Article(id=1148011784851681930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298864751989270, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240601, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720281600000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-07, revisedDate=1732550400000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751636938536, onlineDateStr=2025-07-04, pubDate=1735056000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751636938536, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751636938536, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751636938536, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149298864751989270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2024', volume='47', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751943802297, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754895906333, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1161680886572339243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298864751989270, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1161680886572339244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298864751989270, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=7, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1148011785115923112, articleId=1148011784851681930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=Characteristics of Whole-vehicle Drag Reduction in High-speed Vehicle Through Opposing Jet Flow, columnId=1154057568293999177, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Launch Vehicle and Missile, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To study the drag reduction characteristics of head opposing jet flow for the whole high-speed vehicle, a calculation model is established for sphere bicone, and flow field is solved by using multi-component axial symmetry Navier-Stokes equations. The influence laws of the opposing jet on the wave drag, friction drag, and base drag are studied by using the height of free stream, and the total pressure ratio of the jet and free stream. The calculation results show that the increase of the total pressure ratio reduces the wave drag and base drag by changing the flow field structure, and it leads to a temperature decrease and velocity gradient increase within the boundary layer. The dominant boundary velocity gradient can lead to an increase in friction drag. For high-altitude conditions, the friction drag has a high proportion of total drag and a better drag reduction effect, so it is better to choose an appropriate total pressure ratio. For low-altitude conditions, the base drag has a high proportion of total drag and a better drag reduction effect, so it is better to choose a high total pressure ratio. Considering the cost-effectiveness ratio of drag reduction and opposing jet mass flow, high-altitude flight conditions with a small total pressure ratio can be chosen.

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为了研究头部逆向喷流对全机阻力特性的影响,基于典型双锥飞行器计算模型,通过求解多组元轴对称Navier-Stokes方程,给出了头部逆向喷流来流高度参数和喷主流总压比参数对全机波阻、摩阻和底阻的影响规律。计算结果表明,喷主流总压比增加改变了流场结构使得波阻和底阻降低,并导致边界层内温度降低和速度梯度增加,在边界层速度梯度影响更大的条件下会出现摩阻增加的现象。在高空条件下,摩阻的占比较高且减阻效果较好,选择合适的总压比能有效降低总阻力;在低空条件下,底阻的占比较高且减阻效果较好,较大的总压比减阻效果更显著。高空低总压比的逆向喷流减阻与喷流流量消耗的效费比更优。

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杨天鹏(1993—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为飞行器气动设计。

惠俊鹏(1981—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为飞行器总体设计。

于江鹏(1995—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为飞行器气动设计。

张立坤(1970—),女,研究员,主要研究方向为飞行器气动设计。

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边界条件 参数 取值
来流 气体介质 空气
马赫数 3.98
总压/MPa 1.37
总温/K 397
喷流 气体介质 氮气
马赫数 1.0
总压比$P{R}_{0}$ 0.8
总温/K 300
物面 静温/K 295
), ArticleFig(id=1197270131236712614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011784851681930, language=CN, label=表1, caption=验证算例边界条件, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
边界条件 参数 取值
来流 气体介质 空气
马赫数 3.98
总压/MPa 1.37
总温/K 397
喷流 气体介质 氮气
马赫数 1.0
总压比$P{R}_{0}$ 0.8
总温/K 300
物面 静温/K 295
), ArticleFig(id=1197270131492565159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011784851681930, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Boundary conditions, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
边界条件 参数 取值
来流 气体介质 空气
马赫数 4
来流高度/km 30
喷流 气体介质 空气
马赫数 1.0
总压比$P{R}_{0}$ 2~20
总温/K 300
物面 边界条件 绝热壁
), ArticleFig(id=1197270131685503144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011784851681930, language=CN, label=表2, caption=边界条件, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
边界条件 参数 取值
来流 气体介质 空气
马赫数 4
来流高度/km 30
喷流 气体介质 空气
马赫数 1.0
总压比$P{R}_{0}$ 2~20
总温/K 300
物面 边界条件 绝热壁
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高速飞行器逆向喷流全机减阻特性分析
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杨天鹏 , 惠俊鹏 , 于江鹏 , 张立坤
导弹与航天运载技术 | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2024,47(6): 1-7
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导弹与航天运载技术 | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2024, 47(6): 1-7
高速飞行器逆向喷流全机减阻特性分析
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杨天鹏, 惠俊鹏, 于江鹏, 张立坤
作者信息
  • 北京航天长征飞行器研究所,北京,100076
  • 杨天鹏(1993—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为飞行器气动设计。

    惠俊鹏(1981—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为飞行器总体设计。

    于江鹏(1995—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为飞行器气动设计。

    张立坤(1970—),女,研究员,主要研究方向为飞行器气动设计。

Characteristics of Whole-vehicle Drag Reduction in High-speed Vehicle Through Opposing Jet Flow
Tianpeng YANG, Junpeng HUI, Jiangpeng YU, Likun ZHANG
Affiliations
  • Beijng Institute of Space Long Mach Vehicle,Beijing,100076
出版时间: 2024-12-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240601
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为了研究头部逆向喷流对全机阻力特性的影响,基于典型双锥飞行器计算模型,通过求解多组元轴对称Navier-Stokes方程,给出了头部逆向喷流来流高度参数和喷主流总压比参数对全机波阻、摩阻和底阻的影响规律。计算结果表明,喷主流总压比增加改变了流场结构使得波阻和底阻降低,并导致边界层内温度降低和速度梯度增加,在边界层速度梯度影响更大的条件下会出现摩阻增加的现象。在高空条件下,摩阻的占比较高且减阻效果较好,选择合适的总压比能有效降低总阻力;在低空条件下,底阻的占比较高且减阻效果较好,较大的总压比减阻效果更显著。高空低总压比的逆向喷流减阻与喷流流量消耗的效费比更优。

数值模拟  /  逆向喷流  /  减阻  /  来流高度  /  喷主流总压比

To study the drag reduction characteristics of head opposing jet flow for the whole high-speed vehicle, a calculation model is established for sphere bicone, and flow field is solved by using multi-component axial symmetry Navier-Stokes equations. The influence laws of the opposing jet on the wave drag, friction drag, and base drag are studied by using the height of free stream, and the total pressure ratio of the jet and free stream. The calculation results show that the increase of the total pressure ratio reduces the wave drag and base drag by changing the flow field structure, and it leads to a temperature decrease and velocity gradient increase within the boundary layer. The dominant boundary velocity gradient can lead to an increase in friction drag. For high-altitude conditions, the friction drag has a high proportion of total drag and a better drag reduction effect, so it is better to choose an appropriate total pressure ratio. For low-altitude conditions, the base drag has a high proportion of total drag and a better drag reduction effect, so it is better to choose a high total pressure ratio. Considering the cost-effectiveness ratio of drag reduction and opposing jet mass flow, high-altitude flight conditions with a small total pressure ratio can be chosen.

numerical simulation  /  opposing jet  /  drag reduction  /  height of free stream  /  total pressure ratio of the jet and free stream
杨天鹏, 惠俊鹏, 于江鹏, 张立坤. 高速飞行器逆向喷流全机减阻特性分析. 导弹与航天运载技术, 2024 , 47 (6) : 1 -7 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240601
Tianpeng YANG, Junpeng HUI, Jiangpeng YU, Likun ZHANG. Characteristics of Whole-vehicle Drag Reduction in High-speed Vehicle Through Opposing Jet Flow[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2024 , 47 (6) : 1 -7 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240601
飞行器在大气中高速运动时, 主要受到三个方面的阻力影响: 气流在激波作用下表现出的高压特性、 飞行器边界层内的黏性阻滞和飞行器底部区域的低压环境。这对飞行器远距离飞行时的航程、有效载荷和经济性产生较大影响, 如何有效降低飞行器阻力是高速飞行器设计的重要问题。
逆向喷流作为主动流动控制的一种方法, 可用于飞行器头部、翼前缘等关键部位的减阻降热。逆向喷流通过向流场中逆向注入气体, 一方面其多级激波的流场结构形成了气动撑杆, 将来流的弓形激波推离物面并减弱强度, 另一方面喷流介质将喷口附近的回流区及其下游与高温主流相隔离, 为局部提供了良好的热环境[1-2]
国内外学者在逆向喷流的研究上开展了大量工作。对逆向喷流喷主流总压比[3]、喷流气体介质属性[4]、长穿透和短穿透逆向喷流模态[5]、喷口形状[6]、喷射形式[7]等影响逆向喷流减阻效果的因素进行了研究, 探讨了逆向喷流的相似参数, 对逆向喷流的流场结构、压力分布特性、热流分布特性等进行了研究, 分析了逆向喷流降热减阻的机理, 给出了各参数对逆向喷流的影响规律。当前对逆向喷流的研究已较为深入, 但多集中在逆向喷流对局部流动的影响上。
逆向喷流对喷口附近的流场影响较大, 喷流对当地流动的减阻和降热效果均十分显著。考虑到真实飞行器喷口尺寸相比全机尺寸小得多, 喷流流量相比来流作用在飞行器上的流量小得多, 因此局部效果明显的逆向喷流如何在全机主动减阻流动控制中达到相同效果还需要进一步研究。参考文献[8]的研究结果表明, 局部逆向喷流对全机的减阻效果明显下降。
为了分析头部逆向喷流对高速飞行器全机的减阻特性, 本文以典型双锥飞行器为研究对象, 通过计算流体力学的方法, 对相同来流不同喷流参数和相同喷流参数不同来流的逆向喷流流动进行了数值模拟与分析, 研究了喷主流总压比和来流高度参数对全机减阻特性的影响, 得到了头部逆向喷流对全机波阻、摩阻和底阻的影响规律, 为高速飞行器逆向喷流流动控制的工程化设计提供参考。
为了模拟高速飞行器整机气动特性, 选取典型球双锥飞行器[8]作为计算模型,如图1所示,总长$3\mathrm{\;m}$, 在球头开有直径${12.5}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$的圆孔作为喷流出口。
图2给出了模型的计算网格,网格划分采用结构网格,网格量为10.7万,为准确模拟黏性影响,物面第一层网格法向高度对应${y}^{+ }< 1$。在网格划分中对喷口网格进行网格加密并保留一定的长宽比以提高对称轴附近的网格黏性,确保计算结果的正确性。
本文选用的计算模型为轴对称模型, 计算条件选用零攻角评估逆向喷流减阻效果, 考虑到流动的对称性, 因此选择多组元轴对称雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程作为控制方程[9],其积分形式如下所示:
$\frac{\partial }{\partial t}{\int }_{\Omega }W\mathrm{\;d}\Omega +{\int }_{\partial \Omega }\left({{F}_{\mathrm{c}}- {F}_{\mathrm{v}}}\right) r\mathrm{\;d}S ={\int }_{\Omega }\left({{A}_{\mathrm{c}}- {A}_{\mathrm{v}}}\right)\mathrm{d}\Omega $
式中$W$为守恒变量;${F}_{\mathrm{c}}$为对流通量;${F}_{\mathrm{v}}$为黏性通量;${A}_{\mathrm{c}}$为无粘轴对称交叉源项;${A}_{\mathrm{v}}$为黏性轴对称交叉源项;$t$为流动时间;$r$为面$\mathrm{d}S$到对称轴的距离;$\Omega$为控制体;$\partial \Omega$为封闭的控制体表面。
计算格式中空间离散采用二阶精度AUSM+格式[10],时间推进采用显式五步龙格库塔迭代方法[11], 湍流模型使用两方程$k -\omega$SST模型[12]
由于计算中气体介质涉及氧气、氮气, 流场中马赫数和总温较低, 因此在计算中假设组元的热力学性质满足完全气体模型, 单一组元的黏性系数使用Sutherland公式计算得到, 单一组元的热传导系数为常数, 混合气体的黏性系数和热传导系数采用Wilke混合律[13-14]计算,扩散系数采用二元扩散假设[14]
计算中来流采用远场边界条件, 对称轴处采用对称边界条件, 物面采用无滑移和非催化壁面边界条件, 并根据算例选择绝热壁或等温壁边界条件, 喷流通过指定边界上的速度矢量、压强、温度和组元给出喷流边界条件。
数值模拟方法采用文献[15]给出的球头逆向喷流风洞试验进行了验证,其计算模型为半径${25}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$球头,喷口半径为$2\mathrm{\;{mm}}$。数值模拟边界条件如表1所示,计算网格为${120}\times {120}$的结构网格,网格第一层高度为${1.0}\times {10}^{-6}\mathrm{\;m}$,满足黏性计算要求。表1中的喷主流总压比$P{R}_{0}$指喷流总压比来流总压,$P{R}_{0}= {p}_{\mathrm{j}0}/{p}_{\infty 0}$
图3给出了本文计算结果与风洞试验纹影结果对比,可见本文所使用的数值模拟方法可以较好地复现逆向喷流流场中弓形激波、再附激波、喷口桶形激波、马赫盘等主要的流场特征,且计算得到的流场结构位置与试验纹影一致。
图4给出了球头不同角度下物面上的压强分布与参考文献[16]和[17]数值模拟结果对比, 可见本文所使用的数值模拟方法与参考文献结果基本一致, 在物面最大压强处的偏差约3%,压强分布与参考文献结果在再附点前存在约${3}^{\circ }$以内的相位差,两者偏差较小。
由上述纹影和表面压强分布结果对比可得, 本文所使用的计算模型、计算网格和数值模拟方法能够得到正确的结果, 该数值模拟方法可用于本文逆向喷流的研究中。
本节对相同来流条件不同喷主流总压比的计算结果进行分析, 来流和喷流参数如表2所示。
图5给出了喷流影响下气动阻力、波阻、摩阻和底阻相比无喷流状态的减阻比例。可见在计算条件范围内气动阻力整体上随$P{R}_{0}$增大而减小,$P{R}_{0}$大于12后气动阻力随$P{R}_{0}$增大略有减小。喷流对波阻的减小最为明显,波阻随$P{R}_{0}$增大而减小。对本文计算范围内的摩阻减阻比例而言, 在$P{R}_{0}$小于4时会出现喷流使得摩阻增加,在$P{R}_{0}$小于等于12时摩阻随$P{R}_{0}$增大而减小,在$P{R}_{0}$大于12时摩阻随$P{R}_{0}$增大略有增大。对底阻而言,喷流会使得底阻减小,在$P{R}_{0}$小于12时底阻随$P{R}_{0}$增大而减小,在$P{R}_{0}$大于12时底阻基本上不随$P{R}_{0}$变化。
对波阻的变化,图6给出了不同喷流状态下的物面压强分布, 可见喷流主要使得一锥表面压强明显降低,对二锥的表面压强影响相对较小,且$P{R}_{0}$增大会使得一锥表面压强降低的效果明显减弱。图7给出了不同$P{R}_{0}$情况下的压强云图对比,可见$P{R}_{0}$的增大会使得喷流形成的流场结构增大, 来流产生的弓形激波会更加远离物体表面,物面压强降低。上述结果表明, 波阻降低需要选择尽可能大的喷流$P{R}_{0}$
对摩阻的变化,图8给出了不同喷流状态下物面剪切应力分布, 可见在喷流的作用下一锥上的物面剪切应力明显降低, 但在喷流较弱时, 喷流减小物面剪切应力的影响会在一锥上快速减弱。$P{R}_{0}= 2$时在一锥和二锥交界处剪切应力甚至大于无喷状态。在二锥上注意到$P{R}_{0}= 2$状态的物面剪切应力比无喷状态更高,$P{R}_{0}= {20}$状态的物面剪切应力比$P{R}_{0}= {12}$状态更大,这表明摩阻大小受喷流$P{R}_{0}$影响较为敏感。
考虑到摩阻与壁面附近的黏性系数和速度梯度有关, 下面分别从物面温度和边界层速度型两方面进行分析。图9给出物面温度分布,可见$P{R}_{0}= 2$的喷流即可使得物面温度明显降低,而$P{R}_{0}= {20}$的喷流与$P{R}_{0}= {12}$的喷流相比,其物面温度仅略有降低。图10a给出了在二锥上$x = 1\mathrm{\;m}$处近壁面无量纲速度分布,可见无喷流状态的壁面速度梯度最小,$P{R}_{0}= {20}$状态的壁面速度梯度最大,图10b给出了此处的全局无量纲速度分布,可见喷流$P{R}_{0}$越大物面边界层厚度越厚。由上述速度分布可知,物面边界层厚度随$P{R}_{0}$增加而增加, 但其主要为喷流注入使得边界层高度抬升。在近壁面区域,喷流$P{R}_{0}$越高其边界层内的湍流强度就越大, 导致喷流流场中近壁面速度梯度较大。喷流在$P{R}_{0}$较小时, 边界层为湍流边界层, 而无喷状态下为层流边界层, 相比引起的降温效应, 边界层流态对摩阻的影响更大,导致低$P{R}_{0}$流动的摩阻相对无喷流增加。在喷流$P{R}_{0}$增加时,喷流温度降低导致黏性系数降低, 其对摩阻的影响较强, 边界层速度型变化相对较小, 导致中等$P{R}_{0}$流动的摩阻相对无喷流降低。在喷流进一步增强后,近壁面温度不再较快降低,但边界层速度梯度进一步增加,导致高$P{R}_{0}$流动的摩阻相比中等$P{R}_{0}$流动的摩阻增加。
上述结果表明, 逆向喷流摩阻降低主要源自壁面降温效应, 在层流流态中逆向喷流带来的湍流度增加会导致摩阻增加, 此时需要兼顾壁温和边界层选择合适的喷流参数, 并尽可能选择低温喷流介质。
对底阻的变化,由于喷流$P{R}_{0}$越大边界层厚度越大, 径向速度梯度较小, 导致边界层较厚的流动在底部拐角处的膨胀较弱、引射作用较弱、底部气流转折形成的尾激波增强, 底压升高导致底阻降低。因此对降低底阻而言,需要选择尽可能大的喷流$P{R}_{0}$
考虑到逆向喷流会导致机体携带额外的喷流工质, 且逆向喷流产生的高压气流会导致飞行器动量上的损失, 本文定义逆向喷流单位质量流量减阻能力如下:
$\frac{\Delta {F}_{\mathrm{D}}}{q}= \frac{{F}_{\mathrm{D},\text{ 无喷 }}- {F}_{\mathrm{D},\text{ 喷流 }}- q{V}_{\text{喷流 }}- \left({{p}_{\text{喷流 }}- {p}_{\infty }}\right)\cdot {S}_{\text{喷流 }}}{q}$
式中${F}_{\mathrm{D}}$为全机阻力;$q$为喷流质量流量;${V}_{\text{喷流 }}$为逆向喷流速度;$p$为压强;${S}_{\text{喷流 }}$为喷流出口面积。
图11给出了喷流单位质量流量的阻力减少量随$P{R}_{0}$的变化,可见在当前的计算模型下,仅有$P{R}_{0}$$2 \sim$6是减阻的,$P{R}_{0}$大于6逆向喷流是增阻的。综合考虑本节分析中逆向喷流对全机阻力组成的影响, 逆向喷流在全机中的应用需综合考虑喷流流量、机体面积等因素, 从而达到较好的减阻效果。
考虑到高速飞行器在大气中飞行的空域较宽, 本节取$P{R}_{0}= 8$,对不同高度的来流条件进行计算分析。图12给出了无喷流条件下,不同高度波阻、摩阻和底阻占总阻力的百分比,可见波阻占比随高度增加略有减小, 摩阻占比随高度增加而增加, 底阻占比随高度增加而减小。
对喷流减阻能力,图13给出了喷流作用下总阻、 波阻、摩阻和底阻相对无喷流状态的变化情况。总阻和波阻表现出阻力减小且随高度增加变化较小。 对于摩阻,在${20}\mathrm{\;{km}}$以下摩阻有所降低,而在${30}\sim {40}\mathrm{\;{km}}$喷流使得摩阻增加,在${50}\mathrm{\;{km}}$以上摩阻降低。这主要是由于在${30}\mathrm{\;{km}}$附近从无喷状态的层流边界层变为湍流边界层, 低温喷流带来的摩阻降低被湍流边界层导致的摩阻增加抵消。对于底阻, 喷流导致底阻随高度增加从减阻变为增阻, 这是由于尽管总压比相似, 喷流与主流的流量比并不相似, 高空喷流流量相对较小, 底部流动密度较低、尾激波较弱, 底压升高。
从上述结果分析可得, 在高空条件下减小波阻和摩阻对减小总阻力的效率最高, 需要选择合适的$P{R}_{0}$以避免摩阻增加的情况; 在低空条件下减小波阻和底阻对减小总阻力的效率最高, 需选择较大的$P{R}_{0}$以尽可能降低阻力; 考虑到喷流$P{R}_{0}$越大其喷流流量越大, 对本文条件下的喷流减阻最佳效费比而言,可选择在高空条件下使用较小的喷流$P{R}_{0}$进行减阻。
本文基于典型双锥飞行器研究了逆向喷流对全机的减阻特性, 考虑喷主流总压比和来流高度两个参数, 得到了头部逆向喷流对全机波阻、摩阻和底阻的影响规律。基于本文设定的计算模型可得出如下结论:
a)逆向喷流$P{R}_{0}$越大会使得头部弓形激波远离喷口从而降低波阻, 低温逆向喷流会使得边界层内的速度梯度增加、温度降低, 两种机制作用下需选择适当的逆向喷流$P{R}_{0}$以降低摩阻,逆向喷流$P{R}_{0}$越大会使得底阻降低越明显。
b)高空条件下减小波阻和摩阻对减小总阻力的效率最高,需要选择合适的$P{R}_{0}$以避免摩阻增加的情况;在低空条件下减小波阻和底阻对减小总阻力的效率最高,需选择较大的$P{R}_{0}$以尽可能降低阻力。
c)考虑喷流的工质消耗,逆向喷流$P{R}_{0}$越小其单位质量流量的减阻效费比越好, 同时考虑飞行器的飞行状态,在高空飞行时选择较小的逆向喷流$P{R}_{0}$可得到较好的效费比。
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2024年第47卷第6期
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240601
  • 接收时间:2024-07-07
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2024-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-07
  • 修回日期:2024-11-26
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    北京航天长征飞行器研究所,北京,100076
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