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In order to study the ability of laser-guided weapons to capture targets in various environments such as sea and land, mathematical models such as flight trajectory, backscatter and target diffuse reflection of laser-guided weapons are established, and whether the guided weapons could capture targets normally are judged by comparing the field of view, backscatter power density and target diffuse reflection power density of laser-guided weapons. Simulation calculations show that under the same conditions, the same laser weapon captures the target later at sea than in the land and other environments, the capture distance is closer, and the backscattering is more serious. Under normal circumstances, the backscattering effect of laser-guided weapons is more serious in the initial 4.4s time period of this projection, and the backscattering effect can be avoided by reducing the outlet energy of the laser irradiator or increasing the distance between the central axis of the laser-guided weapon and the optical path of the laser irradiator to more than 250m.

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为研究激光制导武器在海上、陆上等各种环境下捕获目标的能力,建立激光制导武器飞行轨迹、后向散射、目标漫反射等数学模型,通过比较激光制导武器视场角、后向散射功率密度、目标漫反射功率密度来判别制导武器是否能正常捕获目标。设置相关参数后仿真计算表明在相同的条件下,相同的激光武器在海上相比于在陆上等环境中捕获目标时间更晚,捕获距离更近,后向散射更加严重。一般情况下激光制导武器在本照本投初始4.4s 时间阶段内后向散射影响较为严重,通过降低激光照射器的出口能量或拉大激光制导武器中轴线与激光照射器光路距离至250m以上可规避后向散射的影响。

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温向华(1982—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为兵器科学与技术。

时子房(1991—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为控制与导航技术。

余永俊(1996—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为兵器科学与技术。

郑士振(1990—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为兵器科学与技术。

赵永乾(1989—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为兵器科学与技术。

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Journal of Proje-ctiles, Rockets, Missiles & Guidance, 2009,29(3): 179-182., articleTitle=The analysis and simulation of the laser-guided bomb's trajectory, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1197272526863778159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197272526872166768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, companyId=1197272526863778159, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 State Owned Changhong Machinery Factory,Guilin,541002), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197272526880555377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, companyId=1197272526863778159, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 国营长虹机械厂,桂林,541002)]), AuthorCompany(id=1197272527018967414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197272527027356021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, companyId=1197272527018967414, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Military Representative Office of Air Force in Guilin Area,Guilin,541002), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197272527035744630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, companyId=1197272527018967414, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 空军驻桂林地区军事代表室,桂林,541002)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1197272533893431739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Diagram of the spatial position of laser-guided weapons, figureFileSmall=kMYuQSLEHtbcZaT/8doJGw==, figureFileBig=kR59pXB4vCjHOOsOt3gn2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197272533973123517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, language=CN, label=图1, caption=激光制导武器空间位置关系

注:${S}_{1}$${S}_{2}$一激光制导武器视场与激光束主轴的交点;$F$一激光制导武器轴线与激光束主轴交点;${\theta }_{\mathrm{h}}$一激光制导武器半视场角[19]

, figureFileSmall=kMYuQSLEHtbcZaT/8doJGw==, figureFileBig=kR59pXB4vCjHOOsOt3gn2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197272534191227330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Scattering rate vs scattering angle curve, figureFileSmall=jH5/5TPNKrmnmf1jQQyYPA==, figureFileBig=WxXeUdb+yvShLALuJwJ1Dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197272534430302661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, language=CN, label=图2, caption=散射率与散射角变化曲线, figureFileSmall=jH5/5TPNKrmnmf1jQQyYPA==, figureFileBig=WxXeUdb+yvShLALuJwJ1Dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197272534665183688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Scattering rate curves with different ${m}_{1}$values, figureFileSmall=QmZ4dr34P8VJ52Cb1Bz2nA==, figureFileBig=9TB1XWiu5f+xjddN5w5wKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197272534870704587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同${m}_{1}$值下散射率变化曲线, figureFileSmall=QmZ4dr34P8VJ52Cb1Bz2nA==, figureFileBig=9TB1XWiu5f+xjddN5w5wKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197272535084614094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Scattering rate curves with different ${m}_{2}$values, figureFileSmall=daiWqEwl7HV5dV2IjWsqiA==, figureFileBig=yoXOT6l035hPA0q72taaVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197272535290134992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同${m}_{2}$值下散射率变化曲线, figureFileSmall=daiWqEwl7HV5dV2IjWsqiA==, figureFileBig=yoXOT6l035hPA0q72taaVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197272535483072979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Curves of scattering rate and scattering angle at different scattering distances, figureFileSmall=Ge1x2XVhKJR9dJxsKIDsYg==, figureFileBig=Wqz325D6gg4IRFQvR53aog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197272535684399572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同散射距离下散射率与散射角变化曲线, figureFileSmall=Ge1x2XVhKJR9dJxsKIDsYg==, figureFileBig=Wqz325D6gg4IRFQvR53aog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197272535973806550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Target echo energy density in sea and land environments, figureFileSmall=p2m32agrZ6hJNqXgrKFygA==, figureFileBig=if5Mpb1/DE7YP2F9Z3F39w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197272537202737624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, language=CN, label=图6, caption=海上陆上环境下目标回波能量密度, figureFileSmall=p2m32agrZ6hJNqXgrKFygA==, figureFileBig=if5Mpb1/DE7YP2F9Z3F39w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197272537399869916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Laser weapon capture signal curve in sea and land environment ( 1 means captured, 0 means not captured), figureFileSmall=yMG668chHD0VLf/00Z776Q==, figureFileBig=x8eLLiQ9/QoScJ8LaIgauA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197272537706054111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, language=CN, label=图7, caption=海上陆上环境下激光武器捕获信号曲线(1表示捕获,0表示未捕获, figureFileSmall=yMG668chHD0VLf/00Z776Q==, figureFileBig=x8eLLiQ9/QoScJ8LaIgauA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197272537961906658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Curves of target echo signal and backscatter echo signal with flight time, figureFileSmall=aoHe47sctn0rQYnLykaczA==, figureFileBig=UDKw9a8H16YCQkXWwAQ+iQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197272538268090852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, language=CN, label=图8, caption=目标回波信号和后向散射回波信号随飞行时间变化曲线, figureFileSmall=aoHe47sctn0rQYnLykaczA==, figureFileBig=UDKw9a8H16YCQkXWwAQ+iQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197272538490388966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=The upper half of the field of view after the weapon is dropped the energy density curve of the backscattered echo signal in the lower half of the field of view, figureFileSmall=U+xkHgR6dMEvighRqgRqBg==, figureFileBig=dp9MV5VFiEsUudBYArJIsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197272538725269993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, language=CN, label=图9, caption=武器投放后上半视场及下半视场后向散射回波信号能量密度变化曲线, figureFileSmall=U+xkHgR6dMEvighRqgRqBg==, figureFileBig=dp9MV5VFiEsUudBYArJIsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197272538884653547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Surface diffuse emission coefficient values for different target values, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
表面 黄土 草地 钢筋水泥
$\sigma$ 0.45 0.47 0.4
表面 浅棕色 绿褐色 灰色
$\sigma$ 0.257 0.121 0.074
表面 树叶 植被 沥青
$\sigma$ 0.58 0.5 0.17
表面 标准靶板 普通钢板 钛合金
$\sigma$ 0.2 0.43 0.48
表面 浅黑色漆 军绿色漆 白色上光漆
$\sigma$ 0.05 0.08 0.41
表面 冰面 海水 粗糙混凝土
$\sigma$ 0.32 0.23 0.36
表面 红土 杨柳叶 -
$\sigma$ 0.23 0.41 -
), ArticleFig(id=1197272539085980142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, language=CN, label=表1, caption=不同目标值表面漫反射系数$\sigma$, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
表面 黄土 草地 钢筋水泥
$\sigma$ 0.45 0.47 0.4
表面 浅棕色 绿褐色 灰色
$\sigma$ 0.257 0.121 0.074
表面 树叶 植被 沥青
$\sigma$ 0.58 0.5 0.17
表面 标准靶板 普通钢板 钛合金
$\sigma$ 0.2 0.43 0.48
表面 浅黑色漆 军绿色漆 白色上光漆
$\sigma$ 0.05 0.08 0.41
表面 冰面 海水 粗糙混凝土
$\sigma$ 0.32 0.23 0.36
表面 红土 杨柳叶 -
$\sigma$ 0.23 0.41 -
), ArticleFig(id=1197272539320861168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Atmospheric visibility, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等级 大气状态 大气能见度$/\mathrm{{km}}$
0 密雾 0.05
1 浓雾 0.2
2 中雾 0.5
3 薄雾 1
4 烟、最浓霾 2
5 不良可见度(浓霾) 4
6 中等可见度 10
7 良好可见度 20
8 优等可见度 50
9 特等可见度 50
), ArticleFig(id=1197272539538964978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, language=CN, label=表2, caption=大气能见度${V}_{1}$, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等级 大气状态 大气能见度$/\mathrm{{km}}$
0 密雾 0.05
1 浓雾 0.2
2 中雾 0.5
3 薄雾 1
4 烟、最浓霾 2
5 不良可见度(浓霾) 4
6 中等可见度 10
7 良好可见度 20
8 优等可见度 50
9 特等可见度 50
), ArticleFig(id=1197272539807400436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=$K$-values in different regions, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区 陆上 城市 海上 沙漠
$K$ 2.828 3.132 4.543 2.496
), ArticleFig(id=1197272540017115639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, language=CN, label=表3, caption=不同地区的$K$, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区 陆上 城市 海上 沙漠
$K$ 2.828 3.132 4.543 2.496
), ArticleFig(id=1197272540247802360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=Lognormal spectral distribution parameters of the standard radiant atmosphere (SRA) aerosol model, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号(i) 气溶胶类型 ${r}_{\;\mathrm{{mod}}\;i}/\mathrm{{\mu m}}$ ${\sigma }_{i}$
1 不可溶型 0.47 2.51
2 水溶型 0.0285 2.24
3 煤烟型 0.012 2.00
4 海洋型 0.21(聚积模态) 2.03
5 1.75(粗模态) 2.03
6 沙尘型 0.07(核模态) 1.95
7 0.39 (聚积模态) 2.00
8 1.90 (粗模态) 2.15
), ArticleFig(id=1197272541577396731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, language=CN, label=表4, caption=标准辐射大气(SRA)气溶胶模型对数-正态谱分布参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号(i) 气溶胶类型 ${r}_{\;\mathrm{{mod}}\;i}/\mathrm{{\mu m}}$ ${\sigma }_{i}$
1 不可溶型 0.47 2.51
2 水溶型 0.0285 2.24
3 煤烟型 0.012 2.00
4 海洋型 0.21(聚积模态) 2.03
5 1.75(粗模态) 2.03
6 沙尘型 0.07(核模态) 1.95
7 0.39 (聚积模态) 2.00
8 1.90 (粗模态) 2.15
), ArticleFig(id=1197272541782917629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=Typical atmospheric aerosol particle pattern composition, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号(j) 地区类型 气溶胶类型 粒子数浓度${N}_{i}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{-3}$
1 乡村 水溶型 2600
2 不可溶型 0.15
3 城市 水溶型 28000
4 不可溶型 1.5
5 煤烟型 130000
6 海洋 水溶型 1500
7 海洋型(聚积模态) 20
8 海洋型(粗模态) ${3.2}\times {10}^{-3}$
9 沙漠 水溶型 2000
10 沙尘型(核模态) 269.5
11 沙尘型(聚积模态) 30.5
12 沙尘型(粗模态) 0.142
), ArticleFig(id=1197272542093296127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, language=CN, label=表5, caption=典型大气气溶胶粒子模式构成, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号(j) 地区类型 气溶胶类型 粒子数浓度${N}_{i}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{-3}$
1 乡村 水溶型 2600
2 不可溶型 0.15
3 城市 水溶型 28000
4 不可溶型 1.5
5 煤烟型 130000
6 海洋 水溶型 1500
7 海洋型(聚积模态) 20
8 海洋型(粗模态) ${3.2}\times {10}^{-3}$
9 沙漠 水溶型 2000
10 沙尘型(核模态) 269.5
11 沙尘型(聚积模态) 30.5
12 沙尘型(粗模态) 0.142
), ArticleFig(id=1197272542357537282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=Refractive index parameters of a ${1.064\mu }\mathrm{m}$laser, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
粒子类型 ${m}_{1}$ ${m}_{2}$
水滴 1.326 ${4.18}\times {10}^{-6}$
冰晶 1.300 ${1.96}\times {10}^{-6}$
水溶型 1.52 0.017
煤烟型 1.75 0.440
海洋型 1.367 ${6.01}\times {10}^{-5}$
沙尘型 1.52 0.008
硫化物 1.42 ${1.50}\times {10}^{-6}$
), ArticleFig(id=1197272542584029701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, language=CN, label=表6, caption=${1.064\mu }\mathrm{m}$激光的折射率参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
粒子类型 ${m}_{1}$ ${m}_{2}$
水滴 1.326 ${4.18}\times {10}^{-6}$
冰晶 1.300 ${1.96}\times {10}^{-6}$
水溶型 1.52 0.017
煤烟型 1.75 0.440
海洋型 1.367 ${6.01}\times {10}^{-5}$
沙尘型 1.52 0.008
硫化物 1.42 ${1.50}\times {10}^{-6}$
), ArticleFig(id=1197272542923768329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, language=EN, label=Tab. 7, caption=Aerosol particle diameter and backscatter parameter setting, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 $\alpha$ $m$ $\lambda /\mathrm{{\mu m}}$ $l/\mathrm{m}$ $\varphi /\left(\circ \right)$
1 0.1 ${1.33}+ {0.001i}$ 1.064 1.0 0.0
2 0.3 ${1.33}+ {0.001i}$ 1.064 1.0 0.0
3 0.5 ${1.33}+ {0.001i}$ 1.064 1.0 0.0
4 1.0 ${1.33}+ {0.001i}$ 1.064 1.0 0.0
5 2.0 ${1.33}+ {0.001i}$ 1.064 1.0 0.0
6 3.0 ${1.33}+ {0.001i}$ 1.064 1.0 0.0
7 10.0 ${1.33}+ {0.001i}$ 1.064 1.0 0.0
8 20.0 ${1.33}+ {0.001i}$ 1.064 1.0 0.0
), ArticleFig(id=1197272543208981003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, language=CN, label=表7, caption=气溶胶粒子直径与后向散射参数设置, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 $\alpha$ $m$ $\lambda /\mathrm{{\mu m}}$ $l/\mathrm{m}$ $\varphi /\left(\circ \right)$
1 0.1 ${1.33}+ {0.001i}$ 1.064 1.0 0.0
2 0.3 ${1.33}+ {0.001i}$ 1.064 1.0 0.0
3 0.5 ${1.33}+ {0.001i}$ 1.064 1.0 0.0
4 1.0 ${1.33}+ {0.001i}$ 1.064 1.0 0.0
5 2.0 ${1.33}+ {0.001i}$ 1.064 1.0 0.0
6 3.0 ${1.33}+ {0.001i}$ 1.064 1.0 0.0
7 10.0 ${1.33}+ {0.001i}$ 1.064 1.0 0.0
8 20.0 ${1.33}+ {0.001i}$ 1.064 1.0 0.0
), ArticleFig(id=1197272543464833550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, language=EN, label=Tab. 8, caption=Refractive index real part ${m}_{1}$different value parameter setting, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 $a$ ${m}_{1}$ $\lambda /\mu \mathrm{m}$ $l/\mathrm{m}$ $\varphi /\left(\circ \right)$
1 1.0 1.3 1.064 1.0 0.0
2 1.0 1.4 1.064 1.0 0.0
3 1.0 1.5 1.064 1.0 0.0
4 1.0 1.6 1.064 1.0 0.0
5 1.0 1.7 1.064 1.0 0.0
), ArticleFig(id=1197272543712297489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, language=CN, label=表8, caption=折射率实部${m}_{1}$不同值参数设置, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 $a$ ${m}_{1}$ $\lambda /\mu \mathrm{m}$ $l/\mathrm{m}$ $\varphi /\left(\circ \right)$
1 1.0 1.3 1.064 1.0 0.0
2 1.0 1.4 1.064 1.0 0.0
3 1.0 1.5 1.064 1.0 0.0
4 1.0 1.6 1.064 1.0 0.0
5 1.0 1.7 1.064 1.0 0.0
), ArticleFig(id=1197272543896846867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, language=EN, label=Tab. 9, caption=The imaginary part of the refractive index ${m}_{2}$takes different values and sets the parameter, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 $\alpha$ ${m}_{2}$ $\lambda /\mathrm{{\mu m}}$ $l/\mathrm{m}$ $\varphi /\left(\circ \right)$
1 1.0 ${1.3}+ {0.00001i}$ 1.064 1.0 0.0
2 1.0 ${1.3}+ {0.01i}$ 1.064 1.0 0.0
3 1.0 ${1.3}+ {0.1i}$ 1.064 1.0 0.0
4 1.0 ${1.3}+ {0.5i}$ 1.064 1.0 0.0
5 1.0 ${1.5}+ {0.00001i}$ 1.064 1.0 0.0
6 1.0 ${1.5}+ {0.01i}$ 1.064 1.0 0.0
7 1.0 ${1.5}+ {0.1i}$ 1.064 1.0 0.0
8 1.0 ${1.5}+ {0.5i}$ 1.064 1.0 0.0
), ArticleFig(id=1197272544093979157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, language=CN, label=表9, caption=折射率虚部${m}_{2}$取不同值参数设置, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 $\alpha$ ${m}_{2}$ $\lambda /\mathrm{{\mu m}}$ $l/\mathrm{m}$ $\varphi /\left(\circ \right)$
1 1.0 ${1.3}+ {0.00001i}$ 1.064 1.0 0.0
2 1.0 ${1.3}+ {0.01i}$ 1.064 1.0 0.0
3 1.0 ${1.3}+ {0.1i}$ 1.064 1.0 0.0
4 1.0 ${1.3}+ {0.5i}$ 1.064 1.0 0.0
5 1.0 ${1.5}+ {0.00001i}$ 1.064 1.0 0.0
6 1.0 ${1.5}+ {0.01i}$ 1.064 1.0 0.0
7 1.0 ${1.5}+ {0.1i}$ 1.064 1.0 0.0
8 1.0 ${1.5}+ {0.5i}$ 1.064 1.0 0.0
), ArticleFig(id=1197272544429523480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, language=EN, label=Tab. 10, caption=The parameter setting of the difference of scattering rate and scattering angle by different scattering distances, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 $a$ $m$ λ/μm l/m φ(°)
1 1.0 1.3+0.001i 1.064 100.0 0.0
2 1.0 1.3+0.001i 1.064 200.0 0.0
3 1.0 1.3+0.001i 1.064 300.0 0.0
4 1.0 1.3+0.001i 1.064 400.0 0.0
), ArticleFig(id=1197272544689570331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, language=CN, label=表10, caption=不同散射距离对散射率与散射角的变化参数设置, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 $a$ $m$ λ/μm l/m φ(°)
1 1.0 1.3+0.001i 1.064 100.0 0.0
2 1.0 1.3+0.001i 1.064 200.0 0.0
3 1.0 1.3+0.001i 1.064 300.0 0.0
4 1.0 1.3+0.001i 1.064 400.0 0.0
), ArticleFig(id=1197272544962200094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, language=EN, label=Tab. 11, caption=Initial parameter setting, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 初始值 参数 初始值 参数 初始值
${E}_{\mathrm{t}}/\mathrm{{mJ}}$ 120 ${\beta }_{0}$ 0 ${\delta }_{10}$ 0
${\tau }_{\mathrm{t}}/\%$ 61.5 ${\gamma }_{\mathrm{v}0}$ 0 ${\delta }_{30}$ 0
${V}_{1}/\mathrm{{km}}$ 20 ${\Psi }_{\mathrm{v}0}$ 0 ${h}_{1}/\mathrm{m}$ 10000
${Y}_{0}/\mathrm{m}$ 10000 ${\theta }_{0}$ 0 ${\omega }_{x}$ 0
${Z}_{0}/\mathrm{m}$ 0 ${\gamma }_{0}$ 0 ${\omega }_{v}$ 0
${X}_{0}/\mathrm{m}$ 25000 ${v}_{0}$ 0 ${\omega }_{z}$ 0
${V}_{0}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$ 250 ${\psi }_{0}$ 0 - -
${a}_{0}$ 0 ${\delta }_{20}$ 0 - -
), ArticleFig(id=1197272546035941920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, language=CN, label=表11, caption=初始参数设置, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 初始值 参数 初始值 参数 初始值
${E}_{\mathrm{t}}/\mathrm{{mJ}}$ 120 ${\beta }_{0}$ 0 ${\delta }_{10}$ 0
${\tau }_{\mathrm{t}}/\%$ 61.5 ${\gamma }_{\mathrm{v}0}$ 0 ${\delta }_{30}$ 0
${V}_{1}/\mathrm{{km}}$ 20 ${\Psi }_{\mathrm{v}0}$ 0 ${h}_{1}/\mathrm{m}$ 10000
${Y}_{0}/\mathrm{m}$ 10000 ${\theta }_{0}$ 0 ${\omega }_{x}$ 0
${Z}_{0}/\mathrm{m}$ 0 ${\gamma }_{0}$ 0 ${\omega }_{v}$ 0
${X}_{0}/\mathrm{m}$ 25000 ${v}_{0}$ 0 ${\omega }_{z}$ 0
${V}_{0}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$ 250 ${\psi }_{0}$ 0 - -
${a}_{0}$ 0 ${\delta }_{20}$ 0 - -
), ArticleFig(id=1197272546312765985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, language=EN, label=Tab. 12, caption=Laser-guided weapon flight trajectory, atmospheric environment and other parameter setting, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 初始值 参数 初始值 参数 初始值
${E}_{\mathrm{t}}/\mathrm{{mJ}}$ 120 ${\gamma }_{\mathrm{v}0}$ 0 ${h}_{1}/\mathrm{m}$ 10000
$\tau /\%$ 61.5 ${\Psi }_{\mathrm{v}0}$ 0 ${\omega }_{x}$ 0
${V}_{1}/\mathrm{{km}}$ 20 ${\theta }_{0}$ 0 ${\omega }_{y}$ 0
${Y}_{0}/\mathrm{m}$ 10000 ${\gamma }_{0}$ 0 ${\omega }_{z}$ 0
${Z}_{0}/\mathrm{m}$ 0 ${v}_{0}$ 0 $m$ ${1.367}+ \left({{6.01}\times {10}^{-5}}\right) i$
${X}_{0}/\mathrm{m}$ 25000 ${\psi }_{0}$ 0 $N/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{-3}$ 1500
${V}_{0}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$ 250 ${\delta }_{20}$ 0 $\sigma$ 2.03
${\alpha }_{0}$ 0 ${\delta }_{10}$ 0 ${r}_{\text{mod }}/\mathrm{{\mu m}}$ 0.21
${\beta }_{0}$ 0 ${\delta }_{30}$ 0 - -
), ArticleFig(id=1197272546564424227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011776068804947, language=CN, label=表12, caption=激光制导武器飞行轨迹、大气环境等参数设置, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 初始值 参数 初始值 参数 初始值
${E}_{\mathrm{t}}/\mathrm{{mJ}}$ 120 ${\gamma }_{\mathrm{v}0}$ 0 ${h}_{1}/\mathrm{m}$ 10000
$\tau /\%$ 61.5 ${\Psi }_{\mathrm{v}0}$ 0 ${\omega }_{x}$ 0
${V}_{1}/\mathrm{{km}}$ 20 ${\theta }_{0}$ 0 ${\omega }_{y}$ 0
${Y}_{0}/\mathrm{m}$ 10000 ${\gamma }_{0}$ 0 ${\omega }_{z}$ 0
${Z}_{0}/\mathrm{m}$ 0 ${v}_{0}$ 0 $m$ ${1.367}+ \left({{6.01}\times {10}^{-5}}\right) i$
${X}_{0}/\mathrm{m}$ 25000 ${\psi }_{0}$ 0 $N/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{-3}$ 1500
${V}_{0}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$ 250 ${\delta }_{20}$ 0 $\sigma$ 2.03
${\alpha }_{0}$ 0 ${\delta }_{10}$ 0 ${r}_{\text{mod }}/\mathrm{{\mu m}}$ 0.21
${\beta }_{0}$ 0 ${\delta }_{30}$ 0 - -
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激光制导武器捕获目标能力研究
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温向华 1 , 时子房 1 , 余永俊 1 , 郑士振 1 , 赵永乾 2
导弹与航天运载技术 | 导航、制导与控制 2024,47(5): 64-74
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导弹与航天运载技术 | 导航、制导与控制 2024, 47(5): 64-74
激光制导武器捕获目标能力研究
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温向华1, 时子房1, 余永俊1, 郑士振1, 赵永乾2
作者信息
  • 1 国营长虹机械厂,桂林,541002
  • 2 空军驻桂林地区军事代表室,桂林,541002
  • 温向华(1982—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为兵器科学与技术。

    时子房(1991—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为控制与导航技术。

    余永俊(1996—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为兵器科学与技术。

    郑士振(1990—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为兵器科学与技术。

    赵永乾(1989—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为兵器科学与技术。

Research on the Ability of Laser-guided Weapons to Capture Targets
Xianghua WEN1, Zifang SHI1, Yongjun YU1, Shizhen ZHENG1, Yongqian ZHAO2
Affiliations
  • 1 State Owned Changhong Machinery Factory,Guilin,541002
  • 2 Military Representative Office of Air Force in Guilin Area,Guilin,541002
出版时间: 2024-10-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240510
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为研究激光制导武器在海上、陆上等各种环境下捕获目标的能力,建立激光制导武器飞行轨迹、后向散射、目标漫反射等数学模型,通过比较激光制导武器视场角、后向散射功率密度、目标漫反射功率密度来判别制导武器是否能正常捕获目标。设置相关参数后仿真计算表明在相同的条件下,相同的激光武器在海上相比于在陆上等环境中捕获目标时间更晚,捕获距离更近,后向散射更加严重。一般情况下激光制导武器在本照本投初始4.4s 时间阶段内后向散射影响较为严重,通过降低激光照射器的出口能量或拉大激光制导武器中轴线与激光照射器光路距离至250m以上可规避后向散射的影响。

激光制导武器  /  飞行轨迹  /  后向散射  /  目标漫反射  /  数学模型

In order to study the ability of laser-guided weapons to capture targets in various environments such as sea and land, mathematical models such as flight trajectory, backscatter and target diffuse reflection of laser-guided weapons are established, and whether the guided weapons could capture targets normally are judged by comparing the field of view, backscatter power density and target diffuse reflection power density of laser-guided weapons. Simulation calculations show that under the same conditions, the same laser weapon captures the target later at sea than in the land and other environments, the capture distance is closer, and the backscattering is more serious. Under normal circumstances, the backscattering effect of laser-guided weapons is more serious in the initial 4.4s time period of this projection, and the backscattering effect can be avoided by reducing the outlet energy of the laser irradiator or increasing the distance between the central axis of the laser-guided weapon and the optical path of the laser irradiator to more than 250m.

laser-guided weapons  /  flight trajectory  /  backscatter  /  target diffuse reflection  /  mathematical models
温向华, 时子房, 余永俊, 郑士振, 赵永乾. 激光制导武器捕获目标能力研究. 导弹与航天运载技术, 2024 , 47 (5) : 64 -74 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240510
Xianghua WEN, Zifang SHI, Yongjun YU, Shizhen ZHENG, Yongqian ZHAO. Research on the Ability of Laser-guided Weapons to Capture Targets[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2024 , 47 (5) : 64 -74 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240510
目前激光制导武器最有代表性的是美国的宝石路(Paveway)系列激光制导炸弹, 是一种半主动的激光制导武器[1],即使用时可采用地面、它机、本机照射激光到打击目标的方式对制导炸弹进行导引, 使激光制导炸弹形成制导从而引向目标。激光照射到目标上, 经目标漫反射, 再到激光制导炸弹捕获目标漫反射能量, 过程中受环境、弹道姿态等影响较大, 可能造成激光制导炸弹未能有效捕获目标漫反射的情况, 从而导致未能命中目标。一方面, 由于激光炸弹的弹道姿态实时变化, 激光炸弹的视场角非常有限, 漫反射激光未能落入视场范围或者落入到视场范围的激光能量非常弱;另一方面,不同的复杂环境,如海上、 陆地上激光传输特性存在较大差异, 能见度、气溶胶等差别非常大, 在一定的复杂环境下激光波束衰减更加严重, 导致激光武器捕获距离变短和制导控制系统修正能力下降。此外, 复杂环境还存在后向散射干扰因素, 导致激光炸弹捕获后向散射而不是目标漫反射, 这也是亟待研究的问题[2-3]
刘辉等[4]提出抗后向散射干扰能力已经成为衡量激光半主动导引头性能的关键指标, 设计了一种抗后向散射的方法。肖堃等[5]建立了激光制导炸弹数学仿真模型,并给出了具体应用。帅欢等[6]具体计算了海洋环境对激光炸弹的影响。郭振西等[7]通过建立六自由度的制导弹药数学模型进行SIMULINK仿真, 通过顺风、逆风等环境研究其制导精度。高智杰等[8]通过建立弹体数学模型、激光光斑模型、激光大气传输模型等方式构建武器系统结构, 研究不同干扰作用下的炸弹抗干扰能力。Liu等[9]仿真分析了激光照射光斑位置、大小等对激光制导武器的制导精度影响。Bohren等[10]对微小粒子的光散射和吸收规律进行了研究, 为激光照射后向散射奠定了理论基础。
为综合定量分析复杂环境条件下各影响因素对激光制导武器使用的影响, 本文以 “激光制导武器捕获目标信号功率密度”[11]为出发点,分析复杂环境的影响因素, 通过理论分析、数学计算等手段, 研究激光武器接收激光的功率密度及能量密度、入射角度, 提出激光武器在复杂环境下不同时间、不同高度、不同射程的使用建议。
激光制导武器系统的激光照射、激光接收是在大气环境中进行的, 激光信号在大气传输时, 不可避免地会受到大气衰减, 同时激光照射过程中容易产生后向散射, 若激光制导武器在视场范围内目标漫反射功率密度不足、后向散射功率密度过高, 会导致制导武器无法捕获跟踪目标, 因此激光制导武器是否能有效捕获跟踪目标与以下3个因素相关[12]: 目标漫反射功率密度${P}_{\mathrm{t}}$、后向散射功率密度${P}_{\mathrm{r}}$、激光制导武器半视场角${\theta }_{\mathrm{h}}$
a)目标漫反射功率密度。
激光武器是否能有效捕获目标, 首先要对激光照射器经过远程大气传输后照射到目标上的漫反射再经过激光武器跟踪系统前端光学系统聚焦到达光敏面的激光能量密度进行研究, 最关键的技术指标为激光武器所在点垂直视线平面上的目标漫反射激光功率密度${P}_{\mathrm{t}}$。激光武器能够识别的最小激光功率密度为${P}_{\mathrm{{th}}}{}$[13]。 在能见度不好等恶劣天气情况下, 经过大气吸收和散射后的目标漫反射激光功率密度${P}_{\mathrm{t}}$小于激光武器能够识别的最小激光功率密度${P}_{\mathrm{{th}}}$,激光武器因无法接收到激光信号而不能稳定跟踪捕获目标, 因此激光武器能稳定跟踪及捕获目标必须满足:
${P}_{\mathrm{t}}\geq {P}_{\text{th }}$
b)后向散射激光功率密度。
当激光照射装备与激光武器之间的距离较小时, 经大气后向散射的激光能量密度${P}_{\mathrm{r}}$超过激光制导武器能够识别的最小激光功率密度${P}_{\mathrm{{th}}}$,会导致激光制导武器跟踪激光大气后向散射光斑而不是跟踪攻击目标漫反射光斑。因此激光制导武器能稳定跟踪及捕获目标必须满足:
${P}_{\text{th }}\geq {P}_{\mathrm{r}}$
c)激光制导武器视场角。
设激光制导武器半视场角度${\theta }_{\mathrm{h}}= \pm {14.5}^{\circ }$,全视场角度为${29}^{\circ }$,即激光制导武器在半视场角${\theta }_{\mathrm{h}}$范围内目标漫反射激光功率密度${P}_{\mathrm{t}}$大于激光武器能够识别的最小激光功率密度${P}_{\mathrm{{th}}}$时能有效捕获跟踪目标[14]
设激光武器所在点垂直视线平面上的激光能量密度为${\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{t}}$,一个后周期的激光波束波长为$\tau ,{\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{t}}= {P}_{\mathrm{t}}\cdot \tau$,则[15]:
${\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{t}}= \frac{{E}_{\mathrm{t}}\cdot {\tau }_{\mathrm{a}}\left( R\right)\cdot \left({\frac{{A}_{1}}{A}{\sigma }_{1}+ \frac{{A}_{2}}{A}{\sigma }_{2}}\right)\cdot \cos \phi \cdot {\tau }_{\mathrm{a}}\left( D\right)\cdot \cos \varepsilon \cdot {\tau }_{\mathrm{t}}}{\pi \cdot {D}^{2}}$
其中:
${\tau }_{\mathrm{a}}\left( R\right)= \exp \left\{{\frac{K}{{V}_{1}\cdot \sin {\theta }_{1}}\left\lbrack {\exp \left({-{0.835}{h}_{1}}\right)-1}\right\rbrack }\right\}$
${\tau }_{\mathrm{a}}\left( D\right)= \exp \left\{{\frac{K}{{V}_{1}\cdot \sin {\theta }_{2}}\left\lbrack {\exp \left({-{0.835Y}}\right)-1}\right\rbrack }\right\}$
式中${E}_{\mathrm{t}}$为激光照射器激光脉能量;${\tau }_{\mathrm{t}}$为激光制导武器光学系统的激光透过率, 设激光武器滤光片在整流罩后近似平行的光路中,在$\pm {14.5}^{\circ }$的入射角范围内可保证其透过率${\tau }_{\mathrm{t}}\geq {75}\%$,其余各件在镀减反膜后透过率均可保证${\tau }_{\mathrm{t}}\geq {96}\%$,因此光学系统总透过率为:${\tau }_{\mathrm{t}}\geq$$\left({{0.96}\times {0.75}}\right)= {61.15}\%{}$[16-18];$\sigma$为目标表面对激光漫反射系数,典型目标漫反射系数见表1[19];A为激光照射光斑面积,${A}_{1}$为落在目标表面的面积,${\sigma }_{1}$为目标表面漫反射系数;${A}_{2}$为落在目标外面积,漫反射系数为${\sigma }_{2};{\tau }_{\mathrm{a}}\left( R\right)$为激光照射路径上的激光大气透过率;${\tau }_{\mathrm{a}}\left( D\right)$为激光制导武器接收路径上的激光大气透过率;$\phi$为激光照射器目标视线与目标表面法线的夹角;$\varepsilon$为激光制导武器目标视线与目标表面法线的夹角;$R$为照射器至目标的距离;$D$为激光制导武器至目标的距离;${h}_{1}$为激光照射设备所在处的高度;$Y$为激光制导武器所在处的高度;${\theta }_{1}$为激光制导武器接收光路与水平面的夹角;${\theta }_{2}$为激光照射设备光路与水平面的夹角;${V}_{1}$为大气能见度,不同天气能见度见表2[20];$K$为与地区有关的气溶胶类型,不同地区气溶胶系数见表3
根据式(3)$\sim$(5)可以求得任意状态下的激光制导武器接收激光功率密度${P}_{\mathrm{t}}$及激光能量密度${\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{t}}$
要得到激光制导武器在任意飞行轨迹下的视场角, 首先要对激光制导武器从开始投放到命中目标的全过程建立相应的数学模型, 利用飞行轨迹参数计算得到任意飞行轨迹下的视场角。
忽略激光制导武器质量的变化,即$m$恒不变,设$m ={563.78}\mathrm{\;{kg}}$;长度$L ={3.53}\mathrm{\;m}$;直径$D ={0.377}\mathrm{\;m}$;相对于激光制导武器坐标系${Ox}$${Oy}$${Oz}$3个轴的转动惯量${J}_{x}= {13.244}\mathrm{\;{kg}}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{2},{J}_{y}= {J}_{z}= {280.57}\mathrm{\;{kg}}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{2}$,地球重力$g =$${9.807}\mathrm{\;m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$; 假设推力$P = 0;q$为作用在制导武器上的空气动力与来流的动压,$q ={0.5\rho }{V}^{2}(\rho$为武器处高度的空气密度);$S$为武器特征面积,$S =\left({\pi /4}\right){D}^{2}=$0.1116。
由此可得到激光制导武器3个轴向力矩${M}_{x}$${M}_{y}$${M}_{z}$及3个轴向的受力${l}_{x}$${l}_{y}$${l}_{z}$:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{M}_{x}= {0.5qSL}= {0.5}{m}_{x}\rho {V}^{2}{SL}\\{M}_{y}= {0.5qSL}= {0.5}{m}_{y}\rho {V}^{2}{SL}\\{M}_{z}= {0.5qSL}= {0.5}{m}_{z}\rho {V}^{2}{SL}\\{l}_{x}= {C}_{x}{qS}= {0.5}{C}_{x}\rho {V}^{2}S \\{l}_{y}= {C}_{y}{qS}= {0.5}{C}_{y}\rho {V}^{2}S \\{l}_{z}= {CqS}= {0.5}{C}_{z}\rho {V}^{2}S \end{array}\right.$
式中${m}_{x},{m}_{y},{m}_{z}$为武器滚动力矩系数、偏航力矩系数、俯仰力矩系数;${C}_{x},{C}_{y},{C}_{z}$为武器阻力系数、升力系数、侧向力系数。
确定激光制导武器的基本参数后再建立武器动力学、力学模型。建立的数学方程如下:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} \mathrm{d} \omega_{x} / \mathrm{d} t=0.01487 m_{x} \rho V^{2} \\ \mathrm{~d} \omega_{y} / \mathrm{d} t=0.0007 m_{y} \rho V^{2}+0.95 \omega_{x} \omega_{z} \\ \mathrm{~d} \omega_{z} / \mathrm{d} t=0.0007 m_{y} \rho V^{2}-0.95 \omega_{y} \omega_{x} \\ \mathrm{~d} V / \mathrm{d} t=-0.000098975 C_{x} \rho V^{2}-9.807 \sin \theta \\ \sin \gamma_{\mathrm{v}}=(\cos \alpha \sin \beta \sin v-\sin \alpha \sin \beta \cos v \cos \gamma+ \\ \quad \cos \beta \cos v \sin \gamma) / \cos \theta \\ \mathrm{d} \theta / \mathrm{d} t=\left(0.0558 C_{x} \rho V^{2} \cos \gamma_{\mathrm{v}}-0.0558 C_{z} \rho V^{2} \sin \gamma_{\mathrm{v}}-\right. \\ \quad 5528.99 \cos \theta) / 563.78 V \\ \mathrm{~d} \psi_{\mathrm{v}} / \mathrm{d} t=-0.000098975 \rho V\left(C_{y} \sin \gamma_{\mathrm{v}}+\right. \\ \left.\quad C_{z} \cos \gamma_{\mathrm{v}}\right) / \cos \theta \\ \mathrm{d} y / \mathrm{d} t=V \sin \theta \\ \mathrm{~d} z / \mathrm{d} t=-V \cos \theta \sin \psi_{\mathrm{v}} \\ \mathrm{~d} x / \mathrm{d} t=V \cos \theta \cos \psi_{\mathrm{v}} \\ \mathrm{~d} v / \mathrm{d} t=\omega_{y} \sin \gamma+\omega_{z} \cos \gamma \\ \mathrm{~d} \psi / \mathrm{d} t=\left(\omega_{y} \cos \gamma+\omega_{z} \sin \gamma\right) / \cos v \\ \mathrm{~d} \gamma / \mathrm{d} t=\omega_{x}-\operatorname{tg} v\left(\omega_{y} \cos \gamma+\omega_{z} \sin \gamma\right) \\ \sin \beta=\cos \theta\left[\sin v \sin \gamma \cos \left(\psi-\psi_{\mathrm{v}}\right)+\cos \gamma \sin \left(\psi-\psi_{\mathrm{v}}\right)\right]- \\ \quad \sin \theta \cos v \sin \gamma \\ \sin \alpha=\left[\sin v \cos \gamma \cos \left(\psi-\psi_{\mathrm{v}}\right)-\sin \gamma \cos \theta\right. \end{array}\right.$
式中$\alpha$为攻角;$\beta$为侧滑角;${\gamma }_{\mathrm{v}}$为速度滚转角;${\psi }_{\mathrm{v}}$为武器轨迹偏角;$\theta$为武器轨迹倾角;$\gamma$为武器滚转角;$v$为武器俯仰角;$\psi$为武器偏航角;$V$为武器空速;$x$为武器飞行横轴距离;$y$为武器飞行纵轴距离;$z$为武器飞行侧向轴距离;${\omega }_{x},{\omega }_{y},{\omega }_{z}$为武器在$x, y, z$3个轴向的旋转角速度。
马赫数${Ma}$、空气密度$\rho$与高度、空速的函数关系为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{Ma}= f\left({V, Y}\right)\\\rho = f\left( Y\right)\end{array}\right.$
激光制导武器飞行距离与偏航舵偏角${\delta }_{3}$、俯仰舵偏角${\delta }_{2}$、滚转舵偏角${\delta }_{1}$的函数关系为
$ f\left({X, Z}\right)= \left({{\delta }_{1},{\delta }_{2},{\delta }_{3}}\right)$
采用solidworks软件建立激光制导武器的几何三维模型, 将模型导入到ANSYS ICEM模块中进行网络划分。流体仿真中, 针对武器流场的流动特点, 选择SSTK - ω湍流模型进行模拟,利用有限体积法对控制方程进行求解, 采用压力远场(Pressure-far-field)和壁面(Wall)边界条件,通过求解制导武器流场控制方程, 得到流场结构, 最后得出舵偏角、马赫数、力矩系数、力系数函数关系如下:
$ f\left({{Ma},\alpha ,{\delta }_{1},{\delta }_{2},{\delta }_{3}}\right)= \left({{C}_{x},{C}_{y},{C}_{z},{m}_{x},{m}_{y},{m}_{z}}\right)$
给定微分方程组武器初始离机时刻${\alpha }_{0}$${\beta }_{0}$${\gamma }_{v0}$${\psi }_{v0}$${\theta }_{0}$${\gamma }_{0}$${v}_{0}$${\psi }_{0}$${V}_{0}$${X}_{0}$${Y}_{0}$${Z}_{0}$${\omega }_{x0}$${\omega }_{y0}$${\omega }_{z0}$的值,通过式(8)得到$M{a}_{0}\text{、}{\rho }_{0}$的值,通过式(9)得到${\delta }_{10}\text{、}{\delta }_{20}$${\delta }_{30}$的值,再联合${\alpha }_{0}\text{、}M{a}_{0}$通过式(10)得到${m}_{x0}\text{、}{m}_{y0}$${m}_{z0}$${C}_{x0}$${C}_{y0}$${C}_{z0}$的值,通过式(6)得到${M}_{x0}$${M}_{y0}$${M}_{z0}$${l}_{x0}$${l}_{y0}$${l}_{z0}$的值。以上各初始值代入到式(7),利用四阶龙格库塔进行微分方程求解, 能得到激光制导武器在脱离载机到命中目标任意$t$时刻的飞行轨道参数。 其中俯仰视场角度为$v \pm {\theta }_{\mathrm{h}}$,偏航视场角为$\psi \pm {\theta }_{\mathrm{h}}$
激光制导武器空间位置关系如图1所示, 激光照射器位于$P$点,$T$点为目标,激光束主轴沿${PT}$方向传输,激光制导武器位于$M$点。
激光照射设备激光束${PT}$上任意一点$S$到激光制导武器$M$的散射角为${\theta }_{\mathrm{{sca}}\_ s}$,则$\angle {TSM}$的余弦为
$\cos {\theta }_{\text{sea }s}= \frac{M{S}^{2}+ S{T}^{2}- M{T}^{2}}{{2MS}\cdot {ST}}$
激光束入射到$S$点的激光辐射光强${I}_{s}$
${I}_{s}= \frac{4{E}_{0}}{\pi \cdot {\left({\theta }_{\text{Lasr }}\cdot PS\right)}^{2}}\cdot {\tau }_{\mathrm{a}}\left({PS}\right)$
式中${E}_{0}$为脉冲激光能量;${\theta }_{\text{Lasr }}$为激光束束散角;${\tau }_{\mathrm{a}}\left({PS}\right)$为激光照射设备从$P$点到$S$点衰减后的大气透过率。
${\tau }_{\mathrm{a}}\left({PS}\right)= {e}^{\frac{K}{{V}_{S}\cdot \sin {q}_{PT}}\cdot \left({{e}^{-{0.835}{P}_{y}}- {e}^{-{0.835}{S}_{y}}}\right)} $
式中${q}_{PT}$${PT}$与水平面的夹角,$\sin {q}_{PT}= {P}_{y}/\left({PT}\right);{P}_{y}$$P$点的垂直高度;${S}_{y}$$S$点的垂直高度;$K$为与地区有关的气溶胶类型,不同地区气溶胶系数见表3$\mathrm{d}{I}_{r}$$S$点附近单位体积内尺寸为$r$的粒子散射光强,则:
$\mathrm{d}{I}_{r}= {I}_{s}\cdot \frac{{\lambda }^{2}}{4{\pi }^{2}\cdot M{S}^{2}}\cdot F\left({{\theta }_{{\mathrm{{sca}}}_{- }s},\varphi }\right)\cdot n\left( r\right)$
$\mathrm{d}{V}_{S}$$S$点附近$\mathrm{d}S$范围圆柱体体积,计算如下:
$\mathrm{d}{V}_{S}= \frac{\pi \cdot {\left({\theta }_{\text{Lasr }}\cdot PS\right)}^{2}}{4}\cdot \mathrm{d}S $
$\mathrm{d}{I}_{\mathrm{{sca}}\_ s}$$S$点附近$\mathrm{d}S$范围圆柱体内的各种尺寸$\left({{r}_{1}\sim {r}_{2}}\right)$的气溶胶粒子散射到$M$点的散射光强(不考虑散射后的大气衰减),计算如下:
$\mathrm{d}{I}_{\mathrm{{sca}}\_ s}= {I}_{s}\cdot \frac{{\lambda }^{2}}{4{\pi }^{2}\cdot M{S}^{2}}\cdot {\int }_{r1}^{r2}F\left({{\theta }_{\mathrm{{sca}}\_ s},\varphi }\right)\cdot n\left( r\right)\mathrm{d}r{\int }_{r1}^{r2}F\left({{\theta }_{\mathrm{{sca}}\_ s},\varphi }\right). \\\frac{\pi \cdot {\left({\theta }_{\text{Lasr }}\cdot PS\right)}^{2}}{4}\cdot \mathrm{d}S ={I}_{s}\cdot {K}_{\text{sca }}\cdot \frac{\pi \cdot {\left({\theta }_{\text{Lasr }}\cdot PS\right)}^{2}}{4}\cdot \mathrm{d}S $
$n\left( r\right)$为粒子谱分布,气溶胶粒子的尺度谱的物理意义为单位体积内位于半径$r$附近小尺度间隔内的粒子数, 对数-正态谱分布适用于一般情况下的气溶胶粒子谱分布规律,其函数关系为
$ n\left( r\right)= \frac{\mathrm{d}N}{\mathrm{\;d}r}= N\left({r,{r}_{\mathrm{{mod}}},\sigma , N}\right)= \frac{N}{\sqrt{2\pi }\cdot r \cdot \lg \sigma \cdot \ln {10}}.\\\exp \left\lbrack {-\frac{1}{2}{\left(\frac{\lg r -\lg {r}_{\mathrm{{mod}}}}{\lg \sigma }\right)}^{2}}\right\rbrack $
式中$N$为粒子数浓度,即每立方厘米的总气溶胶粒子个数;$r$为粒子半径,$r = D/2;{r}_{\mathrm{{mod}}}$为粒子平均半径;$\sigma$为分布宽度。气溶胶粒子凝结核小于${0.1\mu }\mathrm{m}$为核模态,介于${0.1\mu }\mathrm{m}$${2\mu }\mathrm{m}$之间为聚积模态,大于${2\mu }\mathrm{m}$为粗模态。
根据标准辐射大气(Standard Radiant Atmosphere, SRA)气溶胶模型, 不可溶型、水溶型、煤烟型、海洋型、沙漠型气溶胶的对数-正态粒子谱分布参数见表4
典型大气气溶胶粒子模式构成见表5
根据Mie散射理论, 暂不考虑大气衰减, 单个气溶胶粒子的散射光照幅度${I}_{\text{sca }}$计算如下[14]:
${I}_{\mathrm{{sca}}}= {I}_{0}\cdot \frac{{\lambda }^{2}}{4{\pi }^{2}\cdot {l}^{2}}\cdot F\left({{\theta }_{\mathrm{{sca}}},\varphi }\right)$
式中${\theta }_{\mathrm{{sca}}}$为散射角;$\varphi$为极化角,即偏振光的偏振角;$\lambda$为波长;$l$为散射距离;${I}_{0}$为入射光强;$F\left({{\theta }_{\mathrm{{sca}}},\varphi }\right)$为散射相位函数。
$ F\left({{\theta }_{\mathrm{{sca}}},\varphi }\right)= {\left|{S}_{1}\left({\theta }_{\mathrm{{sca}}}\right)\right|}^{2}\cdot {\sin }^{2}\varphi +{\left|{S}_{2}\left({\theta }_{\mathrm{{sca}}}\right)\right|}^{2}\cdot {\cos }^{2}\varphi $
${S}_{1}\left({\theta }_{\mathrm{{sca}}}\right)$${S}_{2}\left({\theta }_{\mathrm{{sca}}}\right)$为振幅函数:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{S}_{1}\left({\theta }_{\mathrm{{sca}}}\right)= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1}}^{\infty }\frac{{2n}+ 1}{n\left({n + 1}\right)}\left\lbrack {{a}_{n}{\pi }_{n}+ {b}_{n}{\tau }_{n}}\right\rbrack \\{S}_{2}\left({\theta }_{\mathrm{{sca}}}\right)= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1}}^{\infty }\frac{{2n}+ 1}{n\left({n + 1}\right)}\left\lbrack {{a}_{n}{\tau }_{n}+ {b}_{n}{\pi }_{n}}\right\rbrack \end{array}\right.$
${a}_{n}$${b}_{n}$为与贝塞尔函数和汉克尔函数相关的函数:
$\begin{array}{l} a_{n}=\frac{\varphi_{n}(\alpha) \cdot \varphi_{n}^{\prime}(m \alpha)-m \cdot \varphi_{n}^{\prime}(\alpha) \cdot \varphi_{n}(m \alpha)}{\varepsilon_{n}(\alpha) \cdot \varphi_{n}^{\prime}(m \alpha)-m \cdot \varepsilon_{n}^{\prime}(\alpha) \cdot \varphi_{n}(m \alpha)} \\ b_{n}=\frac{m \cdot \varphi_{n}(\alpha) \cdot \varphi_{n}^{\prime}(m \alpha)-\varphi_{n}^{\prime}(\alpha) \cdot \varphi_{n}(m \alpha)}{m \cdot \varepsilon_{n}(\alpha) \cdot \varphi_{n}^{\prime}(m \alpha)-\varepsilon_{n}^{\prime}(\alpha) \cdot \varphi_{n}(m \alpha)} \end{array} $
式中${\varphi }_{n}\left(\alpha \right)$${\varepsilon }_{n}\left(\alpha \right)$分别为贝塞尔函数和汉克尔函数的第1类汉克尔数;${\varphi }_{n}^{\prime }\left(\alpha \right)$${\varepsilon }_{n}^{\prime }\left(\alpha \right)$${\varphi }_{n}\left(\alpha \right)$${\varepsilon }_{n}\left(\alpha \right)$的导数;$m$为散射颗粒相对周围介质的折射率,为复数,虚部为粒子对光的吸收的量化,因此$m ={m}_{1}- i \cdot {m}_{2}$; 不同大气粒子对${1.064\mu }\mathrm{m}$激光的折射率参数见表6[21];$\alpha$为无因次直径, 计算如下:
$\alpha =\frac{\pi \cdot D}{\lambda }$
式中$D$为气溶胶粒子直径。
${\pi }_{n}$${\tau }_{n}$为散射角函数,仅与散射角相关。$\mathrm{d}{I}_{\mathrm{{sca}}\_ s}$经大气衰减为$\mathrm{d}{I}_{M}$,计算如下:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{d}{I}_{M}= \mathrm{d}{I}_{{\mathrm{{sca}}}_{- }s}\cdot {\tau }_{\mathrm{a}}\left({MS}\right)\\{\tau }_{\mathrm{a}}\left({MS}\right)= {e}^{\frac{K}{{V}_{S}\cdot \sin {q}_{MS}}\cdot \left({{e}^{-{0.835}{S}_{y}}- {e}^{-{0.835}{M}_{y}}}\right)} \end{array}\right.$
$\mathrm{d}{I}_{M}$$\mathrm{d}S$积分得到$M$点处单位面积探测到的视场内总的散射能量密度${I}_{M}$,如下:
${I}_{M}= {\int }_{{S}_{1}}^{{S}_{2}}{E}_{0}\cdot {\tau }_{\mathrm{a}}\left({PS}\right)\cdot {K}_{\mathrm{{sca}}}\cdot {\tau }_{\mathrm{a}}\left({MS}\right)\cdot \cos {\theta }_{\mathrm{{sk}}}\mathrm{d}S $
式中${\theta }_{\mathrm{{sk}}}$为散射光入射方向与探测器法线的夹角。
$S$点可以用$\left\lbrack \begin{array}{lll} x\left( t\right)& y\left( t\right)& z\left( t\right)\end{array}\right\rbrack$表示:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{d}S =\sqrt{{\left(\frac{\partial x\left( t\right)}{\partial t}\right)}^{2}+ {\left(\frac{\partial y\left( t\right)}{\partial t}\right)}^{2}+ {\left(\frac{\partial z\left( t\right)}{\partial t}\right)}^{2}}\cdot \mathrm{d}t \\\frac{\partial x}{\partial t}= {T}_{x}- {P}_{x}\\\frac{\partial y}{\partial t}= {T}_{y}- {P}_{y}\\\frac{\partial z}{\partial t}= {T}_{z}- {P}_{z}\end{array}\right.$
$M$点处单位面积探测到的视场内总的散射能量密度${I}_{M}$
$\begin{aligned} I_{M}= & \int_{t 1}^{t 2} E_{0} \cdot \tau_{\mathrm{a}}(P S) \cdot\left[\frac{\lambda^{2}}{4 \pi^{2} \cdot M S^{2}} \cdot \int_{r 2}^{r 1} F\left(\theta_{\mathrm{sca}}, \varphi\right) \cdot n(r) \mathrm{d} r\right] . \\ & \tau_{\mathrm{a}}(M S) \cdot \cos \theta_{\mathrm{sk}} \cdot \sqrt{\left(\frac{\partial x}{\partial t}\right)^{2}+\left(\frac{\partial y}{\partial t}\right)^{2}+\left(\frac{\partial z}{\partial t}\right)^{2}} \mathrm{~d} t \end{aligned}$
照射激光束从激光武器视场上部${S}_{1}$点处进入视场,距离激光武器较近,在激光武器视场下部${S}_{2}$点处出视场, 距离激光武器较远。
假设$P$点坐标为$\left\lbrack {{x}_{P},{y}_{P},{z}_{P}}\right\rbrack , T$点坐标为$\left\lbrack {{x}_{T},{y}_{T},{z}_{T}}\right\rbrack$,在${PT}$连线上任意一点$S$坐标为$\left\lbrack {{x}_{S},{y}_{S},{z}_{S}}\right\rbrack$$P\text{、}T\text{、}S$三点在空间的表达式为
$\frac{{x}_{S}- {x}_{T}}{{x}_{P}- {x}_{T}}= \frac{{y}_{S}- {y}_{T}}{{y}_{P}- {y}_{T}}= \frac{{z}_{S}- {z}_{T}}{{z}_{P}- {z}_{T}}= t $
系数$t \in \left\lbrack {0,1}\right\rbrack$,当$t = 0$$S$点与$T$点重合,当$t =$1时$S$点与$P$点重合。当$S$点在${S}_{1}$点和${S}_{2}$点范围内时, 系数$t \in \left\lbrack {{t}_{1},{t}_{2}}\right\rbrack ,{S}_{1}$点对应系数${t}_{1},{S}_{2}$点对应系数${t}_{2}$
激光制导武器视场范围是一个锥体, 半视场角${\theta }_{\mathrm{h}}= {14.5}^{\circ }$。假设激光制导武器轴线与速度矢量一致, 则视场边界的锥面可用如下公式表示:
$\begin{array}{l}\frac{\left\lbrack {{x}_{F}- {x}_{M}}\right\rbrack \times \left\lbrack {{V}_{F}- {V}_{M}}\right\rbrack \times \left\lbrack {{V}_{F}/{V}_{x}}\right\rbrack }{{V}_{z}/{V}_{x}}= \sqrt{{\left({x}_{F}- {x}_{M}\right)}^{2}+ {\left({y}_{F}- {y}_{M}\right)}^{2}+ {\left({z}_{F}- {z}_{M}\right)}^{2}}.\\\sqrt{1 +{\left(\frac{{V}_{y}}{{V}_{x}}\right)}^{2}+ {\left(\frac{{V}_{z}}{{V}_{x}}\right)}^{2}}\text{ and }{14.5}^{\circ }\\\end{array}$
联合解算式(5)和(6),可得到瞄准线与视场范围边界的交点位置${S}_{1}\text{、}{S}_{2}\text{、}S$三点的空间位置:$\left\lbrack {{x}_{{S}_{1}},{y}_{{S}_{1}},{z}_{{S}_{1}}}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack {{x}_{{S}_{2}},{y}_{{S}_{2}},{z}_{{S}_{2}}}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack {{x}_{S},{y}_{S},{z}_{S}}\right\rbrack \circ$
在给定飞机吊舱激光照射源$P$、目标$T$、激光制导武器$M$位置坐标、激光制导武器速度$V$的值后,用逐渐逼近方法进行逼近计算。等式在一定范围内成立时,即为$S$点空间位置,其中${S}_{1}$点对应系数${t}_{1}$,当右大于左时${S}_{2}$点对应系数${t}_{2}$
将粒子直径$D$与波长$\lambda$的比值$\alpha$取不同值,计算散射率${I}_{\mathrm{{sca}}}/{I}_{0}$随散射角${\theta }_{\mathrm{{sca}}}$的变化情况,气溶胶粒子直径与后向散射的参数设置见 表7[11]。由式(17)计算得到散射率与散射角变化曲线, 如图2所示。
根据激光制导武器的飞行轨迹定义散射角${0}^{\circ }$为激光照射设备在照射光路的目标方向,散射角在$0 \sim {80}^{\circ }$为前向散射区,散射角在${100}\sim {180}^{\circ }$为后向散射区。从图2的变化曲线可以看出, 随着气溶胶粒子直径相对于波长逐渐增大时:
a)总散射率呈增大趋势;
b)前向散射率占总散射率的比值呈增大趋势;
c)前向散射率集中的角度范围呈减小趋势;
d)后向散射率相对呈减弱趋势。
不同类型气溶胶粒子具有不同的折射率,下面分析不同的气溶胶类型散射率${I}_{\mathrm{{sca}}}/{I}_{0}$随散射角${\theta }_{\mathrm{{sca}}}$的变化情况。
a)取$\alpha = 1,{m}_{2}= 0$,折射率实部${m}_{1}$不同值的参数设置见表8。由式(18)计算得到散射率与散射角变化曲线, 如图3所示。
图3可以看出, 气溶胶粒子折射率越大, 前向散射越强, 后向散射也呈现逐渐增强趋势。
b)折射率虚部${m}_{2}$取不同值,参数设置见表9。 由式(18)计算得到散射率与散射角变化曲线, 如图4所示。
图4可以看出,${m}_{1}$相同时,随着${m}_{2}$的增大,总的散射率有增大趋势, 后向散射所占比例有增大趋势。
不同散射距离$l$对散射率与散射角的变化参数设置见表10,由式(18)计算得到散射率与散射角变化曲线如图5所示。
激光制导武器探测器接收到的散射功率与散射距离的平方成反比,即散射距离越大,探测器接收到的散射功率越小。从图5可以看出, 随着散射距离的增大, 激光制导武器探测器接收到的散射率迅速减小。
由式(3)实时计算激光武器所在点垂直视线平面上的激光能量密度${\varepsilon }_{t}$与飞机轨迹时间$t$的关系,再由式(7)实时计算激光制导武器在半视场角度${\theta }_{\mathrm{h}}=$$\pm {14.5}^{\circ }$状态下全飞行轨迹位置随时间变化的收到的激光能量密度。
改变表3中的$K$值,在相同激光制导武器飞行轨迹、相同能见度、相同激光武器参数(见表11)等条件下, 分别计算海上、陆上环境下单激光脉冲目标回波能量密度随时间变化的情况, 曲线见图6, 捕获目标曲线见图7
图67可知, 在相同飞行轨迹条件、相同能见度、相同激光武器参数等条件下,海上目标回波强度低于陆上目标回波强度, 海上激光武器捕获目标时间晚于陆上。在海洋上,目标捕获时间为${39.29}\mathrm{s}$,此时激光武器与目标距离为${1166}\mathrm{\;m}$;在陆上,目标捕获时间为37.6 s,此时激光武器与目标距离为${1545}\mathrm{\;m}$
相对于陆上环境, 在相同条件下, 相同的激光武器与目标在海上的工作环境更加苛刻, 激光武器与目标接收到的目标回波信号强度更低, 目标捕获时间更晚,目标捕获距离更近。
本文结合典型制导武器飞行轨迹和标准辐射大气气溶胶模型, 设置制导武器飞行轨迹、大气环境等参数, 见表12, 计算得到目标回波信号和大气散射回波信号随飞行时间变化的曲线, 见图8
图8可知:
a)投放初,大气散射回波远大于激光武器探测阈值${7.5}\mathrm{{fJ}}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$,激光武器在收到 “激光武器” 信号后即可捕获该假目标信号并产生相应的制导信号, 而目标回波较弱, 即使此时照射激光束和目标同时存在于视场内, 激光武器仍将被大气散射回波诱骗, 认为大气散射回波为目标;
b)投放后,激光武器和照射激光束距离越来越远, 大气散射回波随之迅速减小, 同时, 武器与目标距离越来越近,目标回波随之变大。在约第${4.4}\mathrm{\;s}$时, 两条曲线相交, 目标回波与后向散射回波能量密度均为${24.58}\mathrm{{fJ}}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$,此时武器中间轴线与激光照射器光路距离约为${250}\mathrm{\;m}$,武器与激光照射器光路垂直距离约为100 m。之后目标回波始终大于大气散射回波,如果此时照射激光束和目标同时存在于视场内, 激光武器仍可以稳定捕获目标回波, 不会被后向散射假目标诱骗。
激光制导武器根据激光回波能量落入${\theta }_{\mathrm{h}}= \pm {14.5}^{\circ }$的上半视场和下半视场来区别目标位置。当上半视场回波信号大于下半视场时, 激光武器信号显示目标在上; 当上半视场回波信号小于下半视场时, 激光武器信号显示目标在下;当上半视场回波信号等于下半视场时, 则为对准目标。
结合典型武器飞行轨迹及后向散射功率密度数学模型, 计算得到制导武器投放后上半视场及下半视场后向散射回波信号能量密度变化曲线, 见图9
图9可以看出,在武器投放前的$4\mathrm{\;s}$内,上半视场后向散射回波信号能量密度始终大于下半视场,$4\mathrm{\;s}$后逐渐趋于0 ,因此, 当激光武器初始投放时, 由于后向散射的影响, 激光武器信号将显示目标在上, 会导致武器跟踪后向散射假目标。
本文研究得出以下结论:
a)当激光武器与激光照射器光路垂直距离大于${100}\mathrm{\;m}$时,激光照射形成的后向散射能量密度较小, 未达到激光武器阈值${7.5}\mathrm{{fJ}}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$,后向散射不会对激光武器产生影响。在本机投放本机照射模式下激光武器与激光照射器光路垂直距离远大于${100}\mathrm{\;m}$,因此在该模式下后向散射不会对激光武器产生影响。
b)激光武器俯冲初始阶段时, 目标漫反射信号与后向散射信号同时落入激光武器视场范围, 因目标漫反射信号功率密度比后向散射功率密度大, 激光武器能正确识别目标漫反射信号。因此, 激光武器俯冲投放时后向散射影响较小。
c)激光照射器能量增大时, 在目标漫反射功率密度增大的同时, 后向反射功率也在增大, 后向散射较之前更为严重。为规避后向散射影响, 可降低激光照射器出口能量。当武器中间轴线与激光照射器光路距离大于${250}\mathrm{\;m}$或激光武器与激光照射器光路垂直距离大于${100}\mathrm{\;m}$时也可规避后向散射的影响。
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2024年第47卷第5期
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240510
  • 接收时间:2024-06-19
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2024-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-19
  • 修回日期:2024-09-17
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    1 国营长虹机械厂,桂林,541002
    2 空军驻桂林地区军事代表室,桂林,541002
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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