Article(id=1148011765151035507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1148087921783075097, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240504, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1724688000000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-27, revisedDate=1727193600000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751636933839, onlineDateStr=2025-07-04, pubDate=1729785600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751636933839, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751636933839, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751636933839, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148087921783075097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2024', volume='47', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751655090995, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754895903201, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1161680873427390506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1148087921783075097, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1161680873427390507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1148087921783075097, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=21, endPage=27, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1148011765390110860, articleId=1148011765151035507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=Review and Development on Key Techniques of Cryogenic Propellants On-orbit Refueling Progress, columnId=1154057566893105509, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Propulsion, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The on-orbit refueling technologies of cryogen can reduce the total mass of propellants required in rocket vehicles, allowing a significant increase in the amount of payload delivered beyond low Earth orbit. It has great potential benefits in complex space transportation systems and deep space exploration tasks. A literature investigation on the key techniques of cryogenic propellant on-orbit refueling is conducted. The existing lab-scale and full-scale experimental studies are reviewed in detail. Moreover, advantages of using on-orbit refueling techniques comprehensive analysis in future space tasks are provided. Technical suggestions on the developments for on-orbit refueling of cryogenic propellants are proposed based on this research.

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低温推进剂在轨加注技术的应用可实现天地往返与空间转移解耦的新型航天运输模式,显著提升高轨运载能力,在未来空间大规模运输、深空探测任务中有着巨大应用潜力。针对低温推进剂在轨加注关键技术进行了研究,回顾了国外在实验室小规模与真实环境大规模下开展的试验研究,分析了在轨加注的未来应用场景及其应用优势,在此基础上对中国低温推进剂在轨加注技术的研究提出后续发展建议。

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王昊(1989—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为低温流体流动传热。

王浩苏(1988—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭动力系统总体设计。

陈士强(1986—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为运载火箭动力系统总体设计。

李轩(1990—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为液体火箭发动机。

苏健(1998—),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为低温推进剂管理。

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王昊(1989—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为低温流体流动传热。

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王浩苏(1988—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭动力系统总体设计。

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Dallas: The 51st AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, 2013., articleTitle=Performance gains of propellant management devices for liquid hydrogen depots, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1197272340510851204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011765151035507, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197272340515045509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011765151035507, companyId=1197272340510851204, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Beijing Institute of Astronautical Systems Engineering,Beijing,100076), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197272340523434118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011765151035507, companyId=1197272340510851204, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北京宇航系统工程研究所,北京,100076)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1197272348521971909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011765151035507, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Line chilldown experiments with nitrogen under micro-gravity, figureFileSmall=6OAQpT3K58FVjmiHFd2vdQ==, figureFileBig=8jT1Ys3wW3dhHhiWt/dsuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197272348719104199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011765151035507, language=CN, label=图1, caption=微重力环境下液氮冷却管道试验, figureFileSmall=6OAQpT3K58FVjmiHFd2vdQ==, figureFileBig=8jT1Ys3wW3dhHhiWt/dsuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197272349285335241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011765151035507, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Schematic of LAD with screen channels, figureFileSmall=dEz+DfscwkhWNWhuKSEd4A==, figureFileBig=8BkaOajbT2A1rm7hOIAqsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197272349419552971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011765151035507, language=CN, label=图2, caption=筛网通道式LAD装置工作原理示意, figureFileSmall=dEz+DfscwkhWNWhuKSEd4A==, figureFileBig=8BkaOajbT2A1rm7hOIAqsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197272349633462477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011765151035507, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Schematic key techniques applied in cryogenic propellants on-orbit refueling, figureFileSmall=9UcDEr4iXNUwMGwiZ5G3bA==, figureFileBig=T4oVl7wIlCXhYMWIrKXZ6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197272349813817551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011765151035507, language=CN, label=图3, caption=低温推进剂在轨加注系统及其关键单项技术关系示意, figureFileSmall=9UcDEr4iXNUwMGwiZ5G3bA==, figureFileBig=T4oVl7wIlCXhYMWIrKXZ6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197272350040309969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011765151035507, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Bubble points measurements of various fluids, figureFileSmall=ZYWSZPwcQNw7zukYUR5lhA==, figureFileBig=p13JiVwhhZKZMIR/d+Ksqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197272351244075219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011765151035507, language=CN, label=图4, caption=LAD装置中不同工作介质的泡破压力, figureFileSmall=ZYWSZPwcQNw7zukYUR5lhA==, figureFileBig=p13JiVwhhZKZMIR/d+Ksqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197272351529287893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011765151035507, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Summary of the difficulties in key techniques of cryogenic propellants on-orbit refueling, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
关键技术 难点分析 研究阶段 综合评价
传输管道预冷 a)机理复杂, 难以建立模型; b)流型可视化实现难度高。 a)地面系统性试验较为成熟;b)模拟微重力环境下已验证。 已有地面与模拟微重力下试验研究, 预计成果会较快应用于在轨加注系统中。
贮箱预冷 a)系统复杂,试验规模较大;b)液体加注形式研究依赖硬件系统。 a)地面真实尺寸贮箱试验研究;b)模拟微重力下缩比贮箱试验研究。 地面试验数据较少, 需要微重力环境下的全尺寸贮箱预冷试验;建议与贮箱无排放加注试验共同进行。
贮箱无排放加注 a)系统复杂,试验规模较大;b)研究参数与重力因素强耦合。 a)地面真实尺寸贮箱试验研究;b)无模拟微重力下的试验研究。 无排放加注过程在微重力状态下与地面环境下完全不同,需要尽快在微重力环境中进行演示验证。
液体获取装置 a)对于工质物性的敏感性强; b)针对液氢推进剂的提取效果较差; c)液体提取速率低。 a)地面环境中部分组件试验研究; b)无模拟微重力下的试验研究。 是无须消耗推进剂流量和外部能量的较为理想的方法, 但存在众多技术难点, 距离真实在轨环境下的实际应用仍有距离。
), ArticleFig(id=1197272351856443607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011765151035507, language=CN, label=表1, caption=低温推进剂在轨加注过程中关键技术难点总结, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
关键技术 难点分析 研究阶段 综合评价
传输管道预冷 a)机理复杂, 难以建立模型; b)流型可视化实现难度高。 a)地面系统性试验较为成熟;b)模拟微重力环境下已验证。 已有地面与模拟微重力下试验研究, 预计成果会较快应用于在轨加注系统中。
贮箱预冷 a)系统复杂,试验规模较大;b)液体加注形式研究依赖硬件系统。 a)地面真实尺寸贮箱试验研究;b)模拟微重力下缩比贮箱试验研究。 地面试验数据较少, 需要微重力环境下的全尺寸贮箱预冷试验;建议与贮箱无排放加注试验共同进行。
贮箱无排放加注 a)系统复杂,试验规模较大;b)研究参数与重力因素强耦合。 a)地面真实尺寸贮箱试验研究;b)无模拟微重力下的试验研究。 无排放加注过程在微重力状态下与地面环境下完全不同,需要尽快在微重力环境中进行演示验证。
液体获取装置 a)对于工质物性的敏感性强; b)针对液氢推进剂的提取效果较差; c)液体提取速率低。 a)地面环境中部分组件试验研究; b)无模拟微重力下的试验研究。 是无须消耗推进剂流量和外部能量的较为理想的方法, 但存在众多技术难点, 距离真实在轨环境下的实际应用仍有距离。
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低温推进剂在轨加注关键技术研究进展与展望
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王昊 , 王浩苏 , 陈士强 , 李轩 , 苏健
导弹与航天运载技术 | 动力系统 2024,47(5): 21-27
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导弹与航天运载技术 | 动力系统 2024, 47(5): 21-27
低温推进剂在轨加注关键技术研究进展与展望
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王昊, 王浩苏, 陈士强, 李轩, 苏健
作者信息
  • 北京宇航系统工程研究所,北京,100076
  • 王昊(1989—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为低温流体流动传热。

    王浩苏(1988—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭动力系统总体设计。

    陈士强(1986—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为运载火箭动力系统总体设计。

    李轩(1990—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为液体火箭发动机。

    苏健(1998—),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为低温推进剂管理。

Review and Development on Key Techniques of Cryogenic Propellants On-orbit Refueling Progress
Hao WANG, Haosu WANG, Shiqiang CHEN, Xuan LI, Jian SU
Affiliations
  • Beijing Institute of Astronautical Systems Engineering,Beijing,100076
出版时间: 2024-10-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240504
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低温推进剂在轨加注技术的应用可实现天地往返与空间转移解耦的新型航天运输模式,显著提升高轨运载能力,在未来空间大规模运输、深空探测任务中有着巨大应用潜力。针对低温推进剂在轨加注关键技术进行了研究,回顾了国外在实验室小规模与真实环境大规模下开展的试验研究,分析了在轨加注的未来应用场景及其应用优势,在此基础上对中国低温推进剂在轨加注技术的研究提出后续发展建议。

低温推进剂  /  在轨加注  /  微重力  /  气液界面分离  /  空间应用

The on-orbit refueling technologies of cryogen can reduce the total mass of propellants required in rocket vehicles, allowing a significant increase in the amount of payload delivered beyond low Earth orbit. It has great potential benefits in complex space transportation systems and deep space exploration tasks. A literature investigation on the key techniques of cryogenic propellant on-orbit refueling is conducted. The existing lab-scale and full-scale experimental studies are reviewed in detail. Moreover, advantages of using on-orbit refueling techniques comprehensive analysis in future space tasks are provided. Technical suggestions on the developments for on-orbit refueling of cryogenic propellants are proposed based on this research.

cryogenic propellants  /  on-orbit refueling  /  micro-gravity  /  vapor-liquid separation  /  space application
王昊, 王浩苏, 陈士强, 李轩, 苏健. 低温推进剂在轨加注关键技术研究进展与展望. 导弹与航天运载技术, 2024 , 47 (5) : 21 -27 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240504
Hao WANG, Haosu WANG, Shiqiang CHEN, Xuan LI, Jian SU. Review and Development on Key Techniques of Cryogenic Propellants On-orbit Refueling Progress[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2024 , 47 (5) : 21 -27 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240504
对于未来载人登月、火星登陆及其他深空探测等大型空间任务, 一次性携带大量推进剂进行发射任务会造成航天器尺寸巨大、成本昂贵等问题,制约火箭的运载能力。Morgan[1]于1965年提出推进剂在轨加注的概念, 该技术可以有效减少航天器的地面发射负荷, 拓展空间探索任务的规模和范围。
低温推进剂在轨加注过程具有姿态控制、对接机构、推进剂管理等多学科交叉的技术特点,其中微重力环境低温推进剂管理技术一直是该领域的技术难题。美国航空航天局将低温推进剂在轨加注与管理技术列入未来技术发展的规划路线中, 先后开展了多功能液氢试验平台、低温推进剂在轨试验台、低温推进剂贮存与传输项目及低温可实现项目等研究。美国太空探索公司(SpaceX)在超重星舰的第3次综合飞行试验中进行了舰内贮箱间低温推进剂在轨转移技术展示, 首次实现大规模飞行状态下低温推进剂在轨加注技术的演示试验。中国在低温推进剂在轨加注技术方面的研究基本处于原理研究与仿真模拟阶段, 相比国外研究有一定差距。
本文调研整理NASA关于在轨加注低温推进剂管理关键技术的研究进展, 初步分析该技术的未来应用场景与实施难点, 提出在轨加注低温推进剂管理技术研究的发展建议。
2010年, NASA将低温推进剂的在轨储存与加注列入其高研究优先级发展规划中[2],同时纳入其6个核心空间战略技术投资方向中[3],体现出NASA对在轨加注技术的重视程度。下文将分别从实验室环境中的小规模系统研究、真实太空环境中的大规模系统搭载飞行两个方面介绍NASA在低温推进剂轨加注领域已开展的研究与规划。
针对在轨加注低温推进剂管理关键技术, NASA与其合作院校美国佛罗里达大学进行了大量的实验室环境下小规模试验, 部分系统组件和关键技术在微重力环境下也得到了验证。
低温推进剂加注前需要使用部分推进剂预先将传输管道温度冷却至推进剂饱和温度以下, 使后续加注过程中推进剂以液体形式进行较为稳定的传输。
Hartwig等[4-5]进行了竖直不锈钢圆管的液氢预冷试验, 测试了不同入口流量和入口压力下, 液氢以连续流动与脉冲流动的形式冷却传输管道的传热特性。 在水平不锈钢圆管的液氧与液态甲烷预冷试验中, Hartwig等[6]发现在大管径水平管道的预冷过程中会出现明显的气液分层流型。Darr等[7-8]开展了不同入口流量和压力下液氮冷却不锈钢管道的试验, 在水平、竖直以及倾斜流动的工况下分析了推进剂流动方向对预冷传热过程的影响。Chung等[9]开展了水平不锈钢管道的液氮冷却试验, 在管道内壁添加特氟龙涂层以增强预冷过程换热效率, 并在微重力环境下获得了液氮冷却传输管道的传热数据[10]。Wang等[11-12]进一步研究了管内特氟龙涂层对低温推进剂预冷管道过程的影响, 探明了不同涂层厚度下管道换热过程的效率,试验系统在微重力环境下得到了验证[13],如图1所示。
在贮箱推进剂加注开始前, 需要使用部分推进剂将贮箱壁面温度降低至一定程度, 避免加注过程中贮箱内压力快速升高, 阻碍后续输送过程。
Flachbart等[14]进行了容积${18}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}$的全尺寸贮箱液氢预冷和加注试验, 预冷过程中壁面大部分时间处于换热效率较低的膜态沸腾区域, Flachbart等推测微重力状态下气泡难以从壁面脱离,膜态沸腾现象持续时间会增加。Dong等[15-16]使用不同内径的喷嘴对不锈钢贮箱壁面进行预冷试验, 测试了特氟龙涂层对不锈钢水平壁面预冷过程的影响, 试验系统在微重力环境下进行了演示验证[17]。Chung等[18]在常重力与微重力环境中对内径为${0.27}\mathrm{\;m}$的不锈钢缩比贮箱进行了液氮预冷试验, 结果表明微重力环境下贮箱壁面的冷却效率低于常重力下的冷却效率。
贮箱无排放加注过程需要预先对贮箱壁面进行一定程度的冷却,并排放掉在预冷过程中蒸发的气体。 预冷后壁面会冷凝后续加注过程中产生的气体, 贮箱压力趋于稳定, 实现无排气加注。
Chato[19]$5{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}$的大型贮箱进行了液氢的无排放加注试验, 探究不同液氢加注流量与不同初始壁面温度对无排放加注过程的影响。在对$2{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}$小贮箱进行的液氢无排放加注试验中, Chato[20]发现液氢加注方式对无排放加注过程产生的影响远小于贮箱壁面温度带来的影响。Johnson等[21]利用低温推进剂在轨测试装置进行液氢无排放加注试验, 但未公布具体试验结果。Hartwig等[22]在CRYOTE-2贮箱中分别使用液氮、液氢进行了贮箱无排放加注试验, 测试了贮箱初始温度、加注压力和加注流量对加注过程的影响。
筛网通道式液体获取装置(Liquid Acquisition Device, LAD)利用推进剂在细密多孔金属筛网表面上产生的表面张力分隔气相与液相的掺混, 并提供一定的液体传输能力, 如图2所示。泡破压力是指LAD装置利用表面张力分隔气液两相所能承受的最大压力差, 当筛网两侧压力差值大于泡破压力时, LAD装置将会失效。
Kudlac等[23]以液氮和液氧为工质,测量了孔密度为${200}\times {1400}$目的金属筛网泡破压力。Jurns等[24-25]分别在液态甲烷与过冷液氧中测试了${200}\times {1400}$目金属筛网的泡破压力。Hartwig等[26]首次尝试在液氢中测量孔密度较高的金属筛网的泡破压力, 结果表明装置汲取液氢过程中达到的泡破压力较低, 但可以使用孔密度较高的金属筛网提高泡破压力。Camarotti等[27]对多种不同孔隙率的圆形金属筛网在常温流体异丙醇、丙酮中提取液体的性能开展试验, 建立了涵盖筛网类型的试验数据库。Vasireddy等[28]在异丙醇和丙酮中对长方形金属筛网形变率进行了测量试验, 结果表明长方形结构筛网的边角处会出现较大的应力集中,对金属筛网整体的形变率产生一定影响。Ca-marotti等[29]通过在液氮中填充氦气与氮气,测试了不同孔隙率的圆形金属筛网的泡破压力, 发现所有测试金属筛网承受氦气的泡破压力均略高于承受氮气的泡破压力。Yaegers等[30]在液氮中测量不同金属筛网的芯吸率(筛网利用表面张力与毛细力芯吸引流液体的速度), 发现筛网的芯吸率主要受到筛网孔密度的影响, 与金属筛网的编织形式和材质基本无关。
2009年,美国联合发射联盟利用半人马座上面级进行了一次液氢液氧低温推进剂的沉底、晃动抑制、 贮箱压力控制演示试验, 主要目的是揭示低温推进剂在轨加注所面临的技术挑战, 包括推进剂沉底、长期在轨管理、低温阀门和对接机构性能、发动机重复点火、推进剂在轨蒸发抑制、自主对接等,但并未测试推进剂在轨加注的相关技术。
2019年的智能化推进剂加注任务中, NASA将用于测试低温推进剂管理技术的试验装置载荷送入国际空间站的舱外平台。此次任务成功进行了如液态甲烷的零蒸发量控制、超声波液位测量技术以及利用换热器实现贮箱的自增压技术等部分低温推进剂管理技术的在轨应用展示, 但低温推进剂的在轨转移技术与在轨重定位技术仍未得到验证[31]
2020年, NASA与包括SpaceX在内的4家公司签署了引爆点研究合同,旨在空间搭载试验中演示验证蒸发量控制、贮箱箱压控制、贮箱间推进剂传输技术等低温推进剂管理技术。2024年3月, SpaceX公司在其超重一星舰第3次综合飞行试验中, 完成了舰体内头部小贮箱与主贮箱间液氧推进剂的在轨转移演示, 首次实现了低温推进剂在轨加注技术飞行状态下的试验验证。
第1.1节列出的关键技术并不是毫无关联的单个科学问题, 而是可以通过严谨的科学逻辑进行梳理的、闭环的研究, 可以形成组合并最终成为完善的低温推进剂在轨加注系统实践, 如图3所示。对于低温推进剂在轨加注技术的研究, NASA将在轨加注这个复杂的大系统拆分解耦成多个方向单一的小科学问题, 从各个关键单项技术入手进行系统开发, 降低了每个技术的研发难度, 并实现将多个单项技术并行展开研究的目标。NASA在轨加注技术实践中有着详细的发展规划和研究路线: 在实验室环境下进行小规模的关键技术开发与验证; 在类太空环境(落塔或抛物线飞行模拟的微重力环境)中进行各个子系统的试验展示; 将已研发成熟的系统进行整合并在实际火箭飞行中进行搭载测试, 以确保在轨加注技术的可靠性。
对于MEO、GEO、行星际转移等中高轨任务, 推进剂质量很大程度上影响了航天器质量, 且影响程度随着深空探测距离的增大呈递增趋势。推进剂在轨加注技术可以有效减少航天器的地面发射负荷, 拓展空间探索任务的规模和范围, 实现大规模、长周期、 远距离的深空探测目标。本节整理了在未来不同任务需求中在轨加注技术的应用场景及实施优势。
未来高效益、低成本、多样化的航天运输系统, 需要解耦天地往返、空间转移运输两大过程, 实现系统与系统之间的 “物资” 接力。基于在轨加注模式, 航天器从空间轨道直接出发, 能力大幅提升的同时能够实现运载器重复使用,拓展任务灵活性。
由于受限于运载火箭的运载能力, 载人登月任务中火箭单次发射可携带的载荷量与火箭末级往返可携带载荷量存在巨大差距。在轨加注系统的应用大大减轻了火箭末级中推进剂的占比,降低了其重复使用的成本, 为载人飞船与登月舱的功能创造了提升空间。
采用导航空间站作为中转站, 能够将月球探测任务分割为天地往返、登月两部分, 使两项任务完全解耦, 提高了任务的可靠性和人员安全性, 增加了整个月球探测任务的灵活性。在轨加注技术不仅为空间站本身的运行提供支持, 而且可以为执行其他任务的航天器进行推进剂补给。
随着嫦娥探月工程、阿尔忒弥斯计划等项目的实施, 人类正逐步建立起对 “地月经济” 的清晰认知, 地月空间经济区的发展需要建立在天地往返运输系统航班化的基础上,而在轨加注技术则是实现安全可靠、运维成本低的运输方式的必要手段, 是连接人类与月球桥梁的基石。
地火之间的空间运输有着飞行距离长和发射窗口周期长的特点, 对运输航天器的动力系统有着极高要求。载人登火在地火空间运输的基础上, 对航天器的可靠性与可搭载负荷提出了更严苛的要求。NASA计划基于其在月球轨道上建设的月球门户前哨站, 对执行载人登火任务的航天器进行补给与在轨加注, 同时进行一定程度的载荷货物组装。针对对土星、木星、 天王星等行星进行的深空探测活动均面临探测距离远、飞行时间长等问题,在轨加注技术是未来大规模长距离深空探测任务的必然选择。
在轨加注过程是一项多学科融合的系统性工程, 涉及任务轨道规划、加注运载器设计、对接分离机构方案、位姿高精度控制、低温推进剂管理等多个方面的研究。本节针对第1节中提到的在轨加注低温推进剂管理关键技术(见图3 )涉及的研究难点进行分析。
低温推进剂传输管道的预冷过程是一个快速持续变化的强瞬态过程, 存在传热-流动-热力学过程强耦合的特点。推进剂在管内运输的流型演化迅速, 流动状态之间的转捩点难以捕捉。对于管道预冷的试验研究主要集中在整个过程宏观上的数值测量, 并未与低温预冷相变非稳态过程的微观传热流动机理对应。基于大量试验数据总结出的经验公式虽然可以在一定程度上总结出不同工况下预冷过程的传热流动规律, 但对于在复杂场景下预冷过程的优化问题尚不能提供很好的思路。管道预冷过程试验研究中, 关于温度参数的测量较为成熟, 非侵入式压力以及流型的测量技术仍不完善。
由于贮箱壁面面积较大, 试验过程中很难完整地捕捉整个壁面温度场分布, 对试验数据分析造成一定影响。推进剂的注入方式是贮箱壁面预冷过程研究的另一重要方面, 涉及到喷注方式、喷注位置以及喷注口数量等方面。上述参数的研究均涉及贮箱硬件方面的改变, 在试验中很难做到灵活控制。 推进剂注入方式的优化分析受到重力环境的影响, 需要微重力环境下的技术演示, 而贮箱预冷系统一般规模较大, 难以在飞行搭载以外的情况下进行微重力环境演示。
影响整个无排放加注过程的主要关键参数是贮箱内初始残留液体的温度以及贮箱壁面初始温度, 液体加注率为加注过程完成的判断标准。贮箱内液体的温度和液体的加注率在微重力环境中难以测量, 推进剂加注时的流动形态也受到重力环境的影响, 在地面常重力状态下进行的无排放加注过程试验难以反映真实在轨状态下的加注过程。无排放加注过程开始前需要先排出一部分过热气体以带走贮箱壁面的部分初始热量, 在微重力环境中实现不夹液的排气过程为无排放加注过程增加了难度。
隔膜式分离装置稳定可靠, 但无法分离液相蒸发的气体;板式液体获取装置需要较多叶片结构才能达到较好的分离效果,结构质量较大;筛网通道式LAD结合表面张力与毛细作用,在分离气液相的同时起到了一定的液体输送作用, 是在轨加注过程中较理想的气液分离方式, 但同样存在一定研究难点。筛网通道式LAD技术对作用工质有高度敏感性, 其泡破压力等特性会受到液体物化性质的影响, 致使单一LAD装置无法满足不同低温推进剂的提取过程, 液氢的低黏性与低表面张力特性(见图4)[32]使其在LAD装置上的应用性能较差。在摩擦力、筛网形变效应等因素作用下, 低温推进剂流经金属筛网时会产生局部压力差, 差值大小与流量呈正相关, 由于金属筛网泡破压力的限制, LAD装置无法以较高流量提取液体推进剂, 降低气液分离过程效率。金属筛网泡破压力与筛网芯吸效应受重力环境的影响程度较大, 需要在微重力环境中进行测量校正。
结合上文对在轨加注技术应用面临的难点分析,表1总结了各个研究方向的技术难点、所处研究阶段以及综合评价。
本文通过文献调研与理论分析, 回顾了国外已有关于在轨加注低温推进剂管理技术的实践研究, 分析了该技术的应用场景及应用优势, 梳理了在轨加注应用关键技术的研究难点, 所获结论如下:
a)地球轨道运输体系、载人登月、地月经济圈建设、载人登火、深空探测等任务中均需要可靠性高、经济性强的空间转移运输能力, 低温推进剂的在轨加注技术拥有广阔的应用前景。
b)目前对在轨加注低温推进剂管理过程的热质交换机理与技术的研究仍相对薄弱, 基于常温流体开展的相关研究无法直接应用于低温推进剂, 现阶段的低温推进剂在轨加注研究存在众多技术难题。
c)在轨加注低温推进剂管理关键技术包括传输管道预冷、贮箱预冷、贮箱无排放加注和LAD装置等, 基本都需要依赖微重力环境来验证, 在开展各类基础技术研究的同时应重视真实环境下试验的推进。 根据需要验证技术的特点, 可以通过高空落塔试验、 飞机抛物线飞行、发射搭载试验和空间站舱外平台等手段进行有差异的微重力环境试验验证, 提升各类技术的成熟度并缩短关键技术投入工程应用的周期。
d)美国针对在轨加注技术已开展了持续几十年的研究, 对各个关键技术的理论试验研究都有了一定程度的积累。在开展基础研究的同时, 积极推进如ZERO-G公司的抛物线飞行、RRM3的在轨演示任务、 引爆点合同等各类形式的微重力环境试验验证, 能够提升各单项技术的成熟度。
e)中国应结合航天任务需求梳理出在轨加注技术发展的顶层设计与总体规划。在深化各类基础理论研究的同时, 建立针对低温推进剂加注系统的研究试验平台,实现地面环境下系统性的试验验证。借助上面级、空间站舱内实验柜、空间站舱外暴露台等平台尽早规划设计可用于低温推进剂加注的在轨演示载荷,实现关键技术的飞行试验验证。同步开展CFD仿真计算工具的开发, 优化试验研究方案, 降低整体研制成本并对后续的工程设计提供一定指导方向。
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240504
  • 接收时间:2024-08-27
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2024-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-27
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    北京宇航系统工程研究所,北京,100076
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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