Article(id=1148011774361723073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298864751989270, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240604, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1650729600000, receivedDateStr=2022-04-24, revisedDate=1675180800000, revisedDateStr=2023-02-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751636936035, onlineDateStr=2025-07-04, pubDate=1735056000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751636936035, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751636936034, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751636936034, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149298864751989270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2024', volume='47', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751943802297, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754895906333, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1161680886572339243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298864751989270, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1161680886572339244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298864751989270, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=21, endPage=27, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1148011774613381343, articleId=1148011774361723073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=Research on Trajectory Optimization Based on Simultaneous Method in Launch Vehicles Ascent Stage, columnId=1154057568293999177, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Launch Vehicle and Missile, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the trajectory optimization problem of the ascending stage of launch vehicle in the atmosphere with complex and multi constraints, a trajectory optimization method based on simultaneous method is proposed. The method adopts the direct method under the simultaneous framework, discretizes the state variables and control variables through the finite element orthogonal collocation method, and then solves the discrete nonlinear programming problem by the interior point method, so as to balance the calculation efficiency and solution accuracy, and improve the autonomy and task adaptability of trajectory optimization. Aiming at the problem that the larger the scale of the discrete nonlinear programming problem is, the more time-consuming the gradient matrix calculation is, making full use of the sparsity of the partial derivative matrix, the solution of the non-zero term in the NLP gradient is transformed into the solution of the partial derivative of the original optimal control problem, so as to further improve the efficiency of trajectory optimization. The simulation results show that this method can complete the flight mission well and meet constraints.

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针对运载火箭大气层内复杂多约束的上升段轨迹优化问题,提出一种基于联立法的轨迹优化方法。该方法采用联立框架下的直接法求解,通过有限元正交配置法离散状态变量和控制变量,再用内点法求解离散后的非线性规划问题,从而平衡了计算效率和求解精度,提高轨迹优化的自主性和任务适应能力。针对离散后非线性规划问题规模越大梯度矩阵计算耗时越多的问题,充分利用偏导数矩阵的稀疏性,将非线性规划(Nonlinear Programming,NLP)梯度中非零项的求解转化为原最优控制问题偏导数的求解,从而进一步提高轨迹优化的效率。仿真结果表明,该方法能很好地完成飞行任务,满足约束条件。

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黄繁(1996-),女,工程师,主要研究方向为飞行器总体设计、飞行器轨迹优化。

冀四梅(1968—),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为飞行器总体设计、飞行器动力学与控制。

郭杰(1981—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为飞行器总体设计、飞行器动力学与控制。

唐胜景(1959—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为飞行器总体设计、飞行器动力学与控制。

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黄繁(1996-),女,工程师,主要研究方向为飞行器总体设计、飞行器轨迹优化。

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黄繁(1996-),女,工程师,主要研究方向为飞行器总体设计、飞行器轨迹优化。

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唐胜景(1959—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为飞行器总体设计、飞行器动力学与控制。

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参数名称 数值
初始质量/kg 42500
结构质量/kg 4500
推力大小$\mathrm{N}$ 900000
比冲/s 300
初始位置/m $\left({{5.60}\times {10}^{6},0,{3.04}\times {10}^{6}}\right)$
目标位置/m $\left({{5.6797}\times {10}^{6},{3.9380}\times {10}^{5},{3.0832}\times {10}^{6}}\right)$
动压约束/kPa 200
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参数名称 数值
初始质量/kg 42500
结构质量/kg 4500
推力大小$\mathrm{N}$ 900000
比冲/s 300
初始位置/m $\left({{5.60}\times {10}^{6},0,{3.04}\times {10}^{6}}\right)$
目标位置/m $\left({{5.6797}\times {10}^{6},{3.9380}\times {10}^{5},{3.0832}\times {10}^{6}}\right)$
动压约束/kPa 200
), ArticleFig(id=1197269945252889436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011774361723073, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Comparison of simulation results, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 目标位置$x$方向偏差/m 目标位置$y$方向偏差/m 目标位置$z$方向偏差/m 计算时间/s
联立法 30 34 10 19.68
开环制导 100 120 92 40.87
), ArticleFig(id=1197269945512936285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011774361723073, language=CN, label=表2, caption=仿真结果对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 目标位置$x$方向偏差/m 目标位置$y$方向偏差/m 目标位置$z$方向偏差/m 计算时间/s
联立法 30 34 10 19.68
开环制导 100 120 92 40.87
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基于联立法的运载火箭上升段轨迹优化研究
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黄繁 , 冀四梅 , 郭杰 , 唐胜景
导弹与航天运载技术 | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2024,47(6): 21-27
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导弹与航天运载技术 | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2024, 47(6): 21-27
基于联立法的运载火箭上升段轨迹优化研究
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黄繁, 冀四梅, 郭杰, 唐胜景
作者信息
  • 北京理工大学宇航学院,飞行器动力学与控制教育部重点实验室,北京,100081
  • 黄繁(1996-),女,工程师,主要研究方向为飞行器总体设计、飞行器轨迹优化。

    冀四梅(1968—),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为飞行器总体设计、飞行器动力学与控制。

    郭杰(1981—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为飞行器总体设计、飞行器动力学与控制。

    唐胜景(1959—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为飞行器总体设计、飞行器动力学与控制。

Research on Trajectory Optimization Based on Simultaneous Method in Launch Vehicles Ascent Stage
Fan HUANG, Simei JI, Jie GUO, Shengjing TANG
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Dynamics and Control of Flight Vehicle, Ministry of Education, School of Aerospace Engineering,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing,100081
出版时间: 2024-12-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240604
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针对运载火箭大气层内复杂多约束的上升段轨迹优化问题,提出一种基于联立法的轨迹优化方法。该方法采用联立框架下的直接法求解,通过有限元正交配置法离散状态变量和控制变量,再用内点法求解离散后的非线性规划问题,从而平衡了计算效率和求解精度,提高轨迹优化的自主性和任务适应能力。针对离散后非线性规划问题规模越大梯度矩阵计算耗时越多的问题,充分利用偏导数矩阵的稀疏性,将非线性规划(Nonlinear Programming,NLP)梯度中非零项的求解转化为原最优控制问题偏导数的求解,从而进一步提高轨迹优化的效率。仿真结果表明,该方法能很好地完成飞行任务,满足约束条件。

联立框架  /  有限元正交配置法  /  内点法  /  梯度矩阵  /  稀疏性

Aiming at the trajectory optimization problem of the ascending stage of launch vehicle in the atmosphere with complex and multi constraints, a trajectory optimization method based on simultaneous method is proposed. The method adopts the direct method under the simultaneous framework, discretizes the state variables and control variables through the finite element orthogonal collocation method, and then solves the discrete nonlinear programming problem by the interior point method, so as to balance the calculation efficiency and solution accuracy, and improve the autonomy and task adaptability of trajectory optimization. Aiming at the problem that the larger the scale of the discrete nonlinear programming problem is, the more time-consuming the gradient matrix calculation is, making full use of the sparsity of the partial derivative matrix, the solution of the non-zero term in the NLP gradient is transformed into the solution of the partial derivative of the original optimal control problem, so as to further improve the efficiency of trajectory optimization. The simulation results show that this method can complete the flight mission well and meet constraints.

simultaneous frame  /  finite element orthogonal collocation method  /  interior point method  /  gradient matrix  /  sparsity
黄繁, 冀四梅, 郭杰, 唐胜景. 基于联立法的运载火箭上升段轨迹优化研究. 导弹与航天运载技术, 2024 , 47 (6) : 21 -27 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240604
Fan HUANG, Simei JI, Jie GUO, Shengjing TANG. Research on Trajectory Optimization Based on Simultaneous Method in Launch Vehicles Ascent Stage[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2024 , 47 (6) : 21 -27 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240604
近年来, 国内外航天技术不断发展, 各国运载火箭高密度发射已成常态, 紧急发射任务也时有发生, 射前设计飞行轨迹的任务繁重, 飞行故障甚至飞行失利常常出现。航天发射任务需要保证有效载荷在运载火箭正常工作的情况下能够高精度入轨, 这对运载火箭的轨迹优化能力提出了更高的要求。轨迹优化本质上是求解多变量、多约束的最优控制问题, 保证运载火箭按照一条优化的轨迹飞向目标, 在完成飞行任务的同时, 还可以达到有效载荷质量最大、能量消耗最小等性能指标。
在运载火箭飞行过程中, 大气层内飞行环境复杂多变, 飞行轨迹对空气动力参数十分敏感, 以及动力学模型中非线性特性明显, 各通道之间存在耦合, 给上升段制导带来了巨大挑战[1]。因此,开展运载火箭大气层内上升段的多变量、多约束轨迹优化方法研究, 提高其计算效率与优化精度, 能够为航天高密度发射任务提供一些必要的技术储备, 具有非常重要的学术科研价值和经济价值。
对运载火箭大气层内上升段的研究, 传统的方法采用开环制导, 射前根据预测的风场模型设计大气层内可行或最优的飞行轨迹与制导指令(姿态角、发动机程序导引指令), 该方法计算量大、任务适应性差、 制导精度低,不能处理紧急发射任务,无法满足运载火箭的发展需求[2]。随着计算机技术及优化理论的发展, 基于轨迹优化的制导方法得到广泛应用, 其主要分为间接法和直接法[3]。由于间接法对初值敏感度高, 处理复杂约束困难, 因此从直接法入手进行研究, 如上升段采用多重打靶法[4]、伪谱法[5]、凸优化方法[6]等, 文献[7]中提出凸优化或联立法是未来重型运载火箭制导方法研究的主要技术方向。
联立计算框架采用基于有限元正交配置(Orthogonal Collocation on Finite Elements, OCFE)的联立法对构建的最优控制问题进行离散化, 利用内点算法求解离散化后得到的非线性规划(Nonlinear Programming, NLP)问题。文献[8]为解决复杂约束下航天器月面上升段在线轨迹优化问题, 提出联立框架下的直接法求解算法, 同时采用收敛深度控制策略平衡解的精度和计算效率。文献[9]针对恒定推力和未配置辅助动力系统的运载火箭, 基于联立法研究带大姿态终端约束的动态在线轨迹规划问题。文献[10]基于联立法求解垂直起降运载火箭飞行全过程三自由度最优轨迹设计问题, 为增强求解收敛性, 设计了启发式初始化策略。为解决六自由度最优轨迹设计问题, 在联立计算框架的基础上提出了基于非配置点的离散化误差估计和哈密尔顿函数的自适应离散化网格精细化算法,可精确定位推力大小跳变点。文献[11]采用联立法设计闭环预测制导方案, 研究带终端姿态约束的最优入轨问题。
为了解决运载火箭大气层内复杂多约束的轨迹优化问题, 本文从平衡计算效率和求解精度的角度, 采用联立法进行求解, 提高轨迹优化的自主性和任务适应能力。为了进一步提高联立法的计算速度, 利用离散后$\mathrm{{NLP}}$问题中偏导数矩阵的稀疏性,将$\mathrm{{NLP}}$梯度中非零项的求解转化为原最优控制问题偏导数的求解, 从而提高轨迹优化的效率。
针对运载火箭大气层内上升段的运动控制问题, 在发射点惯性坐标系$o -{xyz}$下建立火箭的质心运动方程,其中$o$位于发射点,${ox}$轴在水平面内,指向瞄准方向;${oy}$轴垂直于水平面向上;${oz}$轴垂直于${xoy}$平面, 与${ox}$轴、${oy}$轴构成右手坐标系,运载火箭起飞后,该参考系在惯性空间保持不变。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\dot{\mathbf{r}}= \mathbf{v}\\\dot{\mathbf{v}}= -\frac{\mu \mathbf{r}}{{r}^{3}}+ \frac{\mathbf{T}}{m}+ \frac{\mathbf{A}}{m}+ \frac{\mathbf{N}}{m}\\\dot{m}= -\frac{\parallel \mathbf{T}\parallel }{{g}_{0}{I}_{\text{in }}}\end{array}\right.$
式中$\mathbf{r}$为运载火箭的质心位置,$\mathbf{r}= {\left\lbrack x, y, z\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}};\mathbf{v}$为运载火箭的速度,$\mathbf{v}= {\left\lbrack {v}_{x},{v}_{y},{v}_{z}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}};\mu$为地心引力常数;$\mathbf{T}$为发动机推力,$\mathbf{T}= {\left\lbrack {T}_{x},{T}_{y},{T}_{z}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}};\mathbf{A}$$\mathbf{N}$分别为气动轴向力、法向力;${g}_{0}$为海平面的重力加速度大小;${I}_{\mathrm{{sp}}}$为发动机冲量。
所定义的轨迹规划问题为
$\min \Phi \left({\mathbf{x}\left({t}_{\mathrm{f}}\right)}\right)\\\text{s.t.}\left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{\mathrm{d}\mathbf{x}\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}= f\left({\mathbf{x}\left( t\right),\mathbf{u}\left( t\right), t}\right)\\{g}_{\mathrm{E}}\left({\mathbf{x}\left( t\right),\mathbf{u}\left( t\right), t}\right)= 0 \\{g}_{1}\left({\mathbf{x}\left( t\right),\mathbf{u}\left( t\right), t}\right)\leq 0 \\ x\left({t}_{0}\right)= {x}_{0}\\{N}_{1}\left({x\left({t}_{\mathrm{f}}\right)}\right)= 0 \\ t \in \left\lbrack {{f}_{\mathrm{c}},{f}_{\mathrm{f}}}\right\rbrack \end{array}\right.$
式中$\Phi \left({x\left({t}_{\mathrm{f}}\right)}\right)$为目标函数,对于运载火箭上升段的轨迹优化问题, 主要考虑燃料消耗最少的性能指标, 由于质量是单调递减的, 则转化为梅耶(Mayer)形式,即$\min J =- m\left({t}_{\mathrm{f}}\right);{g}_{\mathrm{E}}$为运载火箭飞行过程中的等式约束,包含动力学方程约束、初始及终端边界约束、连续性方程约束以及控制路径约束:${T}_{x}^{2}+ {T}_{y}^{2}+$${T}_{z}^{2}= 1$,即将推力方向约束为单位长度;${g}_{1}$为不等式约束, 运载火箭在大气层内飞行时, 为了保证结构安全,主要考虑过程约束为动压约束:$\frac{1}{2}\rho \parallel \mathbf{v}{\parallel }^{2}\leq {q}_{\max }$;$\mathbf{x}\left( t\right)\in {R}^{{n}_{x}}$为状态变量组成的${n}_{x}$维向量,$\mathbf{u}\left( t\right)\in {R}^{{n}_{u}}$为控制变量组成的${n}_{u}$维向量,根据运载火箭的动力学方程,取该轨迹优化问题状态变量为$\mathbf{X}=$$\left\lbrack {x, y, z,{v}_{x},{v}_{y},{v}_{z}, m}\right\rbrack$,控制变量为$\mathbf{U}= \left\lbrack {{T}_{x},{T}_{y},{T}_{z}}\right\rbrack$;$x\left({t}_{0}\right)= {x}_{0}$为状态变量的初始状态;${N}_{1}\left({x\left({t}_{\mathrm{f}}\right)}\right)= 0$为状态变量的终端目标集约束。
因此,针对本文研究的运载火箭大气层内上升段轨迹优化问题, 主要目标便是求解最优的推力控制序列, 使其满足推力方向单位约束、动压约束的过程约束以及初始终端位置约束的同时, 达到燃料消耗最小的性能指标要求。
在轨迹优化问题的离散化过程中, 传统方法多采用直接配点法和伪谱法, 而直接配点法用低阶的梯形法或三阶Simpson方法来分段插值拟合状态变量随时间变化关系, 求解精度差, 计算效率不高; 伪谱法以正交多项式的根作为配点, 采用全局插值多项式同时拟合状态变量和控制变量, 正交多项式阶次越高, 问题求解精度越高, 因此为了得到高精度的解必然要牺牲计算效率,求解难度高。
而联立法既可提高求解精度, 又可降低优化命题的复杂度, 提高计算效率。其中, 有限元正交配置法[12]不采用全局配置的方法,而是将整个动态时域划分为$N$个区间,每一区间称为一个有限元,然后在每个有限元上, 采用正交多项式逼近优化变量。
有限元正交配置法离散过程如图1所示。
$\left\lbrack {{t}_{0},{t}_{\mathrm{f}}}\right\rbrack$内将整个时域分为$N$段,即$N$个有限元, 则${t}_{0}\leq {t}_{i - 1}\leq t \leq {t}_{i}\leq {t}_{\mathrm{f}}= {t}_{N},{h}_{i}= {t}_{i}- {t}_{i - 1}, i$表示第$i$个有限元,$K$表示有限元上配置点的个数,${h}_{i}$上的全部变量利用拉格朗日多项式逼近:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{x}_{K}\left( t\right)= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 0}}^{K}{l}_{j}\left(\tau \right){x}_{ij}\\{u}_{K}\left( t\right)= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{K}{\bar{l}}_{j}\left(\tau \right){u}_{ij}\\ t ={t}_{i - 1}+ {h}_{i}\tau \\ t \in \left\lbrack {{t}_{i - 1}, t}\right\rbrack ,\tau \in \left\lbrack {0,1}\right\rbrack \end{array}\right.$
式中${l}_{j}\left(\tau \right)= \mathop{\prod }\limits_{{k = 0,\neq j}}^{K}\frac{\left(\tau -{\tau }_{k}\right)}{\left({\tau }_{j}- {\tau }_{k}\right)};{\bar{l}}_{j}\left(\tau \right)$为拉格朗日多项式,${\bar{l}}_{j}\left(\tau \right)= \mathop{\prod }\limits_{{k = 1,\neq j}}^{K}\frac{\left(\tau -{\tau }_{k}\right)}{\left({\tau }_{j}- {\tau }_{k}\right)}$,根据拉格朗日多项式的特点:
${l}_{j}\left({\tau }_{k}\right)= \left\{{\begin{array}{ll} 1,& k = j \\ 0,& k \neq j \end{array},{\bar{l}}_{j}\left({\tau }_{k}\right)= \left\{\begin{array}{ll} 1,& k = j \\ 0,& k \neq j \end{array}\right.}\right.$
${x}_{K}\left({t}_{ij}\right)= {x}_{ij},{u}_{K}\left({t}_{ij}\right)= {u}_{ij}$
插值多项式在配置点上的值即为其对应的插值系数。
一般情况下,状态变量需保持状态的连续性, 需要在有限元端点上通过连接方程来实现, 控制变量可不做要求。
${x}_{i + 1,0}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 0}}^{K}{l}_{j}\left( 1\right){x}_{ij}$
此外, 初始和终端的约束条件:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{x}_{1,0}= x\left({t}_{0}\right)\\{x}_{\mathrm{f}}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 0}}^{K}{l}_{j}\left( 1\right){x}_{N, j}\end{array}\right.$
则离散后非线性规划命题即为一个标准非线性参数优化命题:
$\min J =- m\left({t}_{\mathrm{f}}\right)\\\text{ s.t.}\left\{\begin{array}{l}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 0}}^{K}{l}_{k}\left({\tau }_{i}\right){x}_{ik}- {h}_{i}\cdot f\left({{x}_{ij},{u}_{ij}}\right)= 0, i = 1,\cdots , N;j = 1,\cdots , K \\{g}_{\mathrm{E}}\left({{x}_{ij},{u}_{ij}}\right)= 0, i = 1,\cdots , N;j = 1,\cdots , K \\{g}_{\mathrm{I}}\left({{x}_{ij},{u}_{ij}}\right)\leq 0, i = 1,\cdots , N;j = 1,\cdots , K \\{x}_{i + 1,0}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{K}{l}_{j}\left( 1\right){x}_{ij}, i = 1,\cdots , N;j = 1,\cdots , K \\{x}_{1,0}= x\left({t}_{0}\right)\\{x}_{1,0}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{K}{l}_{j}\left( 1\right){x}_{ij},\end{array}\right.$
选取不同的有限元个数$N$和配置点数$K$直接影响算法的优化效果, 也决定了整个优化命题的规模。在实际应用中, 配置点的个数一般为2、3 。在这一前提下,有限元的大小就成为保证离散化模型精度的关键,$N$越大,有限元越小,固然可提高离散化模型的精度, 但精度过高, 会大幅增加残差方程的规模, 使优化命题的求解变得困难;反之, 有限元取得过大, 则不能准确拟合状态变量和控制变量, 从而影响离散化模型的精度, 降低寻优结果的可信度。
针对运载火箭大气层内上升段算例的特点, 选取$N$${30}, K$为3,其中配置点为Legendre-Gauss-Radau点,即三阶多项式${P}_{K}\left(\tau \right)+ {P}_{K - 1}\left(\tau \right)$的根进行求解。
离散化后形成的非线性规划命题可用任何一种优化算法进行求解, 由于本命题带有大量不等式约束, 故选用内点算法进行求解。内点算法[13]通过在原始目标函数中加入对数障碍项,将不等式约束转化为等式约束,从而使原命题转变为一系列只有等式约束或无约束的障碍子问题。得到的新的非线性规划命题如下所示:
$\mathop{\min }\limits_{x}{\varphi }_{\mu }\left( x\right)= f\left( x\right)- \mu \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}\ln \left({x}^{\left( i\right)}\right)$
$\text{s.t.}c\left( x\right)= 0 $
式中$\mu$为障碍因子。基于Wachter和Biegler[14]对内点算法的研究, 求解障碍子问题后, 再用单调递减或自适应的方式更新障碍因子。当障碍因子趋于0时, 障碍子问题的解就趋于原非线性规划命题的解。
单调递减方式更新障碍因子利用线性搜索策略, 求得前一个障碍子问题的解作为下一个障碍子问题的初始点, 同时减小障碍因子。对于自适应方式, 在迭代过程中,与互补松弛容差成比例变化。
大量的工程试验表明, 在实际应用中, 基于自适应方式更新障碍因子的内点算法效果更好, 故文中也采用基于自适应更新的内点算法求解非线性规划命题。
内点法求解非线性规划问题需要提供目标函数的梯度以及约束的一阶偏导数甚至二阶偏导数, 然而大量的变量和约束导致有限差分法直接计算NLP的偏导数的优化效率较低,需要耗费大量时间。
考虑到目标函数和约束函数均是由配点处的设计变量函数组成, 而每个设计变量函数并不是和所有配点处的设计变量相关, 一些函数仅与部分配点处的变量有关。因此, 目标函数的梯度矩阵和约束的Jacobian矩阵是非常稀疏的, 即矩阵中有很多零元素, 计算梯度时利用其稀疏性省略零元素会提高计算效率。考虑到原最优控制问题的自变量和约束数目均很少, 将矩阵中非零项的求解转化为求解原最优控制问题的偏导数,会进一步提高计算效率[15-16]
为了推导偏导数矩阵的稀疏性, 将变量或约束的同一个分量在不同节点的值记为一个新的列向量。
定义状态方程离散残差如下:
${\mathbf{\xi }}_{: , j}= {\left({\mathbf{\xi }}_{0, j},{\mathbf{\xi }}_{1, j},\cdots ,{\mathbf{\xi }}_{K, j}\right)}^{\mathrm{T}},\left({j = 1,2,\cdots , n}\right)$
式中${\xi }_{: , j}$$K \times 1$向量。类似地可定义等式约束${\mathbf{C}}_{: , j}$、 不等式约束${\overline{\mathbf{C}}}_{: , j}$、状态变量${\mathbf{X}}_{: , j}$、控制变量${\mathbf{U}}_{: , j}$
通过新的变量定义方式, 针对运载火箭上升段轨迹优化问题, 将有限元正交配置法离散后的NLP问题重新描述: 在满足$F{\left( z\right)}_{\min }\leq F\left( z\right)\leq F{\left( z\right)}_{\max }$的约束条件下,使目标函数$J\left( z\right)$达到最小。其中,$J\left( z\right)$为Mayer型,优化变量$z$与约束函数$F\left( z\right)$如下所示:
$\mathbf{z}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{\mathbf{X}}_{: ,1}\\\vdots \\{\mathbf{X}}_{: ,7}\\{\mathbf{U}}_{: ,1}\\{\mathbf{U}}_{: ,2}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack ,\mathbf{F}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{\mathbf{\xi }}_{: ,1}\\\vdots \\{\mathbf{\xi }}_{: , n}\\{\mathbf{C}}_{: ,1}\\\vdots \\{\mathbf{C}}_{: , c}\\{\mathbf{F}}_{: , c}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
针对本文定义的优化问题, 目标函数为Mayer型, 因此目标函数的梯度为
$\frac{\partial M}{\partial \mathbf{z}}= \left\lbrack {\frac{\partial M}{\partial {\mathbf{X}}_{: ,1}^{\mathrm{T}}},\cdots ,\frac{\partial M}{\partial {\mathbf{X}}_{: ,7}^{\mathrm{T}}},\frac{\partial M}{\partial {\mathbf{U}}_{: ,1}^{\mathrm{T}}},\frac{\partial M}{\partial {\mathbf{U}}_{: ,2}^{\mathrm{T}}}}\right\rbrack $
其中,
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{\partial M}{\partial {\mathbf{X}}_{: , i}^{\mathrm{T}}}= \left\lbrack {{0}_{1 \times K}\frac{\partial M}{\partial {x}_{i}\left({t}_{\mathrm{f}}\right)}}\right\rbrack \left({i = 1,\cdots ,7}\right)\\\frac{\partial M}{\partial {\mathbf{U}}_{: , i}^{\mathrm{T}}}= {0}_{1 \times \left({K + 1}\right)}\left({i = 1,2}\right)\end{array}\right.$
约束包括状态方程残差约束${\xi }_{: , j}$、过程约束${C}_{: ,\mathrm{m}}$和终端约束$\mathbf{E}$,则约束的梯度矩阵为
$\mathbf{J}= {\left\lbrack \frac{\partial {\mathbf{\xi }}_{: ,1}}{\partial \mathbf{z}},\cdots ,\frac{\partial {\mathbf{\xi }}_{: , n}}{\partial \mathbf{z}},\frac{\partial {\mathbf{C}}_{: ,1}}{\partial \mathbf{z}},\cdots ,\frac{\partial {\mathbf{C}}_{: , c}}{\partial \mathbf{z}},\frac{\partial \mathbf{E}}{\partial \mathbf{z}}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}$
其中,
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{\partial {\mathbf{\xi }}_{: , j}}{\partial \mathbf{z}}= \left\lbrack {\frac{\partial {\mathbf{\xi }}_{: , j}}{\partial {\mathbf{X}}_{: ,1}},\cdots ,\frac{\partial {\mathbf{\xi }}_{: , j}}{\partial {\mathbf{X}}_{: ,7}},\frac{\partial {\mathbf{\xi }}_{: , j}}{\partial {\mathbf{U}}_{: ,1}},\frac{\partial {\mathbf{\xi }}_{: , j}}{\partial {\mathbf{U}}_{: ,2}}}\right\rbrack \left({j = 1,\cdots , n}\right)\\\frac{\partial {\mathbf{C}}_{: , m}}{\partial \mathbf{z}}= \left\lbrack {\frac{\partial {\mathbf{C}}_{: , m}}{\partial {\mathbf{X}}_{: ,1}},\cdots ,\frac{\partial {\mathbf{C}}_{: , m}}{\partial {\mathbf{X}}_{: ,7}},\frac{\partial {\mathbf{C}}_{: , m}}{\partial {\mathbf{U}}_{: ,1}},\frac{\partial {\mathbf{C}}_{: , m}}{\partial {\mathbf{U}}_{: ,2}}}\right\rbrack \left({m = 1,\cdots , c}\right)\\\frac{\partial \mathbf{E}}{\partial z}= \left\lbrack {\frac{\partial \mathbf{E}}{\partial {\mathbf{X}}_{: ,1}},\cdots ,\frac{\partial \mathbf{E}}{\partial {\mathbf{X}}_{: , T}},\frac{\partial \mathbf{E}}{\partial {\mathbf{U}}_{: , T}},\frac{\partial \mathbf{E}}{\partial {\mathbf{U}}_{: ,2}}}\right\rbrack \end{array}\right.$
由式(8)可知, 状态方程残差可表示为
$\xi =\mathbf{D}\mathbf{X}- {h}_{i}\mathbf{F}= 0 $
式中$\mathbf{D}$为拉格朗日多项式的微分矩阵。
经过推导,可得到各种约束对优化变量的偏导数为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{\partial {\mathbf{\xi }}_{\cdot , j}}{\partial {X}_{i, l}}= \left\{\begin{array}{ll}\mathbf{D}- A & i \neq j \\- A & i \neq j \end{array}\right.\\\frac{\partial {\mathbf{\xi }}_{\cdot , j}}{\partial {U}_{i, l}}= -{h}_{i}\operatorname{diag}\left({\left\lbrack \frac{\partial {f}_{i}}{\partial {a}_{i, l}}\right\rbrack }^{K}\right)\\\frac{\partial {\mathbf{C}}_{\cdot , m}}{\partial {X}_{i, l}}= \left({\operatorname{diag}\left({\left\lbrack \frac{\partial {c}_{m}}{\partial {a}_{i, l}}\right\rbrack }^{K}\right),\operatorname{cars}\left({K,1}\right)}\right)\\\frac{\partial {\mathbf{C}}_{\cdot , m}}{\partial {U}_{i, l}}= \operatorname{diag}\left({\left\lbrack \frac{\partial {c}_{m}}{\partial {a}_{i, l}}\right\rbrack }^{K}\right)\\\frac{\partial E}{\partial {U}_{i, l}}= \left({\frac{\partial E}{\partial {a}_{i, l}}- \alpha \frac{\partial E}{\partial a}}\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中$A =- {h}_{i}\left\lbrack {\operatorname{diag}\left({\left\lbrack \frac{\partial {f}_{j}}{\partial {x}_{i}}\right\rbrack }_{1}^{K}\right),\operatorname{zeros}\left({K,1}\right)}\right.$;${\left\lbrack \frac{\partial {f}_{j}}{\partial {x}_{i}}\right\rbrack }_{1}^{K},{\left\lbrack \frac{\partial {f}_{j}}{\partial {u}_{i}}\right\rbrack }_{1}^{K}$,${\left\lbrack \frac{\partial {c}_{m}}{\partial {x}_{i}}\right\rbrack }_{1}^{K},{\left\lbrack \frac{\partial {c}_{m}}{\partial {u}_{i}}\right\rbrack }_{1}^{K}$分别表示原始轨迹优化问题状态方程、 过程约束在各个配点上对状态变量和控制变量的偏导数。采用以上方法, 利用Jacobian矩阵的稀疏性, 可大大提高计算效率,减少优化时间。 整个算法流程如图2所示。
为了验证算法的有效性, 针对运载火箭大气内上升段轨迹优化问题,在Matlab2020a仿真环境下,采用基于内点算法的IPOPT非线性规划求解器, 进行仿真试验。仿真试验中运载火箭模型及任务参数如表1所示。
基于上述建立的非线性规划模型及稀疏矩阵计算方法, 将全时段分为30个有限元, 选取三阶Legendre-Gauss-Radau点进行轨迹优化仿真, 并在同样仿真场景下,同传统大气层内计算轨迹方法开环程序制导进行对比,仿真结果见图3图7,仿真结果对比见表2
图3表2可以看出, 相较于传统的开环程序制导方法, 基于联立法的轨迹优化方法求解大气层内运载火箭上升段的轨迹优化问题, 求解精度和计算效率都有显著提升, 稀疏Jacobian矩阵简化了复杂的差分计算过程, 且优化后的轨迹满足初始位置约束与目标位置约束。图5表示的控制量曲线也满足了推力方向单位约束。图6中可以看出整个仿真过程满足动压约束,联立法求解轨迹优化问题可以很好地完成飞行任务。
图7中不同形状的配置点表示不同有限元设置下基于联立法优化得到高度曲线,圆圈表示$N ={30}$,计算时间${19.68}\mathrm{\;s}$,高度偏差${20}\mathrm{\;m}$;三角形表示$N ={20}$, 计算时间${15.32}\mathrm{\;s}$,高度偏差${35}\mathrm{\;m}$;正方形表示$N ={10}$,计算时间${12.44}\mathrm{\;s}$,高度偏差${40}\mathrm{\;m}$。有限元的大小影响着计算精度和计算效率,$N$越大精度越高但计算时间越长,在实际工程应用中,需适当选择$N$的大小, 从而平衡求解精度和计算效率。
本文针对大气层内的运载火箭上升段问题, 充分利用偏导数矩阵的稀疏性, 提出了一种基于联立法的轨迹优化方法。该方法先通过有限元正交配置法将最优控制问题离散为非线性规划问题, 有限元正交配置法将整个时域分为$N$个有限区间,在每个有限区间用正交多项式逼近状态和控制变量, 在计算Jacobian矩阵时将矩阵中非零项的求解转化为原最优控制问题偏导数的求解, 最后采用内点法优化求解非线性规划问题, 得到最优控制序列。仿真结果表明, 本文提出的方法能够很好地平衡求解精度与计算效率, 完成飞行任务。
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2024年第47卷第6期
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240604
  • 接收时间:2022-04-24
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2024-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2022-04-24
  • 修回日期:2023-02-01
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    北京理工大学宇航学院,飞行器动力学与控制教育部重点实验室,北京,100081
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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