Article(id=1154065845119603007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298855528714458, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250105, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1706544000000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-30, revisedDate=1733500800000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753080338982, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753080338982, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753080338982, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753080338982, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149298855528714458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2025', volume='48', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751943800098, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754905336149, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1161720438087307694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298855528714458, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1161720438087307695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298855528714458, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=37, endPage=41, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154065845513867583, articleId=1154065845119603007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=Optimization Method of Aircraft Centroid Adjustment based on k-means Clustering Entropy Weight Evaluation, columnId=1154057568293999177, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Launch Vehicle and Missile, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In response to the complex and time-consuming process of adjusting the center of gravity of aircraft, k-means clustering method is used to cluster the historical data of aircraft counterweight. Based on the clustering results of samples, the standard counterweight of aircraft under different samples is calculated. Then, the centroid offset of aircraft with standard counterweight is calculated through simulated assembly, and a series of statistical data are obtained. After that, the comprehensive evaluation method based on entropy weight is used to compare the results of centroid adjustment, and the optimal standard counterweight of aircraft is selected, thus simplifying the adjustment process of aircraft centroid and greatly improving the producting efficiency of aircraft.

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针对飞行器质心调整流程复杂、耗时长的问题,运用k-means聚类方法,对飞行器配重历史数据进行聚类,基于样本聚类结果,计算出不同样本下飞行器标准配重,再通过模拟装配计算增加标准配重后的飞行器质心偏移,并得出一系列统计数据,最后采用基于熵权的综合评价方法对比质心调整效果,选出最优的飞行器标准配重,进而简化飞行器质心调整流程,大幅提升飞行器生产效率。

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田小川(1992—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为电气系统设计、型号总体设计。

郁立勇(1981—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为数据评估。

白斌(1986—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为型号总体设计。

陈思(1992—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为型号总体设计。

何文凯(1992—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为结构总体设计。

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聚类结果${M}_{\mathrm{B}}/\mathrm{{kg}}$${\alpha }_{\mathrm{B}}/\left(\circ \right)$
2-16.707.05
2-27.0832.18
3-17.2313.98
3-26.302.68
3-37.0135.98
4-17.1820.08
4-27.3939.96
4-35.608.54
4-47.164.59
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聚类结果${M}_{\mathrm{B}}/\mathrm{{kg}}$${\alpha }_{\mathrm{B}}/\left(\circ \right)$
2-16.707.05
2-27.0832.18
3-17.2313.98
3-26.302.68
3-37.0135.98
4-17.1820.08
4-27.3939.96
4-35.608.54
4-47.164.59
), ArticleFig(id=1197268477653337063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065845119603007, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Sample evaluation index data, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
聚类结果平均偏移量/cm最大偏移量/cm离散度标准差轮廓系数
2-10.556 41.192 20.081 10.628 60.3373
2-21.420 12.514 20.139 01.506 1
3-10.707 11.671 70.097 40.78960.3534
3-20.629 61.099 80.075 60.686 1
3-31.607 42.675 80.138 51.683 1
4-10.887 91.989 10.128 71.00200.366 5
4-21.898 92.978 90.138 51.963 5
4-30.654 01.163 30.090 20.730 5
4-40.667 41.209 60.086 90.7373
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聚类结果平均偏移量/cm最大偏移量/cm离散度标准差轮廓系数
2-10.556 41.192 20.081 10.628 60.3373
2-21.420 12.514 20.139 01.506 1
3-10.707 11.671 70.097 40.78960.3534
3-20.629 61.099 80.075 60.686 1
3-31.607 42.675 80.138 51.683 1
4-10.887 91.989 10.128 71.00200.366 5
4-21.898 92.978 90.138 51.963 5
4-30.654 01.163 30.090 20.730 5
4-40.667 41.209 60.086 90.7373
), ArticleFig(id=1197268478114710505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065845119603007, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=Entropy weight evaluation results, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
聚类结果熵权评价结果
2-10.405 2
2-21.033 9
3-10.5614
3-20.410 0
3-31.1375
4-10.706 2
4-21.3128
4-30.435 3
4-40.448 1
), ArticleFig(id=1197268478295065578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065845119603007, language=CN, label=表3, caption=熵权评价结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
聚类结果熵权评价结果
2-10.405 2
2-21.033 9
3-10.5614
3-20.410 0
3-31.1375
4-10.706 2
4-21.3128
4-30.435 3
4-40.448 1
), ArticleFig(id=1197268478450254827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065845119603007, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=Experiment to verify the results, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号质量/kg${z}_{c}/\mathrm{{mm}}$${y}_{c}/\mathrm{{mm}}$$L/\mathrm{{mm}}$
XXX1652.640.602-0.2380.647
XXX2653.710.0410.0140.043
XXX5653.830.6330.3480.723
XXX6657.090.2250.8350.864
XXX7652.940.4990.0990.509
), ArticleFig(id=1197268479708546028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065845119603007, language=CN, label=表4, caption=试验验证结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号质量/kg${z}_{c}/\mathrm{{mm}}$${y}_{c}/\mathrm{{mm}}$$L/\mathrm{{mm}}$
XXX1652.640.602-0.2380.647
XXX2653.710.0410.0140.043
XXX5653.830.6330.3480.723
XXX6657.090.2250.8350.864
XXX7652.940.4990.0990.509
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基于k-means聚类熵权评价的飞行器质心调整优化方法
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田小川 , 郁立勇 , 白斌 , 陈思 , 何文凯
导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2025,48(1): 37-41
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导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2025, 48(1): 37-41
基于k-means聚类熵权评价的飞行器质心调整优化方法
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田小川, 郁立勇, 白斌, 陈思, 何文凯
作者信息
  • 中国运载火箭技术研究院,北京,100076
  • 田小川(1992—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为电气系统设计、型号总体设计。

    郁立勇(1981—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为数据评估。

    白斌(1986—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为型号总体设计。

    陈思(1992—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为型号总体设计。

    何文凯(1992—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为结构总体设计。

Optimization Method of Aircraft Centroid Adjustment based on k-means Clustering Entropy Weight Evaluation
Xiaochuan TIAN, Liyong YU, Bin BAI, Si CHEN, Wenkai HE
Affiliations
  • China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology,Beijing,100076
出版时间: 2025-02-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250105
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针对飞行器质心调整流程复杂、耗时长的问题,运用k-means聚类方法,对飞行器配重历史数据进行聚类,基于样本聚类结果,计算出不同样本下飞行器标准配重,再通过模拟装配计算增加标准配重后的飞行器质心偏移,并得出一系列统计数据,最后采用基于熵权的综合评价方法对比质心调整效果,选出最优的飞行器标准配重,进而简化飞行器质心调整流程,大幅提升飞行器生产效率。

k-means  /  熵权评价模型  /  飞行器质心调整  /  聚类

In response to the complex and time-consuming process of adjusting the center of gravity of aircraft, k-means clustering method is used to cluster the historical data of aircraft counterweight. Based on the clustering results of samples, the standard counterweight of aircraft under different samples is calculated. Then, the centroid offset of aircraft with standard counterweight is calculated through simulated assembly, and a series of statistical data are obtained. After that, the comprehensive evaluation method based on entropy weight is used to compare the results of centroid adjustment, and the optimal standard counterweight of aircraft is selected, thus simplifying the adjustment process of aircraft centroid and greatly improving the producting efficiency of aircraft.

k-means  /  entropy weight evalution model  /  aircraft centroid adjustment  /  cluster
田小川, 郁立勇, 白斌, 陈思, 何文凯. 基于k-means聚类熵权评价的飞行器质心调整优化方法. 导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), 2025 , 48 (1) : 37 -41 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250105
Xiaochuan TIAN, Liyong YU, Bin BAI, Si CHEN, Wenkai HE. Optimization Method of Aircraft Centroid Adjustment based on k-means Clustering Entropy Weight Evaluation[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2025 , 48 (1) : 37 -41 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250105
飞行器质心相对于理论质心的横偏量直接影响飞行器的姿态控制, 当质心横偏量超出规定范围时, 飞行器可能会产生滚转速率与气动俯仰频率的共振 “连锁现象”, 进而导致配平攻角急剧增长, 横向载荷超过许用值而破坏飞行器, 还可能导致飞行器某一子午面长时间处于迎风位置,加剧不对称烧蚀,最终导致飞行失利。 因此, 在飞行器生产过程中, 会对飞行器质心进行测量, 并根据测量结果对飞行器质心进行调整, 该调整流程耗时长, 过程复杂, 严重影响生产效率。
为简化质心调整流程, 本文基于历史数据, 首先运用k-means数据聚类方法, 对历史数据样本进行类别分组, 通过不同的样本聚类结果, 计算出飞行器理想配重, 将不同样本对应的飞行器配重模拟装配到未调整质心的飞行器中, 采用基于熵权的综合评价模型评价质心调整效果, 选出最理想的飞行器标准配重, 进而简化飞行器质心调整流程, 将飞行器质心调整工作时间从8天缩短至1天,优化前的飞行器质心调整流程见图1
聚类指将类似的对象分组, 划分成多个类的过程,其中对象包括物理对象、抽象对象等的集合[1]。 聚类与数据分类有所不同, 它是一种模式识别, 且是无监督的。聚类过程是在对象数据库样本类型和类型数量未知的情况下, 根据样本内部数据的相似度, 对待分析对象数据样本开展分类, 将相似程度最大的数据样本分为一类, 相似程度较低或者差异较大的样本分为不同类。聚类分析方法有着良好的混合数据类型的处理能力、可伸缩能力和高维数据的处理能力等优点[2]
对象的数据库集合可以表示为一个$n \times k$的矩阵如图2所示。行向量表示共有$n$个数据对象,列向量表示数据具有的$k$个属性。聚类过程为对该类型的数据集合中的数据对象,根据属性相似程度进行分类[3]
k-means聚类算法也叫$k$均值聚类算法[4],流程如图3所示, 其算法步骤如下:
a)对数据进行预处理, 主要完成数据的标准化和特征选取工作,之后生成如图2所示的$n \times k$数据矩阵, 对数据进行预处理可提高聚类收敛速度, 并优化聚类结果;
b)根据需要选择$k$值,将数据分为$k$组;
c)根据选择的$k$值,随机选取$k$个聚类中心,聚类中心在数据向量所属区间内选取, 否则无法收敛;
d)选择适合对象数据库样本的距离函数, 计算数据矩阵中各向量到聚类中心的距离;
e)根据各向量到聚类中心的距离,把向量划分到与向量距离最小的聚类中心;
f)根据所分配的向量,计算并重置聚类中心;
g)返回步骤d),循环这个过程,直至聚类中心不再更新;
h)输出聚类结果。
数据的相似程度是数据聚类分析的依据, 故聚类之前需要进行相似性度量, 即对向量之间的相似性程度进行定义。相似性度量根据所采用的测度机制的不同,分为密度度量、距离度量、概念度量和连通性度量[5]
针对本文研究内容, 选择距离度量对样本相似度进行度量, 距离越近表示相似程度越高, 距离越远表示相似程度越低。目前,聚类分析还没有一个可以适用所有应用场景的距离函数。作为使用最多的距离函数, Minkowski距离计算方便且直观, 适用于度量具有连续性特征的向量。对于2个$n$维向量$\mathbf{a}=$$\left({{x}_{21},{x}_{22},\ldots ,{x}_{2n}}\right)$$\mathbf{b}= \left({{x}_{21},{x}_{22},\ldots ,{x}_{2n}}\right)$,将两者之间的Minkowski距离定义为
曼哈顿距离:${d}_{{12}\mathrm{\;m}}= \sqrt[p]{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{n}{\left|{x}_{1k}- {x}_{2k}\right|}^{p}}, p = 1$;
欧式距离:${d}_{120}= \sqrt[p]{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{n}{\left|{x}_{1k}- {x}_{2k}\right|}^{p}}, p = 2$;
切比雪夫距离:${d}_{{12}\mathrm{c}}= \sqrt[p]{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{n}{\left|{x}_{1k}- {x}_{2k}\right|}^{p}}, p \rightarrow \infty$
聚类效果好坏一般使用轮廓系数进行评价。它综合考虑分离度和内聚度两种因素, 来评价不同算法对聚类结果产生的影响[6]
若已经通过某种聚类算法将数据分成了$k$个簇, 对于其中一个向量$\mathbf{i}$来说,$\mathbf{i}$向量的轮廓系数为
${S}_{i}= \frac{{b}_{i}- {a}_{i}}{\max \left\{{{a}_{i},{b}_{i}}\right\}} $
式中${a}_{i}$为所有它属于的簇中其他所有向量到$i$向量的距离的平均值;${b}_{i}$为所有它不属于的簇中所有向量到$i$向量的距离的平均值的最小值。所有向量的轮廓系数的平均值, 就是该聚类的轮廓系数。轮廓系数取值范围为$\left\lbrack {-1,1}\right\rbrack$,聚类的分离度和内聚度越优,轮廓系数值越趋近于1。
对于样本聚类, 可以按照样本收集、数据预处理、k-means聚类、结果评价4个步骤进行聚类。
a)样本收集。收集同一型号飞行器安装配重的全部历史数据, 数据包含2个属性的内容: 安装角度$\alpha$(I象限偏II象限)和配重块质量$M,2$个属性示意如图4所示。本研究共收集了37组数据。
b)数据预处理。由于2个数据量纲不同, 直接进行聚类会导致聚类结果收敛慢且聚类结果偏差较大, 因此需对样本进行如下预处理:
${M}_{z}= M\sin \alpha $
${M}_{y}= M\cos \alpha $
式中${M}_{z}$${M}_{y}$分别为配重块在飞行器径向沿$z$轴和$y$轴的质量分量,令${M}_{z}$${M}_{y}$组成新的${37}\times 2$矩阵,对该数据矩阵进行聚类。
c)$\mathrm{k}$-means聚类。根据数据分布情况,选择$k$值在$\left\lbrack {2,4}\right\rbrack$范围内,按照1.2节的聚类算法对数据进行聚类。当$k = 2$时,聚类结果见图5,样本聚类为红蓝两类,“o”形为两个样本的聚类中心; 当$k = 3$时, 聚类结果见图6,样本聚类为绿、蓝、红3类; 当$k = 4$时,聚类结果见图7,样本聚类为粉、红、绿、 蓝4类。
d)聚类结果评价。按照1.4节计算轮廓系数的方法, 对聚类结果进行评价。由于本文聚类样本为二维同量纲向量, 故采用Minkowski距离中的欧式距离作为相似度度量工具, 这样计算简洁且更易直观理解。 计算出当$k = 2$时,轮廓系数为0.337; 当$k = 3$时,轮廓系数为0.353 ; 当$k = 4$时,轮廓系数为0.367 。
根据聚类结果, 共分出9组样本数据, 按照以下公式, 分别利用每个样本计算出标准配重块质量(见表1)。
${M}_{\mathrm{B}}= \left({\sum {M}_{\mathrm{T}}/n}\right)* \left({\sum L/n}\right)/{318}$
${\alpha }_{\mathrm{B}}= \arctan \left({{L}_{z}/{L}_{y}}\right)$
式中${M}_{\mathrm{B}}$为配重块质量;${M}_{\mathrm{T}}$为飞行器总质量;$L$为飞行器质心偏移量;$n$为样本数量;${\alpha }_{\mathrm{B}}$为配重块安装角度;${L}_{z}$为飞行器在$z$轴方向的质心偏移量;${L}_{y}$为飞行器在$y$轴方向的质心偏移量。
将上述标准配重块模拟安装到目标飞行器中, 并对安装标准配重块后飞行器质心平均偏移量、最大偏移量、偏移量离散度、标准差以及轮廓系数进行统计作为评价样本的指标数据, 见表2
信息熵可以根据指标的重要性计算熵值和权重, 以用来对信息的有用程度进行评估[7]
$n \times p$的样本数据中,信息熵和权重的计算方法如下[8]:
${x}_{ij}$为第$i$个样本第$j$个指标,按下式对其进行标准化:
${x}_{ij}^{\prime }= \frac{{x}_{ij}- \mathop{\min }\limits_{i}\left({x}_{ij}\right)}{\mathop{\max }\limits_{i}\left({x}_{ij}\right)- \mathop{\min }\limits_{i}\left({x}_{ij}\right)} $
对每个${x}_{ij}^{\prime }$按下式求取比重:
${p}_{ij}= \frac{{x}_{ij}^{\prime }}{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}{x}_{ij}^{\prime }}$
计算每个指标的信息熵值${E}_{j}$:
${E}_{j}= \frac{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}{p}_{ij}\ln {p}_{ij}}{\ln n}$
${p}_{ij}= 0,{p}_{ij}\ln {p}_{ij}= 0$
计算每个指标的权重${\omega }_{j}$:
${\omega }_{j}= \frac{1 -{E}_{j}}{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{p}\left({1 -{E}_{k}}\right)} $
熵权评价结果${T}_{i}$,样本越优,${T}_{i}$值越小,飞行器质心平均偏移量、最大偏移量、偏移量离散度、标准差均为越小代表样本越优,而轮廓系数在$\left\lbrack {-1,1}\right\rbrack$区间内越大代表样本越优, 故轮廓系数项赋值为负。
${T}_{i}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{4}{\omega }_{j}{x}_{ij}- {\omega }_{5}{x}_{i5}$
按照3.2节对样本进行熵权评价,计算结果见表3,可见样本2-1为最优样本,查表1可知,使用2-1样本计算标准配重块质量为${6.7}\mathrm{\;{kg}}$,安装位置为$\mathrm{I}$偏II象限7.05°。
在真实的飞行器生产过程中,生产质量为${6.7}\mathrm{\;{kg}}$标准配重块,安装到飞行器I象限偏II象限${7.05}^{\circ }$,并进行质心测量的结果如表4所示, 平均偏移量${0.5572}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,最大横偏量${0.864}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,满足指标要求。
本文运用k-means聚类方法, 对飞行器配重历史数据进行聚类, 并通过熵权评价方法对不同样本进行评价, 进而选出最优样本, 最后确定飞行器最佳标准配重。通过试验验证, 标准配重能够满足飞行器质心调整要求, 该方法大幅提升了飞行器生产效率, 降低了生产成本。
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2025年第48卷第1期
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250105
  • 接收时间:2024-01-30
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-30
  • 修回日期:2024-12-07
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    中国运载火箭技术研究院,北京,100076
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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