Article(id=1148011770142253911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298864751989270, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240602, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=0, receivedDate=1679673600000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-25, revisedDate=1701360000000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751636935028, onlineDateStr=2025-07-04, pubDate=1735056000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751636935028, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751636935028, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751951623352, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149298864751989270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2024', volume='47', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751943802297, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754895906333, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1161680886572339243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298864751989270, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1161680886572339244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298864751989270, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=8, endPage=13, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1148011770297443178, articleId=1148011770142253911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=Research on Side Window Cover Throwing Technology for Reentry Vehicle, columnId=1154057568293999177, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Launch Vehicle and Missile, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to achieve the purpose of precision strike of reentry vehicle under complex electromagnetic interference conditions, a side window cover throwing technology for radar/infrared dual-model combined guidance is proposed. Through simulated analysis and ground tests, the rationality of heat seal structure of infrared window and the reliability of cover throwing scheme is verified, and the motion track and flight attitude of cover are obtained under high-Mach and high dynamic pressure conditions. The results show that the heat sealing performance of infrared window is effective, which can prevent the external heat flow into the interior of the vehicle successfully. The cover can be thrown successfully when it's needed, the cover can fly out the shock wave-affected zone and always move away from the vehicle continuously, which can not crash the vehicle. The infrared glass is in good condition, which is not broken and polluted. The research provides a technical support for the investigation on cover throwing technology for reentry vehicle.

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为提升再入飞行器在复杂电磁干扰条件下的高精度打击能力,提出一种适用于雷达/红外双模复合制导模式的整体式红外侧窗抛罩技术方案。通过地面试验和仿真分析,验证了红外窗口热密封结构的可靠性和抛罩方案设计的合理性,并获取了在高马赫数、大动压条件下红外玻璃保护罩抛出后的运动轨迹和姿态。试验结果表明:红外窗口热密封性能良好,能够有效防止外部热流进入飞行器内部。抛罩时保护罩可被顺利抛出,保护罩与弹体分离后能够顺利飞出激波影响区,并始终朝着远离弹体的方向运动,不会与弹体发生碰撞。抛罩后红外光学玻璃无破碎,能够确保红外导引头通光视场无污染。该项研究成果可为再入飞行器抛罩技术的发展提供技术支撑。

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邱相儒(1991—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为再入飞行器总体设计。

刘秀春(1984—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为再入飞行器总体设计。

李晓东(1986—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为再入飞行器总体设计。

吴乔(1993—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为空气动力学设计。

梁欢(1987—),女,高级工程师,主要研究方向为飞行器防热设计。

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Development analysis of multimode compound guidance technology and equipment[J]. 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再入飞行器侧窗抛罩技术研究
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邱相儒 , 刘秀春 , 李晓东 , 吴乔 , 梁欢
导弹与航天运载技术 | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2024,47(6): 8-13
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导弹与航天运载技术 | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2024, 47(6): 8-13
再入飞行器侧窗抛罩技术研究
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邱相儒, 刘秀春, 李晓东, 吴乔, 梁欢
作者信息
  • 北京航天长征飞行器研究所,北京,100076
  • 邱相儒(1991—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为再入飞行器总体设计。

    刘秀春(1984—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为再入飞行器总体设计。

    李晓东(1986—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为再入飞行器总体设计。

    吴乔(1993—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为空气动力学设计。

    梁欢(1987—),女,高级工程师,主要研究方向为飞行器防热设计。

Research on Side Window Cover Throwing Technology for Reentry Vehicle
Xiangru QIU, Xiuchun LIU, Xiaodong LI, Qiao WU, Huan LIANG
Affiliations
  • Beijing Institute of Space Long March Vehicle,Beijing,100076
出版时间: 2024-12-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240602
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为提升再入飞行器在复杂电磁干扰条件下的高精度打击能力,提出一种适用于雷达/红外双模复合制导模式的整体式红外侧窗抛罩技术方案。通过地面试验和仿真分析,验证了红外窗口热密封结构的可靠性和抛罩方案设计的合理性,并获取了在高马赫数、大动压条件下红外玻璃保护罩抛出后的运动轨迹和姿态。试验结果表明:红外窗口热密封性能良好,能够有效防止外部热流进入飞行器内部。抛罩时保护罩可被顺利抛出,保护罩与弹体分离后能够顺利飞出激波影响区,并始终朝着远离弹体的方向运动,不会与弹体发生碰撞。抛罩后红外光学玻璃无破碎,能够确保红外导引头通光视场无污染。该项研究成果可为再入飞行器抛罩技术的发展提供技术支撑。

再入飞行器  /  侧窗抛罩  /  仿真分析  /  试验验证

In order to achieve the purpose of precision strike of reentry vehicle under complex electromagnetic interference conditions, a side window cover throwing technology for radar/infrared dual-model combined guidance is proposed. Through simulated analysis and ground tests, the rationality of heat seal structure of infrared window and the reliability of cover throwing scheme is verified, and the motion track and flight attitude of cover are obtained under high-Mach and high dynamic pressure conditions. The results show that the heat sealing performance of infrared window is effective, which can prevent the external heat flow into the interior of the vehicle successfully. The cover can be thrown successfully when it's needed, the cover can fly out the shock wave-affected zone and always move away from the vehicle continuously, which can not crash the vehicle. The infrared glass is in good condition, which is not broken and polluted. The research provides a technical support for the investigation on cover throwing technology for reentry vehicle.

reentry vehicle  /  side window cover throwing technology  /  simulated analysis  /  test verification
邱相儒, 刘秀春, 李晓东, 吴乔, 梁欢. 再入飞行器侧窗抛罩技术研究. 导弹与航天运载技术, 2024 , 47 (6) : 8 -13 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240602
Xiangru QIU, Xiuchun LIU, Xiaodong LI, Qiao WU, Huan LIANG. Research on Side Window Cover Throwing Technology for Reentry Vehicle[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2024 , 47 (6) : 8 -13 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240602
在末制导技术中,雷达/红外复合制导模式可大幅提高武器在复杂环境中的抗干扰能力和打击精度, 成为精确制导武器技术发展的热点[1-2]。复合制导系统集成设计时,为了便于雷达天线对回波信息的有效接收, 红外导引头通常安装在雷达导引头的后方, 其通光窗口需设置在飞行器的侧壁处。由于红外光学玻璃洁净度对成像质量影响显著, 且飞行过程中弹体表面会遭遇气动力、气动加热等恶劣环境,因此需要在红外窗口处安装保护罩,只有在进入飞行末端时,才将保护罩抛掉, 露出红外光学玻璃对目标区域成像, 直至飞行器击中目标[3-5]。因此,抛罩前红外窗口处的热密封性能及保护罩的侧向可靠分离技术, 成为影响红外制导成败的关键。
根据公开资料, 目前国内外常见的应用于再入飞行器的抛罩方式包括整体拔罩式、分瓣式和破碎式等。文献[6]给出了一种利用燃气发生器提供分离能量的整体式抛罩方案, 如图1所示, 抛罩信号发出后, 燃气发生器在密闭容腔中迅速产生高压气体, 当压力增加到一定量级时头罩与弹体的连接销钉被拉断, 头罩在高压气体的作用下从弹体前方整体 “拔出”,露出红外导引头, 当头罩完全离开弹体时, 头罩侧向的喷口打开, 使高压气体从头罩侧向的喷口处喷出, 产生侧推力将头罩横向抛离弹体, 防止与弹头的碰撞。文献[7]报道了一种分瓣抛罩的技术, 如图2所示, 在保护罩顶点处安装一个执行机构, 该执行机构由中心处的扩张器和均布的4个切割器组成, 切割器与保护罩内壁接触, 在导引头需要工作时, 扩张器推动保护罩向外扩张, 切割器沿纵向将保护罩切开, 最后在高速气流下使保护罩与弹体完全分离。文献[8]给出了另一种分瓣式抛罩方案, 保护罩分为半罩1和半罩2 ,通过若干个螺钉组合成一个整体后安装在弹头前端, 在需要抛罩时分离装置点火动作, 使两个半罩朝相反的方向运动的同时拉断保护罩的连接螺钉, 最终在气动力的作用下飞离弹体, 如图3所示。文献[9]给出了一种破碎式抛罩方案。导引头保护罩由刚性聚乙烯外壳非金属材料交错拼接而成, 内部填充半刚性的聚乙烯泡沫内衬, 在保护罩和内衬之间预埋柔性导爆索, 抛罩时刻利用导爆索将头罩炸开, 实现与弹体的分离, 如图4所示。
从上述各抛罩技术可以看出, 现有的抛罩形式主要集中在基于单一红外制导模式的头罩分离技术, 抛罩组件的安装结构及分离过程较为复杂, 且分离产物有对红外光学玻璃造成二次伤害的风险, 无法适应用于雷达/红外复合制导模式的再入飞行器。本文依据工程实践, 提出了一种具有良好热密封结构的整体式侧窗抛罩方案, 以满足武器系统对多种类目标的精确打击需求。
针对某飞行器平台工作环境, 对其抛罩系统设计提出以下要求:a)保护罩在分离前连接可靠,在长时间飞行的气动加热下,红外窗口处的热密封性能良好;b)保护罩能够在飞行末段马赫数高、动压大的外部环境下完成顺利分离, 分离产物不会与弹体发生碰撞;c)抛罩瞬间分离装置产生的冲击力尽可能小, 抛罩后红外光学玻璃须保持完好状态, 红外视场通光范围内无多余物。
综合上述技术要求, 根据飞行器保护罩安装区域的结构空间的限制, 设计了一种整体式侧窗抛罩方案, 如图5所示。其工作过程为: 抛罩前, 红外玻璃保护罩通过紧固螺钉与弹体进行连接, 保护罩安装后与弹体的接触区域形成拼缝对接迷宫结构, 可以有效阻隔外部热流。在保护罩下方对称两侧各安装一个推冲器, 每个推冲器均采用双路冗余点火, 在抛罩时刻两个推冲器同时接收到控制系统点火信号, 点燃推冲器内部的产气组件产生高压燃气, 使推冲器中的活塞组件在高压燃气的作用下迅速推动红外光学玻璃上方的保护罩, 紧固螺钉在保护罩的运动下被拉断, 解除保护罩与弹体的连接约束, 使保护罩朝远离弹体的方向高速运动, 实现与弹体的侧向分离。
为了准确地模拟红外玻璃保护罩的分离过程, 获取保护罩的最小安全分离速度, 采用基于网络重构技术的多体分离非定常数值仿真进行计算。根据飞行弹道及红外导引头工作需求, 选择的抛罩初始条件为: 来流马赫数${Ma}= 3$,飞行攻角为${15}^{\circ }$(抛罩面为背风面),侧滑角为${0}^{\circ }$,来流动压为${300000}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}$,保护罩初始分离速度为$6\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$
分离动态过程如图6所示, 仿真结果表明, 在抛罩初始时刻, 保护罩与弹体分离后首先沿着弹体侧壁向远离飞行器的方向运动,大约经过${0.03}\mathrm{\;s}$后保护罩开始在气动力的作用下沿俯仰方向发生翻转, 经过约${0.04}\mathrm{\;s}$后,保护罩与弹体已拉开足够的安全距离,并持续向远离弹体的斜后方运动。
根据非定常计算结果绘制的保护罩的运动轨迹如图7所示, 从图7中可知保护罩的分离轨迹呈抛物线式, 这是因为抛罩时弹体保持正攻角, 抛罩面位于背风面, 当抛罩速度足够大时可迅速摆脱脱体激波区域的影响。在仿真末时刻$\left({t ={0.045}\mathrm{\;s}}\right)$,保护罩距离飞行器外表面约${3.3}\mathrm{\;m}$,保护罩质心沿弹轴方向相对速度约为${230}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$,沿弹轴法向相对速度约为${110}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$。表明在设定的抛罩初始条件下,保护罩可安全与飞行器分离。
为了验证抛罩方案的可行性和仿真结果的正确性, 开展了地面抛罩试验。为了便于开展试验, 试验件选用飞行器壳体局部件。抛罩火工品、保护罩及结构件安装在壳体局部件侧壁上。试验前将壳体局部件大端与试验工装连接,使抛罩窗口朝上并与地面成约${45}^{\circ }$的夹角。为了获取抛罩分离过程中的冲击数据, 在试验件内部靠近抛罩窗口附近安装一个二轴冲击传感器进行测量,传感器的$X$向与抛罩方向垂直,$Y$向与抛罩方向保持平行。在试验件后方放置若干海绵垫, 用于回收保护罩, 在正对试验件侧向布置一台高速摄像机, 记录整个试验过程, 如图8所示。
地面控制系统发出 “抛罩” 指令后, 作动装置工作实现了保护罩的分离。高速摄像记录了整个抛罩过程, 由图8可以看到, 整个抛罩过程正常, 保护罩在推冲器的作用下完成了可靠分离, 通过高速摄像判读得到保护罩的初始分离速度为${15}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$,满足$6\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$的仿真条件。保护罩与弹体分离后, 首先沿弹体母线方向平动分离, 没有发生侧向翻转, 说明两个推冲器工作的同步性很好。在分离约${64}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$后,保护罩在俯仰方向有翻转的趋势, 这是因为保护罩在结构设计时, 使其质心位于沿长度方向偏大端附近, 这样通过保护罩在俯仰方向的翻转更有利于与弹体拉开安全距离。
对抛罩后红外光学玻璃的状态进行检查确认, 发现红外光学玻璃表面完好, 无破裂、无污染, 如图9所示。一方面, 所用抛罩火工品的药量较小, 点火后产生的分离冲击响应较小; 另一方面, 通过在红外光学玻璃四周安装缓冲垫, 抛罩过程中吸收了作动装置产生的冲击能量, 对红外光学玻璃起到了很好的保护作用。
抛罩冲击测量结果见图10,从图10中可知整个抛罩冲击过程时间很短,持续时间不超过${0.15}\mathrm{s}$,说明在这段时间内完成了推冲器的响应和紧固螺钉的断裂, 此后的时间中保护罩在一定的初始速度下完成分离。$X\text{、}Y$两个方向上冲击相应的变化规律相似,加速度响应峰值分别为${84}\mathrm{\;g}$${251}\mathrm{\;g}$,这与推冲器活塞组件沿$Y$向运动的现象相吻合。
采用多状态组合轨道超声速射流试验方案, 通过模拟飞行器在飞行过程中的气动加热环境, 验证抛罩前红外窗口保护罩与弹体之间的热密封性能。试验在电弧风洞设备上进行, 如图11所示。
根据试验条件, 选取红外窗口局部件为被试品, 在两个推冲器底部各布置1个温度测点, 在保护罩下表面中心处布置1个温度测点, 如图12所示。试验状态包括高、低表面热流峰值两个状态, 可以有效地模拟真实的飞行环境。
图13给出了热密封试验件试验前后表面形貌对比情况。可以看出, 经过长时间高温环境后, 红外玻璃保护罩与试验件外表面仍为圆滑过渡, 没有出现烧蚀台阶, 外表面仅有少量的碳化层, 在保护罩和试验件的连接处未出现粘连、蹦边等现象, 证明热结构匹配性能良好。
图14给出了保护罩内侧3个温度测点的温升曲线, 从图14中可以看出, 两个推冲器药盒处的温升一致性较好,均在${30}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$以内。保护罩中心处的温升约为${18}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,说明该防热结构热密封设计合理,飞行过程中能够满足火工品及红外光学玻璃的温度使用要求。
针对再入飞行器雷达/红外导引头复合制导模式, 提出了一种低冲击、高可靠的整体式侧窗抛罩技术方案, 研究结果表明:
a)通过多体分离运动仿真计算, 得到在马赫数${Ma}= 3$、飞行攻角为${15}^{\circ }$、侧滑角为${0}^{\circ }$、来流动压为${300000}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}$的抛罩初始条件下,保护罩的最小安全分离速度为$6\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$,分离后在气动力的作用下沿俯仰方向发生翻转并持续向远离弹体的后方运动。
b)在地面静态抛罩试验中,保护罩以${15}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$的速度与弹体发生平动分离, 测得的最大冲击时域值为251g,抛罩后红外光学玻璃无破裂、无污染。
c)在热密封试验中, 通过模拟飞行器飞行过程中的气动加热环境, 测得推冲器处的温升不大于${30}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,红外光学玻璃表面的温度为${18}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,说明防热结构设计有效, 能够保证推冲器及红外光学玻璃的可靠工作。
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240602
  • 接收时间:2023-03-25
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2024-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-25
  • 修回日期:2023-12-01
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    北京航天长征飞行器研究所,北京,100076
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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