Article(id=1148011775120896961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298864751989270, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240611, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1711641600000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-29, revisedDate=1724256000000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751636936216, onlineDateStr=2025-07-04, pubDate=1735056000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751636936216, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751636936216, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751636936216, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149298864751989270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2024', volume='47', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751943802297, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754895906333, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1161680886572339243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298864751989270, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1161680886572339244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298864751989270, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=69, endPage=75, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1148011775309640658, articleId=1148011775120896961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=Design, Production, Testing and Application of Movable Deflectors for Medium-sized Launch Vehicles, columnId=1154067058611446771, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Launch Support, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to realize the unsupported launch of a medium-sized launch vehicle, a movable deflector scheme is adopted. Deflector has gone through a complete development process such as scheme design, gas flow field simulation analysis, metal matrix production, ablation test, heat protection cap production, etc., and has finally been successfully applied in the unsupported launch of medium-sized liquid launch vehicles.

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为了实现中型运载火箭无依托发射,采用了可移动导流器方案。导流器历经方案设计、燃气流场仿真分析、金属基体生产、烧蚀试验、防热帽生产等一系列完整而严谨的研制流程,最终在中型液体运载火箭无依托发射中得到了成功应用。

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李永俊(1975—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为火箭发射总体技术。

张延辉(1969—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为复合材料技术。

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李永俊(1975—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为火箭发射总体技术。

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Manufacturing method of ablation type deflector of medium-sized liquid rocket and heat protection cap thereof[P].China:CN115891004A, 2023-04-04., articleTitle=Manufacturing method of ablation type deflector of medium-sized liquid rocket and heat protection cap thereof, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197270132943798487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011775120896961, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=4, authorNames=曲作鹏, journalName=中国:CN114234718A, refType=null, unstructuredReference=曲作鹏. 基于钢筋混凝土结构的导流锥及其制备方法[P].中国:CN114234718A, 2022-03-25., articleTitle=基于钢筋混凝土结构的导流锥及其制备方法, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197270133136736473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011775120896961, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=5, authorNames=QU Zuopeng, journalName=China:CN114234718A, refType=null, unstructuredReference=QU Zuopeng. 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序号 名称 参数值
1 喷管出口内径/mm 995
2 喷管出口半角/(°) 7
3 面积比 12.8
4 喷管出口温度/K 2040
5 摩尔质量数/$\left({\mathrm{g}\cdot {\mathrm{{mol}}}^{-1}}\right)$ 24.5
6 黏性系数/(MPa·s) 0.06944
7 平衡流定压比热$/\left({\mathrm{J}\cdot {\left(\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot \mathrm{K}\right)}^{-1}}\right)$ 2.035
8 平衡流导热系数$/\left({\mathrm{W}\cdot {\left({\mathrm{m}}^{2}\cdot \mathrm{K}\right)}^{-1}}\right)$ 0.2549
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序号 名称 参数值
1 喷管出口内径/mm 995
2 喷管出口半角/(°) 7
3 面积比 12.8
4 喷管出口温度/K 2040
5 摩尔质量数/$\left({\mathrm{g}\cdot {\mathrm{{mol}}}^{-1}}\right)$ 24.5
6 黏性系数/(MPa·s) 0.06944
7 平衡流定压比热$/\left({\mathrm{J}\cdot {\left(\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot \mathrm{K}\right)}^{-1}}\right)$ 2.035
8 平衡流导热系数$/\left({\mathrm{W}\cdot {\left({\mathrm{m}}^{2}\cdot \mathrm{K}\right)}^{-1}}\right)$ 0.2549
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序号 项目 参数值
1 燃烧室压强/MPa 1.5
2 燃烧室总温/K 3470
3 燃料总流量/$\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$ 0.87
4 喷管出口燃气速率/($\mathrm{m}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$) 2390
5 喷管出口燃气温度/K 2210
6 喷管出口马赫数 2.4
7 喷管出口内直径/mm 65
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序号 项目 参数值
1 燃烧室压强/MPa 1.5
2 燃烧室总温/K 3470
3 燃料总流量/$\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$ 0.87
4 喷管出口燃气速率/($\mathrm{m}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$) 2390
5 喷管出口燃气温度/K 2210
6 喷管出口马赫数 2.4
7 喷管出口内直径/mm 65
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试件号 最大线烧蚀率$/\left({\mathrm{{mm}}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$
1 1.63
2 1.94
3 1.96
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试件号 最大线烧蚀率$/\left({\mathrm{{mm}}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$
1 1.63
2 1.94
3 1.96
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位置 点1 点2 点3 点4 点5 点6
上部 21 22 21 21 23 21
中部 21 22 21 22 22 21
下部 21 22 21 21 21 21
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位置 点1 点2 点3 点4 点5 点6
上部 21 22 21 21 23 21
中部 21 22 21 22 22 21
下部 21 22 21 21 21 21
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位置 列1 列2 列3 列4 列5
行1 15.1 14.9 15.4 15.2 15.4
行2 17.8 17.8 18.2 18.1 -
行3 17.8 18.0 17.7 15.5 15.0
行4 15.1 14.5 17.6 17.2 15.3
行5 15.0 15.2 15.0 14.8 15.2
行6 14.8 15.4 15.4 15.4 16.9
行7 15.2 19.1 18.5 15.3 17.8
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位置 列1 列2 列3 列4 列5
行1 15.1 14.9 15.4 15.2 15.4
行2 17.8 17.8 18.2 18.1 -
行3 17.8 18.0 17.7 15.5 15.0
行4 15.1 14.5 17.6 17.2 15.3
行5 15.0 15.2 15.0 14.8 15.2
行6 14.8 15.4 15.4 15.4 16.9
行7 15.2 19.1 18.5 15.3 17.8
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中型运载火箭可移动导流器设计生产试验与应用
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李永俊 1 , 张延辉 2
导弹与航天运载技术 | 发射技术 2024,47(6): 69-75
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导弹与航天运载技术 | 发射技术 2024, 47(6): 69-75
中型运载火箭可移动导流器设计生产试验与应用
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李永俊1, 张延辉2
作者信息
  • 1 北京天兵科技有限公司,北京,100076
  • 2 河南省科学院化学研究所有限公司化学研究所,郑州,450002
  • 李永俊(1975—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为火箭发射总体技术。

    张延辉(1969—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为复合材料技术。

Design, Production, Testing and Application of Movable Deflectors for Medium-sized Launch Vehicles
Yongjun LI1, Yanhui ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1 Beijing Space Pioneer Co., LTD,Beijing,100076
  • 2 Institute of Chemistry,Institute of Chemistry Co., LTD Henan Academy of Sciences,Zhengzhou,450002
出版时间: 2024-12-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240611
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为了实现中型运载火箭无依托发射,采用了可移动导流器方案。导流器历经方案设计、燃气流场仿真分析、金属基体生产、烧蚀试验、防热帽生产等一系列完整而严谨的研制流程,最终在中型液体运载火箭无依托发射中得到了成功应用。

中型运载火箭  /  可移动导流器  /  防热帽  /  试验与应用

In order to realize the unsupported launch of a medium-sized launch vehicle, a movable deflector scheme is adopted. Deflector has gone through a complete development process such as scheme design, gas flow field simulation analysis, metal matrix production, ablation test, heat protection cap production, etc., and has finally been successfully applied in the unsupported launch of medium-sized liquid launch vehicles.

medium launch vehicle  /  movable deflector  /  heatproof cap  /  tests and applications
李永俊, 张延辉. 中型运载火箭可移动导流器设计生产试验与应用. 导弹与航天运载技术, 2024 , 47 (6) : 69 -75 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240611
Yongjun LI, Yanhui ZHANG. Design, Production, Testing and Application of Movable Deflectors for Medium-sized Launch Vehicles[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2024 , 47 (6) : 69 -75 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240611
运载火箭发射常用的测发模式主要有一平两垂、 三垂和三平模式[1]。发射中型低温运载火箭需要的保障条件较多, 普遍选择一平两垂或三垂模式测发流程。在发射场坪上建设低温推进剂加注罐或加注库房, 预先敷设通向火箭的加注硬管, 建设发射塔架, 在场坪地下开挖导流槽, 建设空调机房, 需要较长的建设周期和大量经费,且火箭发射受限于某固定的发射工位或发射场。
北京天兵科技有限公司研制的天龙二号运载火箭属于中型低温液体运载火箭。受发射场坪既有条件限制, 发射场没有固定发射塔架等设施, 未开挖导流槽, 没有可供使用的固定低温推进剂加注罐或加注库房, 也没有空调机房, 可供使用的只有一块发射场坪, 且发射后需要将地面设备运输到其他发射场坪。 为满足火箭发射的需求, 需要设计生产一种可移动导流器,用于排导火箭起飞高温高速燃气流[2]
按冷却方式分类,导流器可分为有冷却和无冷却两种类型。有冷却导流器一般都采用金属材质, 使用水或其他冷媒作为冷却剂。但发射场坪没有导流槽, 也没有水冷却设施, 故选用无冷却导流器排导火箭起飞燃气流。无冷却导流器又可分为烧蚀型导流器和非烧蚀型导流器, 由于作用在导流器上的温度较高, 热流作用时间约几秒钟, 烧蚀时间短, 故选用烧蚀型导流器[2]
烧蚀型导流器由基体和防热帽两大部分组成。基体一般由金属钢板焊接而成, 也有的采用钢筋水泥结构[3],主要作用是承受火箭发射时燃气流产生的作用力。防热帽为耐烧蚀材料, 敷设在基体表面, 主要作用是在火箭发射时, 抵抗高温燃气流的烧蚀和冲刷, 保护基体。
天龙二号运载火箭一级使用3台地面推力为${60}\mathrm{{kN}}$的液氧煤油发动机, 呈品字形均布, 布局示意见图1。 受发射台高度制约, 发动机喷管底面距离导流器顶端约${1.5}\mathrm{\;m}$
根据火箭发动机布局, 确定发射台结构方案和导流器结构方案。导流器结构包括基体和防热帽两部分, 基体由金属钢板焊接而成, 承受火箭发射时燃气流产生的作用力。敷设在导流面上的防热帽使用耐高温材料制作, 抵抗高温燃气流的烧蚀和冲刷。导流面主要组成见图2,由顶弧${R}_{1}$、导流弧${R}_{2}$、导流弧${R}_{3}$、 水平段${L}_{1}$组成,左右对称。相邻圆弧相切,圆滑过渡。水平段${L}_{1}$${R}_{3}$相切,将燃气流水平导向远离发射台方向。
导流器主体外形长、宽、高约为$8\mathrm{\;m}\times {3.5}\mathrm{\;m}\times 3\mathrm{\;m}$, 三维数模见图3
金属基体设计参数、防热帽厚度参数需要通过地面燃气流场仿真来确定。地面燃气流场仿真研究目的如下:
a)获得导流器压力场分布情况, 为金属基体设计提供参考依据。
b)获得地面燃气流场的分布情况和燃气流可能的烧蚀边界,为防热帽详细设计提供设计参考依据。
c)研究火箭起飞过程中,高速、高温的燃气流对地面发射设备的热环境影响。
随着研制进展, 地面燃气流场仿真先后进行了3轮, 仿真数模逐步细化。计算采用的边界条件包括给定发动机喷管进口总压随时间的变化曲线,$2\mathrm{\;s}$时火箭离台(0~2 s建压)。计算采用 “空气+燃气” 多组分模型。燃气部分参数见表1,划分的壁面网格见图4
对火箭点火后$0 \sim {10}\mathrm{\;s}$时间范围内导流器的压强分布进行了分析。发动机建压阶段导流面受力增加, 最大冲击力${1420}\mathrm{{kN}}$。随着喷流压力增加,对导流器冲击增强,喷流下方在约$2\mathrm{\;s}$时最大冲击压强约为${0.9}\times {10}^{6}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}$,见图5。随着离台距离的增加,高压区范围也随之增加,但最大冲击压强显著下降。
对火箭点火后0~10 s时间范围内导流器温度分布进行了分析,侧面挡流板最高温度约${2000}\mathrm{\;K}$,远低于导流面。在火箭发射初期,约$1 \sim 2\mathrm{\;s}$期间,由于喷流距导流器距离近,导流面的最高温度可达${3300}\mathrm{\;K}$, 见图6。位于喷管正下方位置。随着火箭离台距离的增加,导流面温度不断下降。约在离台后${3.5}\mathrm{\;s}$时,导流面温度降至${2000}\mathrm{\;K}$以下。
火箭点火起飞阶段,以发动机喷管进口压强$7 \times {10}^{6}\mathrm{{Pa}}$、 温度${3700}\mathrm{\;K}$为边界条件,定常计算得到导流器表面冷壁热流,见图7。最大冷壁热流为${33}\times {10}^{6}\mathrm{\;W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$。由于工程算法误差, 此结果偏严酷。而且随着壁面温度升高,最大冷壁热流逐渐下降。
过喷管中心截面的速度分布见图8,在导流器作用下, 喷流反射后向远离发射台方向发展, 最大来流速度为${1538}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$
基体的主要作用是承受火箭发射时燃气流产生的作用力。基体主体是由导流板、侧立板、筋板等组成的轴对称结构。导流板包括若干个弧面,整体呈马鞍状, 用于排导燃气流。侧立板2块, 将导流板夹在中部, 顶部高出导流板, 用于支承导流板, 同时用作挡流板, 用于约束非导流方向燃气流, 保护非导流方向的设备。筋板若干块, 焊接成框架结构, 位于腔体内部,用于承受燃气流垂向冲击力。基体还包括起吊板, 用于安装旋转吊环, 便于吊装。在底部设有安装板, 可穿入地脚螺栓, 安装在地基上[4]
在火箭点火后, 发动机喷管全开, 且火箭未离开发射台的瞬间,导流器承受的压强最大,此种工况为最严酷的受力环境。此工况下仿真分析应力云图见图9。最大应力在螺栓连接部位,最大应力为${3.81}\times {10}^{7}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}$。 金属基体材料为$\mathrm{Q}{355}\mathrm{\;B}$,材料许用强度${355}\times {10}^{6}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}$, 安全系数为9.3 。
基体由金属钢板焊接而成。金属基体的焊接接头按QJ176A一99《地面设备熔焊通用技术条件》中III级及以上要求进行。为了控制金属基体的焊接变形, 基体先将有安装螺纹孔的支撑梁单独焊接成型并进行校形后,再与采用定位焊接好的支撑板、加强板、顶板整体焊接, 在焊接面板前, 打磨与面板装配的基体骨架表面,以满足型面要求。
焊接完成后, 检测外形尺寸, 对焊缝着色探伤, 通过振动时效去除焊接应力。完成焊接的金属基体见图10
防热帽材料有很多种, 大多使用复合材料, 常用的基体材料有酚醛树脂、环氧树脂等, 常用的增强材料有碳纤维、碳化硅纤维、高硅氧玻璃纤维等, 也有使用高强度耐火水泥, 但质量大, 不便于移动, 且存在反溅物碎粒碰撞火箭发动机喷管的风险, 故不建议使用[5]
以高硅氧纤维或者碳纤维作为增强材料, 酚醛树脂作为基体材料, 耐烧蚀性能好, 韧性好, 常用于制作可移动导流器的防热帽。根据经验, 先用高硅氧纤维布敷设,设计厚度$5\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,再用碳纤维布敷设,设计厚度${15}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,最后在碳酚醛层上喷涂${0.3}\sim {0.5}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$厚的防热涂层。防热涂层由$\mathrm{A}$$\mathrm{\;B}$双组份组成,$\mathrm{A}$组分由有机硅树脂、特殊填料、溶剂等组成, B组分为专用固化剂, 具有优良的耐热性、耐腐蚀性、绝缘性、 耐老化性等特点,且无毒无害。
发射小型火箭使用的小型导流器长度很少大于$3\mathrm{\;m}$,防热帽的耐烧蚀材料可使用碳碳复合材料或其他耐高温复合材料。较多采用模压成型工艺, 将一定量的预混料或预浸料加入金属对模内, 经加热、加压固化成型。模压成型工艺需要制作金属对模, 需要配套的压力机、热压罐等设备,如果单件生产则成本较高。
由于导流器主体外形长、宽、高约为$8\mathrm{\;m}\times {3.5}\mathrm{\;m}\times 3\mathrm{\;m}$, 如果采用模压成型工艺, 大尺寸模具价格昂贵, 且很难找到所需的大吨位压力机、大直径热压罐等设备。 故使用传统的手糊制作工艺, 制作过程不需要另行制作模具, 也不需要使用压力机、热压罐等设备。
为了考核导流器防热帽耐烧蚀、耐冲刷性能, 模拟火箭点火起飞工况的热流密度、温度条件, 开展防热帽烧蚀试验。烧蚀试件与导流器防热帽制作工艺相同,试件尺寸${120}\mathrm{\;{mm}}\times {190}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,厚度${20}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$
根据第1轮仿真计算结果, 火箭点火起飞阶段, 最大冷壁热流为${33}\mathrm{{MW}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$,最大来流速度为${1538}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$, 均位于火箭尾流喷射核心区域。
按导流器防热帽表面存在最严酷考核工况考虑, 以现有试验设备最大能力模拟导流器热流, 同步覆盖导流器表面压力、来流流速参数。热源采用YA6804/06燃气流自由射流加热设备, 试验设备技术参数见表2
试验设备主要采用液体火箭发动机原理, 利用氧气/煤油燃料燃烧生成高温高压燃气,通过拉瓦尔喷管加速后, 形成超声速高温燃气喷流, 模拟高温高速力热环境, 对置于考核区的防热材料或防隔热部件进行考核, 见图11
经测量,试件表面所能达到的最大热流为${21}\mathrm{{MW}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$,对应最大表面压力为${0.56}\mathrm{{MPa}}$、来流速度为${2412}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$
火箭起飞时,按点火起飞烧蚀时长约$5\mathrm{\;s}$,加严$2\mathrm{\;s}$,拟定单件烧蚀时长$7\mathrm{\;s}$计算。试验结果汇总见表3
根据仿真结果, 火箭点火起飞阶段, 导流器防热帽表面最大冷壁热流为${33}\mathrm{{MW}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$。由于当前试验设备所能达到最大热流仅为${21}\mathrm{{MW}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$,不能完全覆盖极端峰值情况。因此需要采用工程计算方法, 对峰值热流条件下的材料线烧蚀速率进行评估。
碳酚醛材料的热化学烧蚀从低温到高温大致经历了氧化速率控制、氧化扩散控制、升华速率控制和升华扩散控制4个阶段。材料在烧蚀过程中产生的机械剥蚀与环境、材料性能、工艺密切相关。现有材料机械剥蚀因子数据主要依据斜缠碳酚醛树脂材料试验结果得出, 而防热帽由于尺寸原因基本采用平铺工艺, 为评估机械剥蚀对平铺工艺材料烧蚀率的影响, 计算模型中机械剥蚀因子设定为原斜缠材料的2倍。
根据试验件表面热环境、考核材料参数, 综合求解质量守恒方程、能量平衡方程, 通过迭代计算, 得到材料最终线烧蚀速率结果。经评估, 热流提高至${33}\mathrm{{MW}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$后,材料线烧蚀速率计算值是地面考核条件${21}\mathrm{{MW}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$的1.7倍左右。按点火起飞烧蚀时长$5\mathrm{\;s}$, 可估算最大烧蚀厚度${11.9}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,至少满足1次火箭发射烧蚀量。导流面防热层厚度设计值取${20}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$
a)生产前准备。
手糊成型工作场地要求清洁、干燥、通风良好, 环境温度应保持在${15}\sim {35}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$之间。后续加工整修, 设有抽风除尘和喷水装置。胶液配制时, 防止胶液中混入气泡, 且配胶量不能过多, 每次配量要保证能及时用完。
b)铺设高硅氧层。
采用传统的手糊成型工艺, 在金属基体上铺设高硅氧纤维布,见图12。人工带橡胶手套用刷子将调配好的树脂均匀涂刷在金属基体导流面及挡流板上, 随后在上面铺放裁剪好的高硅氧布,并将高硅氧布浸透树脂, 用刮板和铁辊加压排除气泡。第一层纵向铺设, 第二层横向铺设。重复上述铺层操作, 达到单次固化厚度,一般在$2 \sim 5\mathrm{\;{mm}}$之间。加热固化后,再次铺设, 直至达到设计厚度。
c)加热固化高硅氧层。
酚醛树脂自然固化很慢, 固化过程中需要使用加温设备(如热风机)持续加温,加温温度在${60}\sim {200}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$之间。48小时后固化度可达70%~80%,总固化期不少于72小时。
d)铺设碳酚醛层。
仍采用传统的手糊成型工艺, 在高硅氧层上铺设碳纤维布。和高硅氧纤维布一样, 碳纤维布也需要通过横向、纵向铺设, 来增加产品强度。加热固化后, 再次铺设, 直至达到设计厚度。
e)加热固化碳酚醛层。
加热固化碳酚醛层的方法同加热固化高硅氧层。
f)刷防热涂层。
在碳酚醛层上喷涂防热涂层, 干燥一周后, 具备交付使用条件。
生产完成后, 使用超声波测试仪, 利用电磁感应法随机检测分层、孔洞或脱粘率, 测量铺层厚度。在防热帽上部、中部、下部分别选取6个点, 测量厚度值见表4。测量脱粘面积,经计算,脱粘率为5.5%, 生产质量合格。
2023年2月, 导流器公路运输至酒泉卫星发射中心,安装在发射场坪上,固定在发射台正下方。
2023年4月2日16时48分15秒,由北京天兵科技有限公司自主研发的夭龙二号遥一运载火箭在酒泉卫星发射中心点火起飞,成功将爱太空科学号遥感卫星送入${500}\mathrm{\;{km}}$高度太阳同步轨道,发射任务取得圆满成功[6]
火箭发射后, 导流器防热帽表层局部烧蚀剥离, 剩余部分仍完整覆盖在金属基体上, 见图13
2023年6月20日,在防热帽上2个发动机喷管一侧选取7行5列共35个测点, 第一行测点位于防热帽最高处的脊线上,测点之间横向间距约${500}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,纵向间距约${800}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$。将测点处打磨掉局部黑色烧蚀碳化层, 漏出暗黄色树脂层, 使用超声波测试仪检测防热帽烧蚀后的厚度。检测结果见表5,其中行2列5的测点中空, 无法测量厚度。
检测结果表明,防热帽烧蚀后平均厚度为${16.2}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,最小厚度${14.5}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$。考虑到测量时有约$4\mathrm{\;{mm}}$厚烧蚀碳化层没有去除,故留存的平均厚度约${12.2}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,最小厚度约${10.8}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,估算还可以满足一发火箭的烧蚀量。重复使用前, 需将局部中空部位修复,将烧蚀碳化层表面处理平整。
烧蚀厚度是按最恶劣热流条件持续烧蚀估算的, 实际上当约${2.0}\mathrm{\;s}$火箭离开发射台后,导流面上最大热流逐渐减小, 实际烧蚀工况略好, 故实际烧蚀厚度${9.2}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,略小于估算的烧蚀厚度${11.9}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$
本文中导流器历经方案设计、燃气流场仿真分析、金属基体生产、烧蚀试验、防热帽生产等完整研制历程, 在中型液体运载火箭无依托发射中得到了成功应用。
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2024年第47卷第6期
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240611
  • 接收时间:2024-03-29
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2024-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-29
  • 修回日期:2024-08-22
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    1 北京天兵科技有限公司,北京,100076
    2 河南省科学院化学研究所有限公司化学研究所,郑州,450002
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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