Article(id=1148011773879378071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298864751989270, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240606, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1708531200000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-22, revisedDate=1716220800000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751636935919, onlineDateStr=2025-07-04, pubDate=1735056000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751636935919, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751636935919, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751636935919, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149298864751989270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2024', volume='47', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751943802297, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754895906333, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1161680886572339243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298864751989270, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1161680886572339244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298864751989270, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=36, endPage=41, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1148011774114259117, articleId=1148011773879378071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=3D Numerical Simulations and Analysis of Double Pipe Heat Exchangers, columnId=1154057566893105509, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Propulsion, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Heat exchangers are extensively used in rocket power system for gas supply and distribution. Three-dimensional numerical simulations of two different heat exchangers through straight and curve tubes, respectively, are performed by commercial software FLEUNT. Comparisons are made between numerical and empirical results. The investigation indicates that the total heat transfer coefficient obtained by FLUENT using the flow-heat coupled algorithm agrees well with that from the empirical formula. Moreover, compared with heat exchanger through straight tubes, the centrifugal force exerted on the hot air in the heat exchanger through curve tubes leads to higher heat transfer efficiency. As a result, the total heat transfer coefficient of heat exchanger through curve tubes is approximately 10% greater than that through straight tubes given other flow and geometry factors fixed.

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采用FLUENT软件对平直和弯曲套管的整体换热性能进行了数值模拟,并与经验公式进行了对比。数值计算结果表明:FLUENT耦合算法得到的套管总传热系数与经验公式计算结果吻合良好。与平直套管相比,弯曲套管内热空气所受到的离心力使其换热效率提高,在相同等效长度和流动条件下弯曲套管换热器可使总传热系数提高10%。

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赵明翔(1991—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为流体传热与控制。

李少辉(1988—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为流体传热与控制。

杨丹丹(1993-),女,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为流体传热与控制。

郑洪川(1984—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为流体传热与控制。

文小平(1982—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为流体传热与控制。

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Physics of Fluids, 202234:045111., articleTitle=Analysis of drag reduction effects in turbulent Taylor-Couette flow controlled via axial oscillation of inner cylinder, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1197269973660906323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011773879378071, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197269973669294932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011773879378071, companyId=1197269973660906323, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Beijing Institute of Space Launch Technology,Beijing,100076), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197269973677683541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011773879378071, companyId=1197269973660906323, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北京航天发射技术研究所,北京,100076)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1197269980002694010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011773879378071, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Sketch of straight double pipe heat exchanger, figureFileSmall=z4LgL0YeRnBULM+JUU3/eQ==, figureFileBig=pH4zbqByxNfNqgrT1vgmRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197269980216603515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011773879378071, language=CN, label=图1, caption=平直套管换热器物理模型, figureFileSmall=z4LgL0YeRnBULM+JUU3/eQ==, figureFileBig=pH4zbqByxNfNqgrT1vgmRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197269981718164348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011773879378071, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Distribution of temperature and heat transfer coefficient on the inner-surface of inner cylinder when $R{e}_{i}= 4 \times {10}^{5}$, figureFileSmall=+FoCWfYLAgpFWYVFNVg9UA==, figureFileBig=DQTlXMKKS1t0N7KRhAINOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197269981957239677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011773879378071, language=CN, label=图2, caption=$R{e}_{\mathrm{i}}= 4 \times {10}^{5}$时内管内壁面温度和表面传热系数分布, figureFileSmall=+FoCWfYLAgpFWYVFNVg9UA==, figureFileBig=DQTlXMKKS1t0N7KRhAINOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197269982183732094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011773879378071, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Comparison of numerical and empirical total heat transfer coefficient, figureFileSmall=AlKvZHgCHqtmYmomhpS+rQ==, figureFileBig=vRYP+qCIibWxNa3KE7+vAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197269982485721983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011773879378071, language=CN, label=图3, caption=平直套管总传热系数的数值计算${K}_{\text{tot }}^{\mathrm{n}}$和经验公式结果${K}_{\text{tot }}^{\mathrm{e}}$的对比, figureFileSmall=AlKvZHgCHqtmYmomhpS+rQ==, figureFileBig=vRYP+qCIibWxNa3KE7+vAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197269982758351744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011773879378071, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Sketch of curve double pipe heat exchanger, figureFileSmall=6RT4kWRbs4mxoEb2V780/w==, figureFileBig=gICh8I0BG7BRc8s0RF07mA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197269983014204289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011773879378071, language=CN, label=图4, caption=弯曲套管换热器物理模型, figureFileSmall=6RT4kWRbs4mxoEb2V780/w==, figureFileBig=gICh8I0BG7BRc8s0RF07mA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197269983261668226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011773879378071, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Distribution of temperature and heat transfer coefficient on the inner-surface of inner cylinder when $R{e}_{\mathrm{i}}= 4 \times {10}^{5}$, figureFileSmall=oC0ynNnNGk1W5kDJWhm2yg==, figureFileBig=G6SHCVqtAeAsu4AcE0DLKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197269983437828995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011773879378071, language=CN, label=图5, caption=$R{e}_{\mathrm{i}}= 4 \times {10}^{5}$时内管内壁面温度和表面传热系数分布, figureFileSmall=oC0ynNnNGk1W5kDJWhm2yg==, figureFileBig=G6SHCVqtAeAsu4AcE0DLKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197269983706264452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011773879378071, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Comparison of numerical and empirical total heat transfer coefficient, figureFileSmall=IjSWJMOb4eosmKuTcFByyw==, figureFileBig=f0w75yMtEODxXtc4zMnjUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197269983915979653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011773879378071, language=CN, label=图6, caption=弯曲套管总传热系数的数值计算${K}_{\text{tot }}^{\mathrm{n}}$和经验公式结果${K}_{\text{tot }}^{\mathrm{e}}$的对比, figureFileSmall=IjSWJMOb4eosmKuTcFByyw==, figureFileBig=f0w75yMtEODxXtc4zMnjUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197269984150860678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011773879378071, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Ratio of total heat transfer coefficient $\xi$between curve and straight tubes calculated by FLUENT, figureFileSmall=RKrKNm9Uowif2Y36TniA8g==, figureFileBig=YFTzYuZF0LZINZVx0qbnvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197269984415101831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011773879378071, language=CN, label=图7, caption=各工况下FLUENT计算的弯曲套管与平直套管的总传热系数比值$\xi$, figureFileSmall=RKrKNm9Uowif2Y36TniA8g==, figureFileBig=YFTzYuZF0LZINZVx0qbnvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197269984624817032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011773879378071, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Distribution of temperature and streamline (white arrow lines) on the slide of the curve tubes when $R{e}_{\mathrm{i}}= 4 \times {10}^{5}$, figureFileSmall=p1j8R1/LdmRH1D8hDbSGWQ==, figureFileBig=ouyn4jb6RWCGaF3JwHj/Iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197269985866331017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011773879378071, language=CN, label=图8, caption=$R{e}_{\mathrm{i}}= 4 \times {10}^{5}$时弯管横截面上的温度分布和流线图(白箭头线), figureFileSmall=p1j8R1/LdmRH1D8hDbSGWQ==, figureFileBig=ouyn4jb6RWCGaF3JwHj/Iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197269986050880394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011773879378071, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Total number of mesh and total coefficient of heat transfer of straight double pipe heat exchanger when $R{e}_{\mathrm{i}}= 6 \times {10}^{5}$, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网格总数 总传热系数$/\left({\mathrm{W}\cdot {\left({\mathrm{m}}^{2}\cdot \mathrm{K}\right)}^{-1}}\right)$
542323 65.27
964155 69.85
1448655 71.02
2043545 71.21
), ArticleFig(id=1197269986235429771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011773879378071, language=CN, label=表1, caption=${R}{e}_{i}= 6 \times {10}^{5}$时平直套管换热器总网格数与总换热系数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网格总数 总传热系数$/\left({\mathrm{W}\cdot {\left({\mathrm{m}}^{2}\cdot \mathrm{K}\right)}^{-1}}\right)$
542323 65.27
964155 69.85
1448655 71.02
2043545 71.21
), ArticleFig(id=1197269986440950668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011773879378071, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Total number of mesh and total coefficient of heat transfer of curve double pipe heat exchanger when $R{e}_{\mathrm{i}}= 6 \times {10}^{5}$, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网格总数 总传热系数$/\left({\mathrm{W}\cdot {\left({\mathrm{m}}^{2}\cdot \mathrm{K}\right)}^{-1}}\right)$
539649 74.45
872152 77.31
1203740 78.85
1920718 79.01
), ArticleFig(id=1197269986667443085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011773879378071, language=CN, label=表2, caption=${R}{e}_{\mathrm{i}}= 6 \times {10}^{5}$时弯曲套管换热器总网格数与总换热系数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网格总数 总传热系数$/\left({\mathrm{W}\cdot {\left({\mathrm{m}}^{2}\cdot \mathrm{K}\right)}^{-1}}\right)$
539649 74.45
872152 77.31
1203740 78.85
1920718 79.01
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套管换热器的三维数值模拟与分析
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赵明翔 , 李少辉 , 杨丹丹 , 郑洪川 , 文小平
导弹与航天运载技术 | 动力系统 2024,47(6): 36-41
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导弹与航天运载技术 | 动力系统 2024, 47(6): 36-41
套管换热器的三维数值模拟与分析
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赵明翔, 李少辉, 杨丹丹, 郑洪川, 文小平
作者信息
  • 北京航天发射技术研究所,北京,100076
  • 赵明翔(1991—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为流体传热与控制。

    李少辉(1988—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为流体传热与控制。

    杨丹丹(1993-),女,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为流体传热与控制。

    郑洪川(1984—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为流体传热与控制。

    文小平(1982—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为流体传热与控制。

3D Numerical Simulations and Analysis of Double Pipe Heat Exchangers
Mingxiang ZHAO, Shaohui LI, Dandan YANG, Hongchuan ZHENG, Xiaoping WEN
Affiliations
  • Beijing Institute of Space Launch Technology,Beijing,100076
出版时间: 2024-12-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240606
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采用FLUENT软件对平直和弯曲套管的整体换热性能进行了数值模拟,并与经验公式进行了对比。数值计算结果表明:FLUENT耦合算法得到的套管总传热系数与经验公式计算结果吻合良好。与平直套管相比,弯曲套管内热空气所受到的离心力使其换热效率提高,在相同等效长度和流动条件下弯曲套管换热器可使总传热系数提高10%。

套管换热器  /  三维数值模拟  /  FLUENT耦合算法  /  离心力  /  总换热系数

Heat exchangers are extensively used in rocket power system for gas supply and distribution. Three-dimensional numerical simulations of two different heat exchangers through straight and curve tubes, respectively, are performed by commercial software FLEUNT. Comparisons are made between numerical and empirical results. The investigation indicates that the total heat transfer coefficient obtained by FLUENT using the flow-heat coupled algorithm agrees well with that from the empirical formula. Moreover, compared with heat exchanger through straight tubes, the centrifugal force exerted on the hot air in the heat exchanger through curve tubes leads to higher heat transfer efficiency. As a result, the total heat transfer coefficient of heat exchanger through curve tubes is approximately 10% greater than that through straight tubes given other flow and geometry factors fixed.

double pipe heat exchangers  /  3D numerical simulation  /  flow-heat coupled algorithm in FLUENT  /  centrifugal force  /  total heat transfer coefficient
赵明翔, 李少辉, 杨丹丹, 郑洪川, 文小平. 套管换热器的三维数值模拟与分析. 导弹与航天运载技术, 2024 , 47 (6) : 36 -41 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240606
Mingxiang ZHAO, Shaohui LI, Dandan YANG, Hongchuan ZHENG, Xiaoping WEN. 3D Numerical Simulations and Analysis of Double Pipe Heat Exchangers[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2024 , 47 (6) : 36 -41 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240606
换热器被广泛应用在低温运载火箭动力供配气系统中,如冷氦换热器、舱段吹除换热器等。其中,前者将常温氦气转变为低温氦气,为贮箱增压和冷氦气瓶充气;后者将常温空气、氮气或氦气加温后供入舱内, 确保舱内温度适宜。近年来, 得益于计算流体力学和计算传热学的快速发展, 高效率、低成本的数值模拟方法已成为设计和分析各种换热器内流动及传热的重要手段[1-2]
本文选取最基本最简单的套管换热器作为数值研究对象, 对其中流动传热现象的机理进行研究, 为今后实际换热器的分析和设计打下基础。套管换热器可以看作圆管内流动传热、同轴圆筒间流动传热和固体壁面传热的耦合[2]。目前,圆管内流动传热和同轴圆筒间流动传热问题[3-7]均已有充分研究,但二者耦合的套管换热器的研究更多局限于数学模型和计算方法等方面,对其耦合后流动传热特性的研究相对较少[8]
目前换热器的传热边界条件一般可分3类: a)壁面上温度分布已知;b)壁面上热流密度分布已知;c)壁面处对流换热系数和温差已知。但是, 这些物理量往往也是数值模拟所关注的结果。如果预先估计或假定, 则数值计算结果的可信度将大大降低, 失去了实际的指导意义。
在已有研究中,李晓伟等[9]采用内壁等温边界条件, 研究了不连续双斜内肋管的管外换热性能。张俊霞等[1]采用给定壁面传热系数的方法,研究了平直套管换热器的换热性能。李国祥等[8]采用热力学第一定律, 对套管换热模型进行了简化处理, 提出了传热边界条件的公式。俞接成等[10]应用FLUENT的耦合壁面方法, 采用二维轴对称计算方法对平直套管进行了数值模拟。
综上可见, 现有研究多关注平直套管换热器, 而对于更加广泛应用于供配气领域的弯管换热器涉及较少, 因此, 本文将采用三维数值模拟方法研究并比较平直和弯曲套管换热器的传热性能, 并与格尼林斯基(Gnielinski)经验公式[11]进行对比,验证模拟方法的可行性,用以指导今后复杂换热器的研究和工程应用。
平直套管换热器物理模型如图1所示, 本文所研究的平直套管换热器由直径${D}_{1}= {318}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$的内管和直径${D}_{2}= {438}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$的外管组成,内外管长度$L$均为${10}\mathrm{\;m}$。内管内部为热空气,内外管间为冷水。采用逆流方式, 冷水从左向右流动, 热空气从右向左流动。管壁为不锈钢材料,内外管壁厚$b$均为$9\mathrm{\;{mm}}$
套管中的流体流动和换热的控制方程为雷诺平均的三维不可压缩牛顿流体的纳维-斯托克斯(Navier-Stokes)方程和能量守恒方程[12]:
$\frac{\partial {u}_{i}}{\partial {x}_{i}}= 0 $
$\frac{\partial {u}_{i}}{\partial t}+ {u}_{j}\frac{\partial {u}_{i}}{\partial {x}_{j}}= -\frac{1}{{\rho }_{\mathrm{f}}}\frac{\partial p}{\partial {x}_{i}}+ v\frac{{\partial }^{2}{u}_{i}}{\partial {x}_{j}\partial {x}_{j}}+ \frac{\partial {\tau }_{ij}}{\partial {x}_{j}}$
$\frac{\partial T}{\partial t}+ {u}_{i}\frac{\partial T}{\partial {x}_{i}}= \frac{{\lambda }_{\mathrm{f}}}{{\rho }_{\mathrm{f}}{c}_{\mathrm{{pf}}}}\frac{{\partial }^{2}T}{\partial {x}_{i}\partial {x}_{i}}+ \frac{\partial {q}_{j}}{\partial {x}_{j}}$
式中${x}_{i}\left({i = 1,2,3}\right)$为3个方向的坐标;${u}_{i}(i = 1$, 2,3)为对应3个方向的速度分量;$p$为压力;$T$为温度;${\rho }_{\mathrm{f}}$为流体密度;$v$为运动黏度系数;${\lambda }_{\mathrm{f}}$为流体导热系数;${c}_{\mathrm{{pf}}}$为流体定压比热容;${\tau }_{ij}$${q}_{j}$分别为雷诺应力和湍流热通量。由此可定义内管流动雷诺数$R{e}_{\mathrm{i}}= {U}_{\mathrm{{in}},\mathrm{i}}$$\left({{D}_{1}- {2b}}\right)/v$; 外管流动雷诺数$R{e}_{\mathrm{o}}= {U}_{\mathrm{{in}},\mathrm{o}}\left({{D}_{2}- {D}_{1}- b}\right)/v$; 普朗特数$P{r}_{\mathrm{f}}= v{\rho }_{\mathrm{f}}{c}_{\mathrm{{pf}}}/{\lambda }_{\mathrm{f}}$; 其中,${U}_{\mathrm{{in}},\mathrm{i}},{U}_{\mathrm{{in}},\mathrm{o}}$分别为内外管流体入口平均速度。套管壁面导热的控制方程为热传导方程:
$\frac{\partial T}{\partial t}= \frac{{\lambda }_{\mathrm{s}}}{{\rho }_{\mathrm{s}}{c}_{\mathrm{s}}}\frac{{\partial }^{2}T}{\partial {x}_{i}\partial {x}_{i}}$
式中${\rho }_{\mathrm{s}}$为不锈钢管壁密度;${\lambda }_{\mathrm{s}}$为管壁导热系数;${c}_{\mathrm{s}}$为管壁比热容。
本文采用FLUENT商业计算软件进行数值计算,${\tau }_{ij}$${q}_{j}$采用经典$k -\varepsilon$模式进行模拟。内外管入口采用均匀速度和温度边界条件, 内外管出口采用压力出口边界条件, 外管外壁面为绝热边界, 其余壁面采用热耦合壁面,利用二阶迎风格式离散控制方程(1)至(4),压力速度耦合使用SIMPLE算法。
平直套管流体和固体域均采用六面体网格建模,表1给出了内管热空气雷诺数$R{e}_{\mathrm{i}}= 6 \times {10}^{5}$时平直套管换热器不同总网格数与总换热系数的关系。由表1可以发现当网格数大于964 155时, 网格数量对总换热系数计算结果的影响可忽略。综合考虑计算成本和计算精度, 本节以下分析使用的网格数为1448 655 。
在物理模型的几何尺寸和材料不变的条件下, 保持外管冷水入口雷诺数$R{e}_{0}= {5000}$,冷水的入口总温为恒定值${288}\mathrm{\;K}$,热空气的入口总温为恒定值${383}\mathrm{\;K}$,分别模拟了内管热空气雷诺数$R{e}_{\mathrm{i}}$${10}^{5}\text{、}2 \times {10}^{5}\text{、}3 \times {10}^{5}\text{、}4 \times$${10}^{5}$$5 \times {10}^{5}$$6 \times {10}^{5}$六种流动情况。
图2$\mathrm{a}$$R{e}_{\mathrm{i}}= 4 \times {10}^{5}$时内管内壁面温度云图,可以看出管壁温度不是恒定的, 且热空气入口端温度较高,冷水入口端温度较低,与实际情况一致。
图2b$R{e}_{\mathrm{i}}= 4 \times {10}^{5}$时内管内壁面表面传热系数$\alpha$的分布。$\alpha$与管壁两侧流体的温差直接相关,在本节设定的边界条件下,由于水的比热容大于空气,水出入口温差在${5}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$之内,而空气的出入口温差高达${25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,因此,热空气入口处与壁面的温差大于热空气出口处。由图2b可以看出$\alpha$不是恒定的,热空气入口处$\alpha$小,出口处$\alpha$大,这与实际情况和分析是一致的。
为验证数值模拟的可靠性, 与经验公式计算结果进行了对比。对于圆形套管换热,格尼林斯基(Gn-ielinski)公式适用范围广,与实验值最为接近[11]。格尼林斯基公式如下:
$ N{u}_{\mathrm{f}}= \frac{{0.125f}\left({{Re}- {1000}}\right) P{r}_{\mathrm{f}}}{1 +{12.7}\sqrt{0.125f}\left({P{r}_{\mathrm{f}}^{2/3}-1}\right)}\left({1 +{\left(\frac{D}{L}\right)}^{2/3}}\right){Ct}$
式中$\mathrm{D}$为等效直径;$\mathrm{{Pr}}\mathrm{w}$为壁面普朗特数;$\mathrm{T}\mathrm{w}$为壁面温度; Nuf为努塞尔数;$f,{Ct}$为系数,具体表达式
$f ={\left({1.82}\lg Re -{1.64}\right)}^{-2},{Ct}= \left\{\begin{array}{ll}{\left(\frac{P{r}_{\mathrm{f}}}{P{r}_{\mathrm{w}}}\right)}^{0.1},& \text{ 液体 }\\{\left(\frac{T}{{T}_{\mathrm{w}}}\right)}^{0.45},& \text{ 气体 }\end{array}\right.$
本文设定内外管均为光滑管, 且不考虑壁面污垢热阻, 分别由数值模拟和经验公式计算获得总换热系数${K}_{\text{tot }}^{\mathrm{n}}$${K}_{\text{tot }}^{\mathrm{e}}$。(上标$\mathrm{n}$$\mathrm{e}$分别表示数值模拟和经验公式的结果)
由经验公式计算总换热系数时, 先由式(5)计算内外流体的$N{u}_{\mathrm{f}}$,进而以内管的外壁面作为参考, 由式(6)和式(7)计算总换热系数${K}_{\text{tot }}^{\mathrm{e}}$:
$ N{u}_{\mathrm{f}}= \frac{\alpha {D}_{1}}{{\lambda }_{\mathrm{f}}}$
${K}_{\text{tot }}^{\mathrm{e}}= {\left(\frac{{D}_{2}}{{D}_{1}{\alpha }_{\mathrm{i}}}+ \frac{{D}_{2}b}{{D}_{\mathrm{m}}\lambda }+ \frac{1}{{\alpha }_{\mathrm{o}}}\right)}^{-1}$
数值模拟计算时, 先由FLUENT求得内管壁面的换热量$Q$和内外管进出口质量平均温度,进而求出对数平均温差$\Delta {T}_{\mathrm{m}}$,然后由以下传热方程式计算出总传热系数${K}_{\text{tot }}^{\mathrm{n}}:$
${K}_{\text{tot }}^{\mathrm{n}}= \frac{Q}{{A}_{\mathrm{o}}\Delta {T}_{\mathrm{m}}}$
其中,${A}_{0}$为内管外壁面的面积。
六种工况下${K}_{\text{tot }}^{\mathrm{n}}$${K}_{\text{tot }}^{\mathrm{e}}$的对比如图3所示。可以看出,${K}_{\text{tot }}$的数值模拟与经验公式结果吻合得很好,最大误差为1.89%。这一对比结果说明对于平直套管换热器, 利用FLUENT, 采用三维数值模拟方法完全能满足工程要求, 为进一步研究强化换热管的整体换热性能提供了支持, 克服了已有研究中壁面边界条件偏离实际情况和不对换热器整体进行研究的缺陷。
弯曲套管换热器物理模型如图4所示, 弯曲套管换热器由直径${D}_{1}= {318}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$的内管和直径${D}_{2}= {438}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$的外管组成, 为保证弯曲套管等效长度与平直套管一致, 本文取弯管的曲率半径$R ={3.185}\mathrm{\;m}$。与平直套管相同, 内管内部为热空气, 内外管间为冷水。采用逆流方式, 冷水从左向右流动, 热空气从右向左流动。对于弯曲套管, 采用与平直套管相同的控制方程、湍流模型和边界条件进行数值计算。
弯管流体和固体域也均采用六面体网格建模,表2给出了内管热空气雷诺数$R{e}_{\mathrm{i}}= 6 \times {10}^{5}$时弯曲套管换热器不同总网格数与总换热系数的关系。由表2可以发现当网格数大于872152时, 网格数量对总换热系数计算结果的影响可忽略。综合考虑计算成本和计算精度, 本节以下分析使用的网格数为1203740 。
在物理模型的几何尺寸和材料不变的条件下, 保持外管水的入口雷诺数$R{e}_{0}= {5000}$,冷水的入口总温为恒定值${288}\mathrm{\;K}$,热空气的入口总温为恒定值${383}\mathrm{\;K}$,分别模拟了内管热空气雷诺数$R{e}_{\mathrm{i}}$${10}^{5}\text{、}2 \times {10}^{5}\text{、}3 \times$${10}^{5}$$4 \times {10}^{5}$$5 \times {10}^{5}$$6 \times {10}^{5}$六种流动情况。
图5$\mathrm{a}$为不同方位下$R{e}_{\mathrm{i}}= 4 \times {10}^{5}$时内管内壁温度云图, 可以看出与直管类似, 弯管的管壁温度是连续变化的, 且在热空气入口端温度较高, 在冷水入口端温度较低。而与直管最大的不同在于, 管壁向心侧的温度较同一周向位置处离心侧的温度低, 这一现象将在2.3节中给出解释。而且正是由于这种温度分布, 弯曲式套管换热的总传热系数高于直管式套管换热的总传热系数。
图5b为不同方位下$R{e}_{\mathrm{i}}= 4 \times {10}^{5}$时内管内壁表面传热系数$\alpha$的分布,可以看出$\alpha$不是恒定的,且与直管类似,热空气入口处$\alpha$小,出口处$\alpha$较大。此外,对比图2b可以发现,在距离热空气入口同样距离处, 弯管的表面传热系数要高于直管的表面传热系数。
弯管格尼林斯基经验公式中传热系数的计算方法是先按圆形直管的经验公式(5)和公式(6)计算出传热系数${\alpha }_{\mathrm{f}}$,然后再乘以一个大于1的修正系数Cr[11]:
${Cr}= \left\{\begin{array}{ll} 1 +{10.3}{\left(\frac{{D}_{\mathrm{m}}}{R}\right)}^{3},& \text{ 液体 }\\ 1 +{1.77}\frac{{D}_{\mathrm{m}}}{R},& \text{ 气体 }\end{array}\right.$
进而按照式(7)和式(8)分别求得经验公式总传热系数${K}_{\text{tot }}^{\mathrm{e}}$和FLUENT计算总传热系数${K}_{\text{tot }}^{\mathrm{n}}$
六种工况下${K}_{\text{tot }}^{\mathrm{n}}$${K}_{\text{tot }}^{\mathrm{e}}$的对比如图6所示,可以看出, 弯曲套管换热器的总传热系数的数值计算与经验公式结果吻合得依然很好, 最大误差为4.54%, 略大于平直套管换热器的误差。对比结果表明运用FLUENT软件, 采用三维数值模拟方法对弯曲套管换热器进行数值模拟能够满足工程要求。
采用FLUENT计算得到的弯曲和平直套管的总传热系数之比$\xi ={K}_{\mathrm{{tot}},\mathrm{c}}^{\mathrm{n}}/{K}_{\mathrm{{tot}},\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{n}}$(下标$\mathrm{c}$$\mathrm{s}$分别代表弯管和直管的结果)如图7所示。很明显,对于相同等效尺寸和材质的平直和弯曲套管, 弯曲套管的总传热系数要高于平直套管的约10%。因此, 在工程上, 可以采用弯管式换热器来提高换热效率。
在弯管换热器中, 离心力对流场的影响是非常显著的。一般情况下,密度为${\rho }_{\mathrm{f}}$的流体质点在半径为$r$处以${u}_{\theta }$速度旋转时受到的单位体积离心力${F}_{\mathrm{c},\mathrm{f}}$可以表达为
${F}_{\mathrm{c},\mathrm{f}}= \frac{{\rho }_{\mathrm{f}}{u}_{\theta }^{2}}{r}$
考虑到本文所研究的不可压缩弯管流动中,$R \gg$${D}_{1},{D}_{2}$,因此,对于热空气和冷水都有$r \approx R$,此外,${u}_{\theta }\approx {U}_{\mathrm{{in}},\mathrm{f}}$,从而:
${F}_{\mathrm{c},\mathrm{f}}\approx \frac{{\rho }_{\mathrm{f}}{U}_{\mathrm{{in}},\mathrm{f}}^{2}}{R}$
在本文的参数设定下,对于外管中的冷水:${\rho }_{\mathrm{o}}\approx$${10}^{3}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3},{U}_{\mathrm{{in}},\mathrm{o}}\approx {0.1}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$; 对于内管中的热空气: 在$R{e}_{\mathrm{i}}= 4 \times {10}^{5}$时,${\rho }_{\mathrm{i}}\approx 1\mathrm{\;{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3},{U}_{\mathrm{{in}},\mathrm{i}}\approx {20}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$。因此,外管冷水和内管热空气的单位体积离心力分别为${F}_{\mathrm{c, i}}\approx$${133}\mathrm{\;N}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3},{F}_{\mathrm{c},\mathrm{o}}\approx 3\mathrm{\;N}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$。显然,${F}_{\mathrm{c},\mathrm{i}}\gg {F}_{\mathrm{c},\mathrm{o}}$,因此,内管热空气流动中所受的离心力更为主要, 对整体系统起主导作用。
图8显示了$R{e}_{\mathrm{i}}= 4 \times {10}^{5}$时弯管横截面上的温度分布和流线图, 从流线图中不难发现, 离心力对内管热空气的影响显著高于外管冷水,这与采用式(11)的分析结果是一致的。更重要的是, 内管热空气在沿管道的流动过程中逐渐向离心侧偏离, 这使得下游同样周向位置处离心侧的空气温度显著高于向心侧的空气温度,进而导致图5a所示的内筒内壁面离心侧的温度高于向心侧的温度。
最后,我们需要指出,由于离心力的作用,湍流脉动在弯管流动中更为显著,导致雷诺应力${\tau }_{ij}$和湍流热通量${q}_{j}$相比于直管流动显著上升,这与经典泰勒-库埃特流是很类似的[13-15]。因此,湍流的混合作用在弯管流动中更为强烈, 进而使弯曲套管换热器的流动阻力和总换热系数相比于平直套管换热器都有明显的提高。这一分析结果表明, 在实际工程应用使用弯管换热器时, 应综合考虑总换热系数的提升产生的收益和流动阻力升高而需付出的代价。
本文采用FLUENT中的流热耦合算法, 采用三维数值模拟和雷诺应力湍流模型模拟了等效尺寸和材料均相同的平直和弯曲套管换热器的整体对流换热情况, 并与经验公式进行了对比。数值计算结果表明: 平直和弯曲套管总换热系数的数值模拟计算结果与经验公式计算结果吻合得很好, 最大误差在5% 以内, 这表明采用FLUENT流热耦合算法对模拟套管换热器的工程应用有很高的应用价值。
本文的分析结果还表明: 在物理模型的等效管长相同且进出口和边界条件相同的情况下, 弯曲套管比平直套管的总换热系数高约10%,弯曲套管内热空气所受到的离心力是总换热效率提高的主导因素。
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2024年第47卷第6期
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240606
  • 接收时间:2024-02-22
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2024-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-22
  • 修回日期:2024-05-21
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    北京航天发射技术研究所,北京,100076
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