上进行。时间环境折合系数是指将实际使用条件下的故障率转换为标准参考条件下的故障率所需的修正系数。 通过对试验数据进行分析和处理, 可以得到产品在特定时间环境下的MTBF值, 并进一步进行统计推断, 以确定其可靠性水平。这一过程在评估产品设计是否符合要求、预测产品在实际使用中的寿命等方面具有重要意义。因此, 在产品研发过程中, 对时间环境折合系数及MTBF等参数进行准确求解是非常关键的工作之一。
为构建高效且合理的可靠性增长评估模型, 文中参照AMSAA模型提出下述假设:
a)产品性能增长的历程有两个主要特点:环境变化和母体变化。
研究人员在产品研发阶段需对产品实施多元环境应力测试, 旨在模拟并解析各类环境因素对产品性能及各项功能的影响。具体而言, 即在既定作业规范与运行状态下, 考察产品能否满足任务书设定的标准。对于强调可靠性的产品类别, 面对生产阶段出现的故障问题, 需进行失效原因剖析与纠偏处理, 后续通过试验予以验证[12]。此类工程项目中,循环往复的试验、分析、调整与再试验的过程, 成为驱动产品构造持续优化与可靠性逐步提升的常规策略。
b)在产品研发历程中, 此产品及其同类竞品皆展现出对故障记录的即时性与全面精确性, 无论何时何地出现问题,均能即刻捕捉并详细记录。
c)环境应力与标准环境间的量比关系, 由时间环境折合系数${k}_{j}$体现,其中$j$对应某产品经历的特定试验项目。以某型号航天产品的实际飞行环境应力为参照基准,${k}_{j}$值的大小揭示了试验条件相对于真实情况的严苛程度:${k}_{j}> 1$意味着试验环境对产品施加的压力超过实际,而${k}_{j}< 1$则表示试验条件相对温和。 在评估某航天产品第$q$次故障时,通过应用${k}_{j}$对相应试验时间进行调整,即可推算出该产品在常规运行状态下发生同样故障的等效试验时间为${t}_{q}\cdot {k}_{j}$
航天产品研制期间存在许多测试环节, 每项测试均可细致拆解为多个特定的环境压力范畴。尽管各类压力特性不同, 但如果产品或测试对象所处的环境应力条件在多个关键参数上保持一致或相似, 即其处于相同环境压力情景下,则对应的时间环境折合系数保持统一不变。这些环境应力条件可能包括物理环境(如温度、湿度、压力等)、化学环境(如腐蚀性气体、盐雾等)、电磁环境(如电磁辐射、静电等)等。 例如在测试1和测试2中, 产品或测试对象都暴露在${25}\pm 5{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$的温度范围内,由于这两个测试的温度应力条件相似, 因此可以认为它们处于 “相同环境压力情景”下。
d)在以上假定基础上, 被评估的产品在各个时期的可靠性增长表现与AMSAA模型具有较高的一致性。
在研发阶段,针对$p$款相似或同类产品,共进行了$m$次试验。产品$i$在这一系列测试中遭遇的故障总次数记为${n}_{i}$。具体而言,对于产品$i$的第$j$次试验,其起始与终止时间分别为${T}_{i\left({j - 1}\right)}$${T}_{ij}$。进一步细化,产品$i$在发生第$q$次故障时,已累计的试验时长为${t}_{iq}(i =$$1,2,\cdots , p;j = 1,2,\cdots , m;q = 1,2,\cdots ,{n}_{i})。$
另外,还有3个限制条件: 第一,${n}_{i}$不能为0$\left({{n}_{i}\geq 1}\right)$,只需在确定时间环境折合系数时满足此条件; 第二, 需求指出, 为充分利用相同或类似产品的可靠性数据以提升时间环境折合系数准确性, 产品数量$p$应设定为大于2;第三,强调试验项目$m$需满足$m \geq 2$这一条件,旨在避免单一试验导致折算工作的无实质性意义。可以根据表1对每个产品收集的最初可靠性数据进行登记。
a)计算折合后的故障时累计试验时间。
由式(1)可得产品$i$于第$q$次故障累积后的试运行时长${t}_{iiq}$,以及该产品于研制测试阶段$m$终结后的折算终期时限${T}_{Tim}$:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{T}_{Ti0}= {T}_{i0}\\{T}_{Tij}= {T}_{{Ti}\left({j - 1}\right)} +{k}_{j}\left({{T}_{ij}- {T}_{i\left({j - 1}\right)}}\right)\\{t}_{\text{tiq }}= {T}_{{Ti}\left({j - 1}\right)} +{k}_{j}\left({{t}_{iq}- {T}_{i\left({j - 1}\right)}}\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中${T}_{i0}$为产品$i$在整体研发过程中经折算之前的起点,通常为0 ;${t}_{iq}$为产品$i$发生第$q$次故障时的累计试验时间;${T}_{i\left({j - 1}\right)}$为产品$i$的第$j$个试验项目折算之前的起点;${T}_{ij}$为产品$i$的第$j$个试验项目折算之前的终点, 且${T}_{i\left({j - 1}\right)} \leq {t}_{iq}\leq {T}_{ij};{T}_{Ti0}$为产品$i$折算之后在整体研发过程中的起点;${t}_{tiq}$为产品$i$发生第$q$次故障时经折算后的累计试验时间;${T}_{{Ti}\left({j - 1}\right)}$为产品$i$的第$j$个试验项目折算之后在整体研发过程中的起点;${T}_{Tij}$为产品$i$的第$j$个试验项目经折算之后在整体研发过程中的终点。
b)时间环境折合系数的求解方法。
在对各产品进行AMSAA模型拟合时, 拟合优度检验统计量${C}_{i,{n}_{i}}^{2}$中包含待求的时间环境折合系数$k$。通过${C}_{i,{n}_{i}}^{2}$的函数$E$可以推导出各个时间环境折合系数的具体数值,其中$E$被称为优化准则。优化准则的选择尤为重要, 通常选用拟合优度检验统计量的均值最小(见式(9))作为优化准则。然而, 本文所采用的优化准则巧妙地将拟合优度检验统计量${C}_{i,{n}_{i}}^{2}$的标准差与均值结合在一起, 旨在找出能使各类产品拟合优度检验统计量变异程度达最小值的时间环境折合系数$k$。 此方法与工程实际操作相契合,故而,对准则$E$的优化求解过程即等同于对时间环境折合系数$k$的探寻过程。
本质而言, 确立文中涉及的时间环境折合系数, 是一个以满足多重限定为前提, 旨在达成最小化求解的优化过程:
$ E =\min \frac{\sqrt{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{p}\left({\bar{C}- {C}_{i,{n}_{i}}^{2}}\right)}}{\left(\frac{1}{p}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{p}{C}_{i,{n}_{i}}^{2}\right)} $
$\text{ s.t.}\left\{\begin{array}{l}{U}_{i}\leq -{U}_{1 -\alpha /2}\\{C}_{i,{n}_{i}}^{2}\leq {C}_{{n}_{i},\alpha }^{2}\end{array}\right.$
统计量${U}_{i}$代表产品$i$增长趋势的检验数值,而${C}_{i,{n}_{i}}^{2}$则对应其AMSAA模型拟合优度的度量值, 可依据式(3)计算得出。对于显著性水平$\alpha ,{U}_{1 -\alpha /2}$${C}_{n,\alpha }^{2}$各自对应产品$i$在该水平下的增长趋势检验临界值与拟合优度检验临界值。
${U}_{i}= \left({\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{q = 1}}^{{n}_{i}}{t}_{tiq}- \frac{{n}_{i}{T}_{Tim}}{2}}\right)/\left({{T}_{Tim}\sqrt{\frac{{n}_{i}}{12}}}\right)$
${C}_{i,{n}_{i}}^{2}= \frac{1}{{12}{n}_{i}}+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{q = 1}}^{{n}_{i}}{\left\lbrack {\left(\frac{{t}_{\text{tiq }}}{{T}_{\text{Tim }}}\right)}^{{\bar{b}}_{i}}- \frac{{2q}-1}{2{n}_{i}}\right\rbrack }^{2}$
c)时间环境折合系数的初选与优选。
基于航天产品在常规环境与测试环境下运转时长之比, 划定时间环境折合系数的限度。文中所构建模型预设中, 视航天产品实际服役环境状态为参照基准, 赋予其时间环境折合系数数值为1 。若该系数区间设定偏高, 可能导致计算结果偏离真实情况; 反之, 若设定区间过于狭窄, 难以寻找最适宜系数值。 实践中,常借助工程经验法(例如专家评分体系)获取各类时间环境折合系数的具体数值[13]
选取时间环境折合系数$k$的步长,确保其贴近实际应用场景的需求。在进行研发工作时,步长的设定可依据试验项目的数量灵活调整:试验项目数量庞大,意味着需对应的时间环境折合系数$k$较多,这或将导致MATLAB的运算陷入长时间循环。为避免此类情况, 建议采取较大的步长值, 如0.2或0.3 。 试验项目越少,则时间环境折合系数$k$也就越少,在程序中循环的周期也越短, 故步长应较小, 例如0.1或者0.2等。一般都是先选择满足某一特定长度的步长, 然后根据计算的结果进行适当的缩减。
也就是说,在确定了$k$合适的范围和步长之后, 可以采用穷举搜索的方法通过MATLAB软件对时间环境折合系数进行求解。详细的过程如下:
1)对循环周期中的任意一组时间环境折合系数${k}_{1},{k}_{2},\cdots ,{k}_{m}$来说,首先要用有关的公式来确定在研发过程中所有相同或类似产品的每一个试验项目的起点、终点,也就是将产品$i$的第$j$个试验项目折算之后在研发过程中的起点${T}_{{Ti}\left({j - 1}\right)}$和终点${T}_{Tij}$。然后,分别求出产品$i$在第$q$次故障折算后的累积试验时间${t}_{iiq}$、产品$i$在试验$m$结束后的截止时间${T}_{Tim}$以及AMSAA模型拟合优度检验统计量${C}_{i,{n}_{i}}^{2}$的数值。
2)要评估求解出的某组时间环境折合系数${k}_{1},{k}_{2},\cdots ,{k}_{m}$是否满足初选条件,需要确保在产品整个研发过程中其性能能够稳定地增长(U检验法), 同时还需验证这些产品的性能增长模式是否与AM-SAA模型的规律一致(C检验法), 即需要满足式(2)中所列的不等式组条件,否则该组时间环境折合系数不满足初选条件,无需参与后续计算。
3)证明过程围绕所有满足不等式组的时间环境折合系数${k}_{1},{k}_{2},\cdots ,{k}_{m}$展开,该系数能确保$p$件同质或相似产品在AMSAA模型中达到优良的拟合效果, 从而达到预设筛选标准。进一步地,文中对这$p$件产品各自拟合优度检验统计量的离散程度进行深入统计解析。后续步骤中, 将几组具备特定属性的时间环境折合系数${k}_{1},{k}_{2},\cdots ,{k}_{m}$及对应的$p$件产品的拟合优度检验统计量离散系数完整录入指定数据库, 软件依据相关算法对折合系数进行优化选取。
本文针对拟合优度检验统计量的离散系数, 将其数值大小视为反映时间环境折合系数$K$效应的指标。 满足特定不等式的所有${k}_{1},{k}_{2},\cdots ,{k}_{m}$值构成一完备集合,从中挑选出最符合实际需求的,即进行${k}_{1},{k}_{2},\cdots ,{k}_{m}$的优化选择。此选择依据为: 确保$p$件同类或相似产品的离散系数最小, 即符合式(2)中的目标函数。为获得使拟合优度检验统计量离散系数最小的时间环境折合系数${k}_{1},{k}_{2},\cdots ,{k}_{m}$值,即被评估产品及其同类或相似产品共享的最优系数组合, 必须对每一组满足不等式条件的${k}_{1},{k}_{2},\cdots ,{k}_{m}$$E$值进行排序, 具体流程如图1所示。
在获取时间环境折合系数的基础上, 运用AMSAA模型对待评估产品的整体可靠性展开细致评估, 涵盖的核心工作有:首先,在产品设计定型阶段,估算出MTBF点估计值; 其次, 依据预设的置信度要求, 求解出该产品对应的双侧置信区间以及单侧置信下限。
假设所评估的产品$\mathrm{A}$经过了$m$个试验,然后再进行设计和最终确定成型, 研发过程中发生的故障次数为${n}_{\mathrm{A}}$,第$j$个试验的起点和终点分别是${T}_{\mathrm{A}\left({j - 1}\right)}\text{、}{T}_{\mathrm{A}j}$,当第$q$次故障出现在某一试验中时,累积试验时间是${t}_{\mathrm{A}q}\left({j = 1,2,\cdots , m;q = 1,2,\cdots ,{n}_{\mathrm{A}};m \geq 2}\right)$
求取被评估产品$\mathrm{A}$与同类型或相似产品共享的时间环境折合系数${k}_{1},{k}_{2},\cdots ,{k}_{m}$,进而运用式(1)以确定产品$\mathrm{A}$在研发过程中遭遇第$q$次故障时所对应的累计测试时长${t}_{t\mathrm{\;A}q}$
a)计算尺度参数$\overline{{a}_{\mathrm{A}}}$和形状参数$\overline{{b}_{\mathrm{A}}}$的点估计值:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\overline{{b}_{\mathrm{A}}}= \frac{{n}_{\mathrm{A}}-1}{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{q = 1}}^{{n}_{\mathrm{A}}}\ln \frac{{T}_{T\mathrm{\;A}m}}{{t}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{A}q}},{n}_{\mathrm{A}}> 1}\\\overline{{a}_{\mathrm{A}}}= \frac{{n}_{\mathrm{A}}}{{T}_{\mathrm{A}q}}\end{array}\right.$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\overline{{b}_{\mathrm{A}}}= \frac{{n}_{\mathrm{A}}}{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{q = 1}}^{{n}_{\mathrm{A}}}\ln \frac{{T}_{T\mathrm{A}m}}{{t}_{t\mathrm{\;A}q}}},{n}_{\mathrm{A}}= 1 \\\overline{{a}_{\mathrm{A}}}= \frac{{n}_{\mathrm{A}}}{{T}_{T\mathrm{A}}}\end{array}\right.$
b)估算MTBF涉及的3个关键统计量: 点估计、 双侧置信区间及单侧置信下限。
通过式(6)可以得到研制试验结束时产品$\mathrm{A}$的MTBF点估计值$\bar{\theta }$:
$\bar{\theta }= {\left(\overline{{a}_{\mathrm{A}}}\overline{{b}_{\mathrm{A}}}{T}_{T\mathrm{\;A}m}^{\overline{{b}_{\mathrm{A}}}-1}\right)}^{-1}$
置信度为$\gamma$的MTBF双侧置信区间$\left\lbrack \begin{array}{ll}{\theta }_{\mathrm{L},\gamma }& {\theta }_{\mathrm{U},\gamma }\end{array}\right\rbrack$
${\theta }_{\mathrm{L},\gamma }= {\pi }_{1}\bar{\theta },{\theta }_{\mathrm{U},\gamma }= {\pi }_{2}\bar{\theta }$
在式(7)中,${\pi }_{1}\text{、}{\pi }_{2}$作为时间截断区间估算因子, 其取值可参照相关文献; 当样本量$n >{100}$时,依据式(8),可求得${\pi }_{1}\text{、}{\pi }_{2}$。式(7)中的${\theta }_{\mathrm{L},\gamma }$为MTBF的置信下限,而${\theta }_{\mathrm{U},\gamma }$则指明MTBF的置信上限:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\pi }_{1}= \frac{{n}_{\mathrm{A}}-1}{{n}_{\mathrm{A}}}{\left( 1 +{u}_{\left({1 +\gamma }\right)/2}/\sqrt{2{n}_{\mathrm{A}}}\right)}^{-2},\\{\pi }_{2}= \frac{{n}_{\mathrm{A}}-1}{{n}_{\mathrm{A}}}{\left( 1 -{u}_{\left({1 +\gamma }\right)/2}/\sqrt{2{n}_{\mathrm{A}}}\right)}^{-2}\end{array}\right.$
根据统计学原理可知,置信度为$\gamma$的MTBF单侧置信下限值${\theta }_{\mathrm{{DL}},\gamma }$$\left({{2\gamma }-1}\right)$的MTBF双侧置信上限值${\theta }_{\mathrm{L},\left({{2\gamma }-1}\right)}$相等,即${\theta }_{\mathrm{{DL}},\gamma }= {\theta }_{\mathrm{L},\left({{2\gamma }-1}\right)}$
当被评估产品在研制阶段的总故障数为零时, 通常使用零失效数据方法来估计其平均无故障时间的单侧置信下限[8]
产品开发阶段, 在截止时间内产品所生成的故障数的概率服从非齐次泊松分布,故MTBF与$\lambda$成反比, 因此可通过数学推导得到故障率$\lambda$的上限的表达式, 进而得到MTBF的下限${\theta }_{\mathrm{L}}$,即${\theta }_{\mathrm{L}}= \frac{1}{{\lambda }_{\mathrm{U}}}$${\lambda }_{\mathrm{U}}$可以通过公式计算:${\lambda }_{\mathrm{U}}= \frac{{\chi }_{2,\alpha }^{2}}{2{T}_{T\mathrm{\;A}m}}$,其中${\chi }_{2,\alpha }^{2}$是自由度为2时的下$\alpha$分位数, 可由卡方分布表查得; 经调整后的截止时点${T}_{TAm}$可根据式(1)求得。由此,可推算出该产品在置信水平$\left({1 -\alpha }\right)$下MTBF的单侧置信下限估计值为${\theta }_{\mathrm{L}}=$$\frac{2{T}_{T\mathrm{\;A}m}}{{\chi }_{2,\alpha }^{2}}$
为验证本文方法的有效性, 分别开展各项试验, 将其结果与文献[14]的结果进行对比。
在航天产品的研发流程中, 会实施一系列试验以确保其性能与可靠性。这些试验涵盖了综合环境试验、性能试验、高温老练试验、联合试验以及综合测试[15]。其中,性能试验环节尤为关键,它旨在特定情况下对样品的实际运行状况进行深度剖析, 同步探究引发性能波动的各项诱因, 从而精准评判样品的效能水平及其潜在缺陷, 例如针对航天产品的抗振抗冲检验以及耐寒能力验证[16]。综合测试是指完成组装后的航天产品, 还需开展一系列电气特性和机械耐受性的严格验证, 这包括但不限于自动化的功能检测、 直观可视化的系统评估以及全方位的安全合规性审查。综合环境试验是一种更为复杂且全面的检测方法, 旨在于多元环境因素复合作用下, 对产品进行全面的压力测试[17]。在航天领域的实践中,典型的综合环境试验形式有湿度与力学同时施加的试验, 以及在低温低压复合条件下对产品展开的综合性评估; 高温老练试验能够准确调控航天产品的高温苛刻环境,具有多种工作模式,如${40}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}\text{、}{55}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${70}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${85}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$等;联合试验方法应用于此类故障诊断, 该方法借助多套并行的筛选测试系统, 各系统独立供电, 旨在同时测量被测器件双端相对于地的电位差,以此揭示潜在故障模式[18]。为设计定型1号航天产品, 需对其平均故障间隔时间计算单侧置信下限。该过程基于在研制试验阶段收集到的故障数据, 这些数据来源于与之相似的两个已存在产品, 它们的故障信息按照表1的结构分别记录于表2~4中。依据所获取的故障统计数据, 运用适当的统计方法, 推断出目标1号产品MTBF的单侧置信下限估计值, 为其性能评估与后续设计决策提供依据。
针对航天产品的性能考核, 涵盖性能试验、综合测试、综合环境试验、高温老练试验以及联合试验多个维度, 各阶段相应的时间环境折合系数记作${k}_{1},{k}_{2},{k}_{3},{k}_{4},{k}_{5}$。鉴于航天工业对产品可靠性提出的严苛要求, 需依据不同的置信水平来评估其可靠性指标MTBF的置信下限。这些置信水平设定为一系列递增数值,具体为0.9、0.91、0.92、0.93、0.94、0.95、 0.96、0.97、0.98、0.99。对于各种置信水平下拟合优度检验的临界值${C}_{n,\alpha }^{2}$,给出了$\mathrm{C}$检验法的相关文献未给出相应的参考值, 如表5所示。
表5绘制成散点图(图2)可知,${n}_{i}$越大,整体图像的变化越趋向于幂函数。
利用MATLAB对表5数据进行拟合,得到在${n}_{i}=$20的情况下,${C}_{{20},\alpha }^{2}= {0.084}\times {\alpha }^{-{0.3}}$,且其${R}^{2}$值是0.992, 说明与该函数的拟合度较高。因此根据此公式求解得到相应于各种置信度的${C}_{{n}_{\rho }\alpha }^{2}$值,如表6所示。
基于式(9)中所体现的最小均值拟合优度统计量原则, 及本文提出的以拟合优度统计量离散系数最小化为目标的优化标准(式(2)),运用软件程序对时间环境折合系数的最优值进行求解可得:
$\begin{array}{l} E_{1}=\min \left\{\frac{1}{p} \sum_{i=1}^{p} C_{i, n_{i}}^{2}\right\} \\ \text { s.t. }\left\{\begin{array}{l} U_{i} \leqslant-U_{1-\alpha / 2} \\ C_{i, n_{i}}^{2} \leqslant C_{n_{i}, a}^{2} \end{array}\right. \end{array}$
具体结果见表7
通过采用表7中的${k}_{1},{k}_{2},{k}_{3},{k}_{4},{k}_{5}$值,按照图3的流程对1号产品进行可靠性综合评估, 对比两种时间环境折合系数求解方法。
首先对目标产品即1号产品的原始研制测试数据进行相应处理, 并据此推算出该产品在各置信水平下的故障率转换数据以及1号产品在整个研发阶段经调整后的试验总时长(详见表8)。
表8可知, 通过检验经时间环境折合系数调整后的数据增长态势,所有统计量$U$均符合设定的标准${U}_{1}\leq {U}_{1 -\alpha /2}$,这表明所有经过折算的故障数据表现为上升趋势; 同时,计算得到的拟合优度检验统计量$C$也都达到了预设条件${C}_{1,{n}_{1}}^{2}\leq {C}_{{n}_{i}, a}^{2}$,这就意味着经过转换处理的数据在整体上成功通过了针对AMSAA模型的拟合优度验证。
在10种不同的置信度下,按照式(4)求解参数$\overline{{a}_{1}}$$\overline{{b}_{1}}$的无偏估计值。因为故障数量不为0,所以可以通过式(6)和式(7)求解产品1定型时其单侧置信下限,详细的计算结果如表9所示。
针对航天器组件高可靠性的需求, 本文采用两种策略推导时间环境折合系数:通过原方法寻找使拟合优度统计量均值最小化的途径;改进法则聚焦于降低拟合优度统计量的离散系数, 在0.9至0.99的置信区间内实现系数计算。以此为基础,对1号产品的MT-$\mathrm{{BF}}$构建了置信下限,并呈现了相应的散点分布图, 如图4所示。图4能够直观反映出当置信水平分别为0.9~0.99时,计算出的1号产品的MTBF的单侧置信下限值均比文献[14]所得的结果要高。
图5为增加趋势线后不同置信度下MTBF单侧置信下限值的散点图, 可见两种方法经多项式趋势线性拟合后,${R}^{2}$均接近1,说明散点图与该趋势线具有强相关性,即在置信水平为$\left\lbrack {{0.9}\sim {0.99}}\right\rbrack$区间内,在同样的置信度下,采用本文提出的方法预测航天产品的可靠性增长具有较高的准确性。同时, 本文提出的方法计算出的单侧置信下限值更高, 即可以显著缩短研发阶段各个试验项目所需要的试验时间,既节约了生产和加工成本, 又可以提升工作效率和产品品质。因此, 在实际应用中采用本文提出的改进方法将会带来显著的经济和技术效益。
与此同时, 由图4可以直接看到随着置信水平的提升,两种方法求解出的MTBF置信下限值间的差距在不断减小。当置信度上升时, 原本计算方法得到的${k}_{1},{k}_{2},{k}_{3},{k}_{4},{k}_{5}$值会发生变化,这一点从表7可以清晰观察到。也就是说, 在不同试验项目中, 环境应力与其实际对应值之间的比例关系会随置信度的增长而发生动态调整。但改进方法求解的${k}_{1},{k}_{2},{k}_{3},{k}_{4},{k}_{5}$的值并没有改变, 从另一个角度证明了本文提出的改进方法更接近于工程实践。真实工作环境下环境严酷度较低, 综合环境测试所设定的环境条件更为苛刻, 故其对应的时间环境折合系数理应取更大的数值。在此研究中, 采用拟合优度检验统计量离散系数最小化为优化标准,旨在精确寻获时间环境折合系数的最大优化解, 以便在确定产品定型阶段的MTBF置信下限时达到更高精度, 从而更好地满足实际应用场景的需求。
本文基于AMSAA模型, 聚焦产品研发进程中相似或同类产品试验阶段所积累的故障数据, 通过寻求拟合优度检验统计量离散系数的最小化路径, 有效计算并确定时间环境折合系数的数值。同时, 为进一步完善该方法并增加其适用范围, 在现有的拟合优度检验的临界值基础上,探究${n}_{i}$值与${C}_{{n}_{i}\alpha }^{2}$值之间的关系, 发现随${n}_{i}$增加${C}_{{n}_{i}\alpha }^{2}$值趋向幂函数形态的变化规律,从而可验证本文提出的改进方法分别在10个不同置信度下的优越性。同时, 对不同置信度下MTBF单侧置信下限值的散点图添加趋势线后发现, 在置信水平为$\left\lbrack {{0.9}\sim {0.99}}\right\rbrack$区间内,相同置信水平下本研究提出的优化方案所得结论显著超越既有文献。此外, 本文提出的方法求解的${k}_{1},{k}_{2},{k}_{3},{k}_{4},{k}_{5}$值并没有改变,说明本文的改进方法具有更广泛适用范围、更高准确性以及更强稳定性等特点, 在工程领域中具有重要意义和价值。
在实际操作过程中, 由于各种原因可能会导致无法准确确定故障发生的具体时间或者数据缺失等情况发生。在此类情况下, 如何将本文提出的方法有效地应用于变母体和变环境的故障数据的可靠性综合评估中, 并进一步求解时间环境折合系数, 以准确估计模型的相关参数, 仍需深入探讨。
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2025年第48卷第1期
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250106
  • 接收时间:2024-06-18
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-18
  • 修回日期:2025-01-01
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    1无锡科技职业学院,无锡,214028
    2南京航空航天大学,南京,211106
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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