Article(id=1154065844700172605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298855528714458, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250102, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1737648000000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-24, revisedDate=1739462400000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753080338883, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753080338883, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753080338883, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753080338883, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149298855528714458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2025', volume='48', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751943800098, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754905336149, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1161720438087307694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298855528714458, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1161720438087307695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298855528714458, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=8, endPage=16, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154065845119603006, articleId=1154065844700172605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=Experimental Study on Overexpanded Underwater Supersonic Gas Jet under Co-flow Condition, columnId=1154057566637249092, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Special Contribution, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The engine nozzle is prone to work with a state of over-expansion in a high-pressure underwater environment, which will influence the jet flow field and thrust. Experiments of over-expansion supersonic underwater gas jets at different co-flow velocities are conducted using a circulating water tunnel, various forms of wake cavity and their corresponding thrust time-frequency characteristics are analyzed. It is shown that at low velocities, the over-expanded gas jet is difficult to form a cavity attached to the wake or a pulsating foam-type wake cavity. Under such flow conditions, the vehicle experiences pronounced thrust oscillations with a rich frequency spectrum (36 to ${743}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$). As the Froude number at the co-flow velocity increases to ${Fr}= {8.57}$, the jet eventually forms an intact tail cavity, at which point the amplitude of the thrust oscillations decreases significantly and the mean thrust value increases significantly. The internal gas reflux phenomenon in the jet-induced tail cavity is also directly observed, and the observed reflux velocity at ${Fr}= {8.57}$ is about ${1.13}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$.

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高压的水中环境下大扩张比发动机喷流易处于过膨胀状态,对发动机喷流流场及推力特性产生影响,因此基于循环水洞开展了不同共流速度下过膨胀水下超声速气体喷流试验研究,分析不同形式的尾空泡形态以及对应的推力时频特征。研究表明,低速状态下过膨胀气体喷流难以形成附着于尾部的空泡和脉动泡沫型尾空泡,这种流动状态下推力振动幅值较大,并且振荡具有丰富的频率特征(36~743 Hz),随着共流速度的弗劳德数${Fr}$增大到8.57,喷流最终将形成完整的尾空泡,此时推力振荡幅值显著下降,并且推力平均值明显提高。试验中还观察到喷流诱导尾空泡内部气体回流区域的流动现象,在${Fr}= {8.57}$时观察到回流速度约为${1.13}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$

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张耐民(1980—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为水下航行体总体设计。

许昊(1990—),男,博士,助理研究员,主要研究方向为水下高速喷流技术。

孙铁志(1986—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为跨介质出入水动力学。

孔德才(1983—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为水下航行体总体设计。

李芳(1992-),女,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为流体力学。

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1一轴流泵;2一蓄水箱;3一气泡分离箱;4一压力调节系统;5一工作段;6一试验模型; 7一高速摄像机; 8一压力传感器; 9一六分量天平; 10一数据采集器;11一支撑件;12一整流罩。

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figureFileSmall=Orz2h+64AQvRr0wSfAP/EQ==, figureFileBig=a+sFA3QbOVS5r0mGwRRMJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197268674211004788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065844700172605, language=CN, label=图13, caption=航行体背压曲线, figureFileSmall=Orz2h+64AQvRr0wSfAP/EQ==, figureFileBig=a+sFA3QbOVS5r0mGwRRMJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197268674349416821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065844700172605, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Back pressure and thrust characteristics variation for different co-flow velocities, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
共流速度${Fr}$2.865.718.5711.42
喷流发展前平均背压/kPa44.9545.1742.0839.48
喷流稳定段平均背压/kPa47.4246.3245.0944.28
假设背部受力变化/N0.912.215.859.22
喷流前总阻力/N-0.16-4.46-11.98-20.55
测得的平均推力/N0.201 81.327 24.534 17.848 5
), ArticleFig(id=1197268674634629494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1154065844700172605, language=CN, label=表1, caption=不同共流速度背压变化和推力特征, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
共流速度${Fr}$2.865.718.5711.42
喷流发展前平均背压/kPa44.9545.1742.0839.48
喷流稳定段平均背压/kPa47.4246.3245.0944.28
假设背部受力变化/N0.912.215.859.22
喷流前总阻力/N-0.16-4.46-11.98-20.55
测得的平均推力/N0.201 81.327 24.534 17.848 5
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不同共流条件下过膨胀水下超声速气体喷流试验研究
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张耐民 1 , 许昊 2 , 孙铁志 2 , 孔德才 1 , 李芳 1
导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 特约稿件 2025,48(1): 8-16
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导弹与航天运载技术(中英文) | 特约稿件 2025, 48(1): 8-16
不同共流条件下过膨胀水下超声速气体喷流试验研究
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张耐民1, 许昊2, 孙铁志2, 孔德才1, 李芳1
作者信息
  • 1北京宇航系统工程研究所,北京,100076
  • 2大连理工大学船舶工程学院,大连,116024
  • 张耐民(1980—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为水下航行体总体设计。

    许昊(1990—),男,博士,助理研究员,主要研究方向为水下高速喷流技术。

    孙铁志(1986—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为跨介质出入水动力学。

    孔德才(1983—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为水下航行体总体设计。

    李芳(1992-),女,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为流体力学。

Experimental Study on Overexpanded Underwater Supersonic Gas Jet under Co-flow Condition
Naimin ZHANG1, Hao XU2, Tiezhi SUN2, Decai KONG1, Fang LI1
Affiliations
  • 1Beijing Institute of Astronautical Systems Engineering,Beijing,100076
  • 2School of Naval Architecture,Dalian University of Technology,Dalian,116024
出版时间: 2025-02-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250102
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高压的水中环境下大扩张比发动机喷流易处于过膨胀状态,对发动机喷流流场及推力特性产生影响,因此基于循环水洞开展了不同共流速度下过膨胀水下超声速气体喷流试验研究,分析不同形式的尾空泡形态以及对应的推力时频特征。研究表明,低速状态下过膨胀气体喷流难以形成附着于尾部的空泡和脉动泡沫型尾空泡,这种流动状态下推力振动幅值较大,并且振荡具有丰富的频率特征(36~743 Hz),随着共流速度的弗劳德数${Fr}$增大到8.57,喷流最终将形成完整的尾空泡,此时推力振荡幅值显著下降,并且推力平均值明显提高。试验中还观察到喷流诱导尾空泡内部气体回流区域的流动现象,在${Fr}= {8.57}$时观察到回流速度约为${1.13}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$

超声速喷流  /  大扩张比喷管  /  过膨胀  /  尾空泡

The engine nozzle is prone to work with a state of over-expansion in a high-pressure underwater environment, which will influence the jet flow field and thrust. Experiments of over-expansion supersonic underwater gas jets at different co-flow velocities are conducted using a circulating water tunnel, various forms of wake cavity and their corresponding thrust time-frequency characteristics are analyzed. It is shown that at low velocities, the over-expanded gas jet is difficult to form a cavity attached to the wake or a pulsating foam-type wake cavity. Under such flow conditions, the vehicle experiences pronounced thrust oscillations with a rich frequency spectrum (36 to ${743}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$). As the Froude number at the co-flow velocity increases to ${Fr}= {8.57}$, the jet eventually forms an intact tail cavity, at which point the amplitude of the thrust oscillations decreases significantly and the mean thrust value increases significantly. The internal gas reflux phenomenon in the jet-induced tail cavity is also directly observed, and the observed reflux velocity at ${Fr}= {8.57}$ is about ${1.13}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$.

supersonic jets  /  large expansion ratio nozzle  /  overexpansion  /  wake cavitation
张耐民, 许昊, 孙铁志, 孔德才, 李芳. 不同共流条件下过膨胀水下超声速气体喷流试验研究. 导弹与航天运载技术(中英文), 2025 , 48 (1) : 8 -16 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250102
Naimin ZHANG, Hao XU, Tiezhi SUN, Decai KONG, Fang LI. Experimental Study on Overexpanded Underwater Supersonic Gas Jet under Co-flow Condition[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2025 , 48 (1) : 8 -16 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250102
发动机水下点火矢量控制是一种提高水下航行体运动稳定性的重要手段[1],发动机在水下工作时,喷管产生的超声速气体喷流与环境绕流相互作用, 可能产生不同形式的空泡附着在航行体尾部。尾空泡的存在会对发动机工作和流体动力产生强烈影响, 进而可能影响航行体稳定性。因此, 开展航行体尾部喷流研究具有重要的理论价值和工程意义。
针对水下高速气体喷流问题, 学者们开展了大量的研究。在喷流的流动演化特征方面, Shi等[2-3]通过试验观察到了喷流的回击现象, 并将气体射流在长度方向上分为了动量射流、浮力射流和羽流3个部分。 Jana等[4-5]通过数值仿真研究了水下喷流流动结构发展特征, 并且发现喷流在过膨胀和更高出口马赫数条件下更容易受到颈缩和回击现象的影响。Lian等[6]基于试验开展了喷流演化和推力特征的联合分析, 分析了不同压比和扩张比条件下喷流的演化特征。许佳伟[7]研究了水下点火燃气流动特征,通过数值仿真观察到燃气泡的破裂、脱落、颈缩等剧烈变化现象, 研究还发现欠膨胀状态下流场中波系较为复杂, 而过膨胀较为简单。上述研究使得研究人员对水下超声速气体喷流演化特征的认识不断加深, 并且发现在一定来流环境下气体喷流会诱导形成尾空泡, 将与喷流产生耦合影响。在水下气体喷流与尾空泡的耦合机理研究方面, Yang等[8-10]通过试验研究了不同弗劳德数${Fr}$、通气系数和压比对航行体尾部射流产生的尾空泡类型的影响, 将尾空泡分为3种不同类型, 并分析了不同条件航行体尾部压力的振荡特征。 许昊等[11]通过结合试验结果与数值仿真,发现了4种不同类型的尾空泡, 并获得了其平均形态, 结合Paryshev提出的耦合模型, 分析了尾空泡形成与转变机理。Yao等[12]研究了垂直运动的带尾翼航行体尾部射流诱导尾空泡特征,讨论了空泡闭合、分离、 剪切层涡流等现象, 并提出了射流与尾空泡的耦合模型。在实际应用中, 为了在设计高度获得较高的推力性能, 喷管往往采用大扩张比设计, 喷管几何外形不变或调节范围有限,在水下环境压力较高时, 喷流处于过膨胀状态, 可能发生流动分离。在大扩张比喷管和过膨胀状态喷流的研究方面, 黄蓉等[13]结合分离预测公式, 发展了考虑流动分离的喷管性能工程估算方法, 可为喷管设计提供直接指导。周娟等[14]通过数值仿真对不同深度的水下固体火箭发动机流场进行了研究, 随着水深增加, 喷流演化为过膨胀状态, 研究分析了喷流的激波结构、界面演化、压力振荡等特征,获取了环境压力对推力与流场的影响。张春等[15]通过压力水筒开展了大扩张比喷管水下的点火试验,并结合数值仿真对流动和压力特征进行了研究, 发现射流核心区剧烈振荡, 频率为${100}\sim {200}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$,研究还提出了锥形喷管水下燃气流动分离的简易工程判据。
综上所述, 从水下超声速气体喷流的流场演化特征、推力压力特征、喷流与尾空泡耦合机理等方面, 对水下气体喷流开展了丰富的研究。航行体水下航行时, 环境压力变化范围大, 其发动机喷管扩张比设计受到限制, 在水下可能无法达到最佳工作状态, 因此本文针对大扩张比(Area Ratio, AR),即$\mathrm{{AR}}= {14}$的Laval喷管, 基于循环水洞开展了不同共流速度下的水下喷流试验, 探究不同共流速度对喷流流场演化特征的影响, 分析了不同形态喷流的推力时频特征, 从而得出高速喷流演化和推力变化机理。
试验在循环水洞内开展,试验环境、测试系统和试验模型如图1所示。图1右下角为循环水洞结构示意,通过轴流泵驱动和控制管道内水的流动,在工作段形成稳定可控的流速; 通过压力调节系统调节工作段压力,可调节范围为${10}\sim {110}\mathrm{{kPa}}$;在工作段下游配备一个气泡分离箱, 用于去除工作段通入的气体。图1左下角展示了本次试验的数据采集系统, 包括安装在航行体内部的驻室压力传感器(0~800 kPa,$\pm {0.25}\%\mathrm{{FS}})$、温度传感器、六分量天平以及高速摄像机, 这些设备通过数据采集器统一控制, 实现了同步多维数据采集。图1上方为本次试验使用的航行体模型, 通过支撑件安装在水洞工作段内, 航行体模型分为前、后2个部分, 前体主要用于支撑和形成绕流流场, 后体通过悬臂梁形式固定, 两部分之间安装了六分量天平, 用于捕捉后体受力情况; 在后体尾部安装了喷管以及背部压力传感器$\left({0 \sim {100}\mathrm{{kPa}},\pm {0.5}\%\mathrm{{FS}}}\right)$, 航行体尾端壁面为圆形,直径为${50}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,试验过程中水温保持在约22℃。
喷管内部流动是三维、可压缩和非定常的, 直接对其进行分析十分复杂, 常用的分析方法为将喷管内流动简化为 “准一维等熵稳态流动”,即假设流动参数仅是沿着流道$x$方向上的函数。通过假设流体为无黏、热力学参数恒定的理想气体, 可得到质量守恒方程、动量方程、能量方程和气体状态方程[16]:
$\frac{\mathrm{d}\rho }{\rho }+ \frac{\mathrm{d}A}{A}+ \frac{\mathrm{d}V}{V}= 0 $
${\rho V}\frac{\mathrm{d}V}{\mathrm{\;d}x}= -\left({\frac{\mathrm{d}P}{\mathrm{\;d}x}+ \frac{{\tau }_{\omega }C}{\mathrm{\;d}A}}\right)$
$\mathrm{d}h + V\mathrm{\;d}V =\mathrm{d}q -\mathrm{d}w $
$ P ={\rho RT}$
式中$\rho , A, V, h$分别为流体的密度、流道面积、流体速度和焓;${\tau }_{\omega }, C$分别为壁面剪切力(无黏流动时为0)和流道截面周长;$q, w$分别为单位质量的传热和做功。通过连续性方程和动量方程, 结合声速的定义:
${a}^{2}= \frac{K}{\rho }= \frac{\mathrm{d}p}{\mathrm{\;d}\rho }$
式中$K$为介质的体积弹性模量;$\rho$为密度。
可以推导得到可压缩流体通过不同面积流道与马赫数之间的关系:
$\mathrm{d}P\left({1 - M{a}^{2}}\right)= \rho {V}^{2}\frac{\mathrm{d}A}{A}$
式中$P$为流道中的压力。
根据动量方程, 可继续得到面积与速度的关系:
$\frac{\mathrm{d}A}{A}= \left({M{a}^{2}-1}\right)\frac{\mathrm{d}V}{V}$
在设计工况下的Laval喷管, 气体流速在喷管收缩段为亚声速, 在喉部达到声速, 并在扩张段达到超声速, 只有当喷管出口压力等于环境压力时, 喷管为完全膨胀状态, 喷管达到最佳工作效率。当环境压力增大, 喷管出口将形成正激波以修正出口压力(见图2), 使之匹配环境压力。
喷管壁面型线对喷流质量有很大影响, 本文通过维托辛斯基曲线设计了收缩段型线, 根据试验模型需求,驻室直径为${6.00}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,喉部直径为${2.00}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,喷管扩张段基于上述等熵流动原理进行设计, 通过流速与面积关系计算得到不同截面积对应的马赫数, 进而通过5次样条曲线得到平滑的扩张段。为了研究大扩张比喷管的水下工作状态, 本文设计了如图3所示的Laval喷管, 其出口直径为${7.48}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,收缩段长度为$4\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,扩张段长度${16}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$, 其扩张比为14。
根据等熵流动理论, 如果达到完全膨胀状态, 即出口压力与环境压力相等${p}_{\mathrm{e}}= {p}_{\mathrm{a}}= {45}\mathrm{{kPa}}$,忽略驻室气体速度, 驻室压力可通过下式计算:
${p}_{0}= {p}_{\mathrm{e}}{\left\lbrack 1 +\frac{1}{2}\left(\gamma - 1\right) M{a}^{2}\right\rbrack }^{\frac{\gamma }{\gamma - 1}}$
其设计条件下的落压比(Nozzle Pressure Ratio, NPR)为224.75。在本次试验中, 工作段压力保持${45}\mathrm{{kPa}}$,通过控制喷管驻室压力为${470.7}\mathrm{{kPa}}$,实际落压比为10.46 ,因此处于过膨胀状态。通过控制循环水洞内水的流速, 形成了不同的共流速度, 文中通过弗劳德数(Fr)表征共流速度:
${Fr}= {U}_{\infty }/\sqrt{gD}$
式中${U}_{\infty }$为来流速度;$g$为重力加速度;$D$为航行体柱段直径。文中给出了4种不同共流速度下的水下超声速气体喷流,分别为${Fr}= {2.86}\text{、}{5.71}\text{、}{8.57}\text{、}{11.42}$
高速摄影图像的处理方法在之前的研究中已有说明[17],在这里仅进行简要介绍。本文提取了不同共流速度下出口截面直径-时间图像, 提取方法为: 设单次试验采样为$N \times M \times T$大小的三维矩阵$A$,其中$N$$M$为图像尺寸,$T$为总采样帧数,$t$时刻采样可表示为${\mathbf{S}}_{t}= \left\lbrack {{\mathbf{I}}_{t,1},{\mathbf{I}}_{t,2},\cdots ,{\mathbf{I}}_{t, M}}\right\rbrack$,其中${\mathbf{I}}_{t, M}$表示$t$时刻捕捉图像的第$M$列像素矩阵,大小为$N$行1列,通过矩阵变化形成${\mathbf{T}}_{m}= \left\lbrack {{\mathbf{I}}_{1, m},{\mathbf{I}}_{2, m},{\mathbf{I}}_{3, m},\cdots ,{\mathbf{I}}_{T, m}}\right\rbrack$,即为第$m$列(轴向位置)对应的喷流截面直径随时间变化的图像,下文称为出口截面直径-时间图像, 可通过图像轮廓以及颜色深度判断喷流发展程度。
在不同的共流速度下, 航行体受到的初始受力不同,图4给出了不同共流速度下航行体后体的轴向受力,在喷流产生前航行体后体受到$-{20}\sim 0\mathrm{\;N}$不等的轴向力,喷流产生的推力不足以直接将航行体受力方向转变, 但是显著地增大了航行体轴向力, 为了提取喷流产生的作用力,将$1 \sim {15}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$的初始阻力消除,通过整体偏移的方式提取了喷流产生的作用力, 在本文研究中统称为推力。
发动机水下工作存在点火并建立流场的过程, 针对不同航行速度下的点火工况, 对不同共流速度下的喷流初期演化进行分析。不同的共流速度导致在喷流产生之前, 在绕流作用下航行体尾部具有不同的流动速度和压力。在共流速度较低时$\left({{Fr}= {2.86}\sim {5.71}}\right)$, 气体由喷管排出后会产生体积较大的透明气泡, 随着驻室内压力建立, 喷管内流动逐渐加速, 气流充入初始气泡, 使其体积增加并在共流的共同推动下向下游移动, 后续喷流则逐步与共流作用, 在径向扩展至基本等于航行体直径。当共流速度逐渐增大$({Fr}=$8.57 (11.42),前10 ms内形成的气泡明显更小,并且呈现出不透明的特征,即存在更高程度的掺混。由于共流速度较大, 喷流结构在轴向和径向都发展更快。 另外, 在喷流发展初期, 可观察到向下游凸出的流动结构如图5$\left({{F}_{r}= {8.57}}\right)$所示,成因将在3.3节具体分析。
图6为通过数据处理获得的喷流出口截面直径$W$变化的时域图像, 可以清晰地表现出大扩张比喷管射流的发展情况。从图6中可以观察到, 共流速度较小时, 射流存在初始透明气泡发展阶段, 而随着共流速度增加, 呈现出不透明、直径与喷管出口直径接近的形态, 这与图5中的结果一致。从发展阶段的上下不对称程度来看, 喷流下方发展更加缓慢, 原因在于喷流气体受到浮力作用, 初始阶段掺混的微小气泡均受到向上的浮力作用, 更加快速地覆盖了航行体尾部区域。此外, 从整体发展形态来看, 不同共流速度下最终会形成不同的喷流形态,${Fr}= {2.86}$共流条件下始终为破碎状态,在航行体尾端无法稳定附着。${Fr}= {5.71}$条件下,喷流可以在航行体尾端形成附着的空泡, 在图6中表现为宽度稳定的深色阶段, 表示这一阶段尾空泡气液掺混程度较高, 光线在多次折射、反射和吸收后亮度下降。颜色同样反映了空泡的发展形态,${Fr}= {8.57}\sim {11.42}$条件下,喷流初期并不沿着尾端面径向扩展, 在保持较小直径后快速演化为尾空泡, 并逐步发展为透明状完整尾空泡, 共流速度越高, 空泡转为透明所需时间越短。
图7给出了稳定阶段喷流发展的典型图像,均为喷流发展${350}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$时的流场图像,从上述分析和图6中可以发现,在${125}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$后喷流已经发展到相对稳定的阶段, 因此给出的图像具有一定的代表性。按照喷流诱导尾空泡的形态分类[18],${Fr}= {5.71}$条件下的最终形态属于脉动泡沫型尾空腔(Pulsating Foam Cavity, PFC),而${Fr}= {8.57}\sim {11.42}$最终会形成完整型尾空泡(Intact Cavity, IC), 即形成附着在航行体尾部的较为稳定、透明的气体空腔,对于不同的共流速度,$\mathrm{{IC}}$的形态也有所不同, 主要在于下部边界向上闭合的斜率不同。${Fr}= {2.86}$条件下,还未能形成附着于尾端的空腔,气体在浮力作用下在航行体尾端上缘聚集, 此时喷流受到界面演化干扰较为显著, 包括颈缩作用和气液界面上浮阻挡影响。
通过对试验模型中六分量天平数据的提取和处理(具体讨论见3.3节), 提取出了不同共流速度下的喷流推力, 结果见图8。由图8可知, 不同的尾空泡流动特征对应着不同的推力特征。不同共流速度条件下最显著的特征为振动幅值的大小, 低共流速度时推力振幅最大(约为$-{10}\sim {10}\mathrm{\;N}$),随着共流速度提高,振动幅值在${F}_{r}= {5.71}$时减小为$- 5 \sim {10}\mathrm{\;N}$,当共流速度增加到${Fr}= {8.57}$及以上时,振动幅值出现显著下降。其次, 推力平均值随着共流速度增长而逐渐增加, 如图9所示,推力从小到大分别为${0.2018}\mathrm{\;N}\text{、}{1.3272}\mathrm{\;N}$${4.5341}\mathrm{\;N}$${7.8485}\mathrm{\;N},{Fr}= {11.42}$时的推力大约为${Fr}=$5.71时的6倍。研究表明, 在喷流演化过程中当尾空泡的排气通道在颈缩或其他干扰下被阻挡,会导致航行体背压和轴向推力出现峰值[6],需要注意的是, 上述结论是针对喷流的非定常演化与推力之间的关联,即在图8$\mathrm{a}$图8$\mathrm{\;b}$中,推力出现振荡的原因包括尾空泡的耦合影响, 平均推力的显著变化在3.3节中讨论。
时频联合分析方法作为数字信号处理和分析的常用方法,能反映信号频率分量随时间的变化趋势[19], 通过连续小波变换,图8中还给出了推力的时频图像,$y$轴为频率,通过颜色表示对应的幅值。低共流速度${F}_{r}= {2.86}$时,推力振荡的频率成分最为丰富,即在多个频率上均有能量分布, 其中突出的3个频率分别为${36}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$${156}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$${743}\pm 5\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$,丰富的频率成分可能与这一共流条件下最为破碎、复杂的喷流结构有关。随着共流速度的提高,${Fr}= {5.71}$时低频振荡最为显著$\left({{33}\sim {60}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}}\right)$,同时具有较为显著的${743}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$附近高频振荡,振荡整体范围与${Fr}= {2.86}$保持一致。随着速度继续提高, 此时尾部流场的显著变化(转变为IC)导致推力频率的显著变化,除了在喷流初期存在较大范围振荡, 尾空泡形成后振荡幅值显著下降, 较为显著的仅剩${743}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$附近高频振荡。综上分析,在所有的尾空泡流动条件下,${743}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$附近高频振荡是固定存在的, 可能与喷管内的流动特性有关, 而低频的振荡分量可能与尾空泡的耦合更加相关, 在形成IC后这一频率的振荡便几乎消失。
不同共流速度推力功率谱如图10所示, 可以发现, 随着共流速度提高, 直流通量占比显著提高, 其他频率成分均显著下降,其中的${743}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$附近高频振荡下降幅度较小, 因此在频率谱中更加突出。同时可以发现,除了${743}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$主频外,在较高共流速度时还存在${114}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$${198}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$两个主频,在${F}_{r}= {2.86}$时也存在${114}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$主频,但是在${Fr}= {5.71}$却并未发现。
值得注意的是, 本次试验通过高速摄像获取的喷流演化图像是空泡侧面投影, 捕捉了空泡上下界面演化过程和单侧表面演化, 但是对于其内部流动, 现有观测方法很难捕捉。结合相关数值研究结果[18],可对空泡内部流动建立更加清晰的认知。图11给出了内部剖面的流动结构示意, 实际上喷流诱导尾空泡内部包含3层流动,从内到外分别为射流核心区、气体回流区和最外层的气液界面。核心射流区具有很高的速度, 出口一定范围内将保持超声速喷流(图11中红色箭头), 并逐步减速至亚声速, 在核心射流区边界(图11中虚线仅为示意)气体高速剪切,形成回流区域(图11中绿色箭头), 回流区在尾空泡的根部占据较大体积。回流气体在航行体尾端壁面再次形成漩涡, 一部分被核心射流区引射, 另一部分在气液界面形成薄层, 其流动速度趋近于来流速度。
上述回流理论解释了图5中体积的 “凸出结构”, 即在发展初期, 回流气体在尾端壁面附近被堵塞发展为漩涡, 在气体动量和来流共同作用下形成了向下游凸出的流动结构(图11中黄色箭头1 ), 在来流作用下这一结构继续向下游发展(图11中黄色箭头2), 最终会在上下界面形成类似波浪的流动结构, 这一结构在喷流形成过程中也十分常见。
图12为在试验中观察到的部分射流诱导尾空泡流动现象示意。图12a中橙色虚线标注出的结构和上述提及的 “凸出结构” 极为相似, 可观察到在回流气体的冲击下,首先出现了向外垂直发展的结构,在共流作用下, 这一垂直结构头部发生弯曲, 并且其底部持续发展, 说明其内部存在持续气体流动, 支撑结构不断发展。由图12b可知,在${F}_{r}= {8.57}$${281.5}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$时, 尾空泡根部已发展为透明状态, 透过快速变化的表面纹理, 可观察到空泡内部一个缓慢向航行体运动的深色结构(可能为气体内部的微小液滴, 直径约为$5\mathrm{\;{mm}}$),图中通过圆圈标注,通过连续图像计算,这一结构移动速度约为${1.13}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$
针对喷流作用下航行体受力情况进行进一步分析。水流作用下尾部射流可以明显减小轴向力, 赵静等[20]将这一效果分为射流产生的轴向推力和射流通过提高尾部压力从而减小了阻力。本文将射流产生的全部效果视作其产生的总推力。不同的来流条件导致差异明显的尾部流动状态, 一方面影响超声速气体流场的建立进而产生不同的动量和压差推力,即式(10)中的前两项, 另一方面不同形态的尾空泡则会产生不同的背压推力,即式(10)中第3项[4]:
$ F =\dot{m}{v}_{\mathrm{e}}+ {A}_{\mathrm{e}}\left({{P}_{\mathrm{e}}- {P}_{\infty }}\right)+ \left({{A}_{\mathrm{s}}- {A}_{\mathrm{e}}}\right)\left({{P}_{\mathrm{b}}- {P}_{\infty }}\right)$
式中$\dot{m}$为喷管质量流量;${v}_{\mathrm{e}}$为喷管出口流速;${A}_{\mathrm{e}}$,${A}_{\mathrm{s}}$分别为喷管出口面积和航行体尾部面积;${P}_{\mathrm{e}}$,${P}_{\mathrm{b}}$,${P}_{\infty }$分别为喷管出口压力、航行体尾端面压力和环境压力。
通过提取喷流发展前$\left({1 \sim {15}\mathrm{\;{ms}}}\right)$与喷流发展稳定后(${1000}\sim {2000}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$)航行体尾部压力,如图13所示, 不难发现共流速度越高, 初始背压越低, 并且喷流发展后的背压与原始背压的差距越大, 计算结果如表1所示。假设航行体尾端壁面(不含喷管)为环状, 整个面积上的受力均与压力测点相等, 通过喷流前后压差和面积即可计算出 “假设背部受力变化”, 不难发现这一受力的变化趋势与测得平均推力的趋势极为相似,${Fr}= {11.42}$时的背压受力变化大约为${Fr}=$2.86时的10倍, 说明不同共流速度下的总推力变化中, 背压推力占据了相当大的成分。
当前的研究中对于流场内部结构的捕捉, 尤其是对射流核心区的波系演化特征捕捉较为缺乏, 对于推力成分的分析仅依靠背部的压力测点, 难以定量研究,在后续的研究中,有望通过与数值方法[4]结合的手段, 进一步分析过膨胀状态喷流的内部结构和推力特征。
基于循环水洞开展大扩张比(AR=14)Laval喷管的水下喷流试验,研究过膨胀气体喷流(NPR=10.46)在不同共流速度下的喷流演化特征, 分析不同尾空泡形态, 并基于试验模型内部的传感器, 分析航行体受力情况的时频特征, 最后开展流动机理和推力变化原因的分析, 得出以下结论:
a)过膨胀气体喷流在较低共流速度$\left({{F}_{r}= {2.86}}\right)$下无法形成附着空泡, 随着共流速度提高将形成脉动泡沫型空泡, 共流速度继续提高, 将最终形成完整尾空泡, 速度越高越快发展为透明状态。
b)不同条件的尾空泡会对推力的振荡产生显著影响, 在形成完整空泡前, 振荡的幅值明显更大, 并且在频率上的分布更加广泛,具有${36}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}\text{、}{156}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$${743}\pm 5\mathrm{\;{Hz}}3$个主要频率,随着完整空泡的形成,振荡幅值显著下降,在稳定阶段振荡频率上仅${743}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$附近振荡相对显著。
c)通过分析射流诱导空泡的内部流动结构, 在试验中观察到了内部气体回流区域的直接现象, 在${F}_{r}= {8.57}$时观察到回流速度约为${1.13}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$,同时也揭示了喷流演化过程中向下游凸出结构的产生原因。
d)通过航行体背部压力测点数据推算, 航行体背压受力变化显著,${Fr}= {11.42}$时的背压受力变化大约为${F}_{r}= {2.86}$时的10倍,因此不同共流速度下平均推力变化明显原因可能在于推力成分中的背压推力变化较为显著。
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20250102
  • 接收时间:2025-01-24
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-24
  • 修回日期:2025-02-14
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    1北京宇航系统工程研究所,北京,100076
    2大连理工大学船舶工程学院,大连,116024
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小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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