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Aerodynamic heating is a key issue in the research of hypersonic vehicles flying in near-space. It has an important influence on the aerodynamic, thermal environment and safety of the aircraft. Due to the limitation of experimental methods, wind tunnel experiments cannot simulate real flight conditions accurately. CFD is an important tool for studying aerothermodynamics problems. The format dissipativeness and grid are two important factors that affect aerothermodynamics simulation. The smaller the format dissipation, the better the CFD performance, but low dissipation will cause shock instability phenomena. A hybrid HLLCE format which has both the HLLE format stability and the low dissipativity of the HLLC format is constructed. This format exhibits the low dissipation properties of HLLC at a lower Mach number and can overcome shock instability phenomena at high speed. The thickness of the linear bottom layer of the boundary layer is used as the reference scale, and 1/10 of the thickness of the linear bottom layer calculated by the feature length is taken as the minimum grid scale for thermal environment calculation. The performance of low dissipation scheme is verified by hypersonic sphere example with the proposed grid scale

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飞行器表面热环境是临近空间高超声速飞行器研究中的一个重点问题,它对飞行器的气动、热环境和安全性有重要影响。受试验手段的限制,风洞试验无法准确模拟真实飞行条件,数值计算是研究气动加热问题的重要手段。格式的耗散性、网格尺度是影响气动热模拟的两个重要因素。气动热计算要求格式耗散越小越好,但低耗散性会引起激波不稳定现象。构造了兼具HLLE格式稳定性和HLLC格式低耗散性的HLLCE格式,该格式在较低马赫数下表现出HLLC的性质,是一种低耗散性格式,在高马赫数下则具有HLLE格式的性质,能够克服激波不稳定现象。针对气动热计算中最小网格尺度的选取,提出以边界层线性底层厚度为参考尺度,以特征长度计算的边界层线性底层厚度的1/10 作为热环境计算的壁面最小网格尺度参考值。基于这一尺度确定了高超声速球头算例气动力热计算网格,计算结果验证了低耗散格式在临近空间高超声速气动力热计算中的良好性能。

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陈小庆(1982—),男,博士,助理研究员,主要研究方向为飞行器总体设计与应用、飞行环境适应性。

王波(1985—),男,博士,助理研究员,主要研究方向为新概念无人机飞行器的总体设计与应用。

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陈小庆(1982—),男,博士,助理研究员,主要研究方向为飞行器总体设计与应用、飞行环境适应性。

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陈小庆(1982—),男,博士,助理研究员,主要研究方向为飞行器总体设计与应用、飞行环境适应性。

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王波(1985—),男,博士,助理研究员,主要研究方向为新概念无人机飞行器的总体设计与应用。

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王波(1985—),男,博士,助理研究员,主要研究方向为新概念无人机飞行器的总体设计与应用。

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figureFileSmall=l2DuJqXaiGZFJGa6USRmAQ==, figureFileBig=mcOkmjWzMBiH6tOZi3G7JQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273722261386202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011780460245282, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Computational flow conditions, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数
来流马赫数12
来流速度$/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$4167
来流密度$/\left({\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{-3}}\right)$0.00216
来流雷诺数$/{\mathrm{m}}^{-1}$$5 \times {10}^{6}$
来流温度/K300
壁面温度/K800
), ArticleFig(id=1197273723192521693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011780460245282, language=CN, label=表1, caption=算例来流条件, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数
来流马赫数12
来流速度$/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$4167
来流密度$/\left({\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{-3}}\right)$0.00216
来流雷诺数$/{\mathrm{m}}^{-1}$$5 \times {10}^{6}$
来流温度/K300
壁面温度/K800
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HLLCE格式构造及其在气动热计算中应用
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陈小庆 , 王波
导弹与航天运载技术 | 环境与试验技术 2024,47(4): 81-87
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导弹与航天运载技术 | 环境与试验技术 2024, 47(4): 81-87
HLLCE格式构造及其在气动热计算中应用
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陈小庆, 王波
作者信息
  • 国防科技创新研究院,北京,100074
  • 陈小庆(1982—),男,博士,助理研究员,主要研究方向为飞行器总体设计与应用、飞行环境适应性。

    王波(1985—),男,博士,助理研究员,主要研究方向为新概念无人机飞行器的总体设计与应用。

Construction of Hybrid HLLCE Scheme with its Application to Hypersonic Aero-heating Evaluation
Xiaoqing CHEN, Bo WANG
Affiliations
  • National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology,Beijing,100074
出版时间: 2024-08-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240414
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飞行器表面热环境是临近空间高超声速飞行器研究中的一个重点问题,它对飞行器的气动、热环境和安全性有重要影响。受试验手段的限制,风洞试验无法准确模拟真实飞行条件,数值计算是研究气动加热问题的重要手段。格式的耗散性、网格尺度是影响气动热模拟的两个重要因素。气动热计算要求格式耗散越小越好,但低耗散性会引起激波不稳定现象。构造了兼具HLLE格式稳定性和HLLC格式低耗散性的HLLCE格式,该格式在较低马赫数下表现出HLLC的性质,是一种低耗散性格式,在高马赫数下则具有HLLE格式的性质,能够克服激波不稳定现象。针对气动热计算中最小网格尺度的选取,提出以边界层线性底层厚度为参考尺度,以特征长度计算的边界层线性底层厚度的1/10 作为热环境计算的壁面最小网格尺度参考值。基于这一尺度确定了高超声速球头算例气动力热计算网格,计算结果验证了低耗散格式在临近空间高超声速气动力热计算中的良好性能。

低耗散格式  /  数值计算  /  网格效应  /  气动热

Aerodynamic heating is a key issue in the research of hypersonic vehicles flying in near-space. It has an important influence on the aerodynamic, thermal environment and safety of the aircraft. Due to the limitation of experimental methods, wind tunnel experiments cannot simulate real flight conditions accurately. CFD is an important tool for studying aerothermodynamics problems. The format dissipativeness and grid are two important factors that affect aerothermodynamics simulation. The smaller the format dissipation, the better the CFD performance, but low dissipation will cause shock instability phenomena. A hybrid HLLCE format which has both the HLLE format stability and the low dissipativity of the HLLC format is constructed. This format exhibits the low dissipation properties of HLLC at a lower Mach number and can overcome shock instability phenomena at high speed. The thickness of the linear bottom layer of the boundary layer is used as the reference scale, and 1/10 of the thickness of the linear bottom layer calculated by the feature length is taken as the minimum grid scale for thermal environment calculation. The performance of low dissipation scheme is verified by hypersonic sphere example with the proposed grid scale

low dissipation scheme  /  CFD  /  grid criterion  /  aero-heating
陈小庆, 王波. HLLCE格式构造及其在气动热计算中应用. 导弹与航天运载技术, 2024 , 47 (4) : 81 -87 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240414
Xiaoqing CHEN, Bo WANG. Construction of Hybrid HLLCE Scheme with its Application to Hypersonic Aero-heating Evaluation[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2024 , 47 (4) : 81 -87 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240414
高超声速气动热是由黏性作用产生, 与壁面温度梯度密切相关, 数值计算时受数值格式和网格分布的影响较大。当前气动热CFD计算的研究主要集中在CFD计算的格式效应和网格效应两个方面, 其中, 早期的研究侧重格式效应, 后来更侧重研究网格效应。
壁面边界的网格质量直接影响气动热流场的数值模拟和热流处理。壁面法向网格尺度被认为是最主要的影响因素, 常用间接法和直接法来确定其尺度: 间接法通常由最小网格雷诺数间接给出[1],直接法常由来流参数的函数关系式直接给出[2]。两种方法都依赖于来流参数, 随意性和经验性较强, 适用性相对不足, 难以进行一般性工程应用推广。
数值格式的耗散性越小, 热流的计算精度越高。 阎超等[3-4]对Roe FDS格式、Van Leer FVS格式、 AUSM+格式和中心差分格式开展数值试验和理论分析, 研究了热流计算的格式效应, 探讨了不同格式对热流计算精度的影响。Kitamura等[5]研究认为,气动热数值计算中无黏项格式应满足激波稳定性/鲁棒性、 总焓守恒性、可求解边界层。
本文基于HLLC格式构造了混合的HLLCE格式, 并和NNLD格式进行了比较。该格式在强激波区域格式表现为HLLE格式的性质, 而在其他区域表现为HLLC格式的性质, 具有较强的适应性, 通过高超声速球头算例验证了低耗散格式在气动力热计算中的良好性能。
三维直角坐标系下,三维非定常可压缩Navier-Stokes方程可写成如下守恒形式[6]:
$\frac{\partial \mathbf{Q}}{\partial t}+ \frac{\partial {\mathbf{F}}_{1}}{\partial x}+ \frac{\partial {\mathbf{F}}_{2}}{\partial y}+ \frac{\partial {\mathbf{F}}_{3}}{\partial z}= \frac{\partial {\mathbf{G}}_{1}}{\partial x}+ \frac{\partial {\mathbf{G}}_{2}}{\partial y}+ \frac{\partial {\mathbf{G}}_{3}}{\partial z}$
式中$Q$为守恒型独立变量;${F}_{1},{F}_{2},{F}_{3}$为3个方向的无粘通量;${\mathbf{G}}_{1},{\mathbf{G}}_{2},{\mathbf{G}}_{3}$为3个方向的黏性通量。计算使用中需将方程无量纲化, 并变换为一般曲线坐标系形式, 各项具体形式参见文献[6]。
差分格式的精度及鲁棒性直接影响数值模拟的精度和效率。高超声速流场含有复杂的波系结构, 需要采用TVD型格式才能光滑捕捉激波。由于插值近似、 黎曼解近似和网格平均效应的存在, 这类格式往往含有较大的格式耗散[7-10]。由于这些格式主要针对间断等激波波系结构设计, 在黏性附面层内这些格式的计算精度往往不佳, 具体表现在高超声速热流计算中要求网格密集, 或者难以得到网格无关解。
因此, 在高超声速气动热计算中, 激波分辨率和热流的计算精度之间相互矛盾, 以Roe FDS格式为例, 由于Roe FDS格式的耗散很小, 计算高超声速流场必须采用熵修正, 否则在驻点区域可能出现Carbuncle现象。熵修正形式必须既能满足激波捕捉的需要,又能在黏性层中避免数值污染。因此, Roe FDS格式的成功应用非常依赖于熵修正形式的选择。
黎作武提出了NNLD格式[11]: 在物面法线方向采用精确黎曼解, 保证了格式在边界层内具有低耗散, 在流线方向采用FVS类型的NND格式, 保证在主流区域内流场计算稳定, 又保证软件的鲁棒性, 但NNLD格式不同流向采用不同差分格式的思想使得其在结构网格中较容易实现, 在非结构网格中实现相对困难。
Harten等[12]在求解Godunov通量时,提出了直接近似求解数值通量的方法, 该方法被称为HLL方法。在HLL格式基础上, Einfeldt对左右激波速度的计算进行了改进, 提出了HLLE格式。
HLL(HLLE)近似黎曼解假设间断面产生两道激波, 属于双激波近似。通过直接求解近似黎曼通量, 因此计算效率较高且稳定, 适应范围广。Kim针对HLLE、Roe等格式研究表明:HLLE格式将压力和密度场分开求解, 压力场和密度场各自的扰动对对方不产生影响, 因此HLLE格式是稳定的, 不会出现激波不稳定现象。
由于HLL(HLLE)格式在间断面具有较大的数值耗散, 不会出现激波不稳定现象, 但容易将接触间抹平, 得到的解略差于Roe格式。在跨声速复杂流场计算中误差较大,也不适合于气动热的高精度求解。
Toro等[13]分析了由于忽略接触间断和剪切波而产生的局限性, 提出了更完善的HLLC格式。HLLC格式是一种单调高分辨率格式, 能够精确捕捉激波、 接触间断和稀疏波, 与精确求解黎问题的方法相比具有计算量小、低耗散、高分辨率的特点, 且严格满足熵条件。在低速及跨声速可压缩流场中, 得到了成功且广泛的应用。
在气动热求解中格式的耗散越小, 气动热求解精度会越高, 那HLLC格式应该也适合于气动热的高精度求解, 但数值计算表明, 当马赫数较低时, HLLC格式可以获得比Roe相对于实验更好的结果, 然而随着马赫数继续增加, 理论分析表明, HLLC格式在强间断区域是不稳定的, 在强激波区域会出现激波不稳定的现象。
在间断区域, HLLE格式的性能优于HLLC格式, 而在其他区域, 由于HLLC格式耗散较小, 其性能要优于HLLE格式, 因此可以考虑将二者相结合, 构造了混合的HLLCE格式, 使得在强激波区域格式表现为HLLE格式的性质, 而在其他区域表现为HLLC格式的性质。傅林等[14-15]通过定义激波捕捉函数,将HLL格式和HLLC格式相结合,构造了混合的HLL-HLLC格式。本文选择HLLE格式和HLLC格式进行研究, 其关系可表示为
${F}_{\text{HLLCE }}= \left({1 -\Phi }\right){F}_{\text{HLLE }}+ \Phi {F}_{\text{HLLC }}$
式中${F}_{\text{HLLCE }}$为混合格式的通量;${F}_{\text{HLLE }}$${F}_{\text{HLLC }}$分别为HLLE和HLLC格式计算通量。
文献[16]中采用的函数为
$\Phi =\min \left({\frac{\min \left({{p}_{\mathrm{L}},{p}_{\mathrm{R}}}\right)}{\left|{{p}_{\mathrm{L}}- {p}_{\mathrm{R}}}\right|+ \varepsilon },{1.0}}\right),\varepsilon ={10}^{-{30}}$
式中${p}_{\mathrm{L}}\text{、}{p}_{\mathrm{R}}$分别为网格面上左、右两边的压力。
本文的研究中, 采用文献[17]中定义的当地计算单元上压力比值的函数来计算$\Phi$:
$\Phi =\frac{1 -\cos \left({\widehat{\phi }\pi }\right)}{2}$
$\widehat{\phi }= \min \left\lbrack {1,\max \left({0,\frac{{\phi }_{\max }- \phi }{{\phi }_{\max }- {\phi }_{\min }}}\right)}\right\rbrack $
$\phi =\frac{{p}_{\max }}{{p}_{\min }}= \frac{\max \left({{p}_{\mathrm{L}},{p}_{\mathrm{R}}}\right)}{\min \left({{p}_{\mathrm{L}},{p}_{\mathrm{R}}}\right)} $
式中$\phi$为构造的压力函数。
$\Phi$$\phi$之间关系如图1所示。在压力变化剧烈区域,即$\phi >{\phi }_{\max }$$\Phi = 0,{F}_{\text{HLLCE }}= {F}_{\text{HLLE }}$,此时格式表现为HLLE格式的性质, 从而抑制了激波不稳定现象; 在压力变化连续区域$\Phi = 1,{F}_{\mathrm{{HLLCE}}}= {F}_{\mathrm{{HLLC}}}$,此时格式体现为HLLC的性质, 在该格式在结构网格和非结构网格中均能实现。
选择合适的网格尺度、网格分布对于热流计算至关重要。Bertin指出, 在飞行器壁面附近, 网格收敛性对于其气动力热特征预测具有非常重要的意义。对于壁面网格尺度, Hoffmann[18-19]、Dilley[20]、Papadopoulos[21]、Menshov[22]等学者均提出了各自的网格尺度计算方法。程晓丽等[23]从气体分子物理学角度, 对壁面物流进行了微观统计分析, 建立了壁面法向网格尺度准则。阎超等[2-3]以钝锥热流为算例,提出了确定物面网格第一层高度的经验公式。黎作武等[24]提出了利用NNLD格式进行热流CFD分析时的网格尺度大小。可以说, 为获得较满意的壁面热流数值计算结果, 许多研究者所采用的壁面法向网格尺度已接近或达到气体分子平均自由程量级。
上述各个网格尺度的研究基于各自不同数值格式, 不同格式的耗散性差别较大, 因此, 这些网格尺度标准适用范围不完全相同。但壁面法向网格尺度并不是越小越好, 而是存在一个最优下限, 这里对网格尺度上限进行分析。
根据边界层理论, 湍流边界层分为内层和外层, 如图2所示, 其线性底层内速度随壁面距离呈线性变化关系, 因此数值计算时, 在此范围内只要离散网格的尺寸小于边界层现行底层厚度, 利用差分法计算都是比较准确的。
利用参考温度法[16],对于可压平板边界层,其层流边界层厚度为
${\delta }_{\text{lam,}\mathrm{c}}= 5\frac{x}{{\left( R{e}_{\infty , x}\right)}^{0.5}}{\left(\frac{{T}^{* }}{{T}_{\infty }}\right)}^{{0.5}\left({1 +\omega }\right)} $
式中${Re}$为雷诺数;${T}^{* }$为参考温度;${T}_{\infty }$为来流温度;$\omega$为黏度系数幂律的指数;$x$为当地距离。
湍流边界层厚度为
${\delta }_{\text{turb, c }}= {0.37}\frac{x}{{\left( R{e}_{\infty , x}\right)}^{0.2}}{\left(\frac{{T}^{* }}{{T}_{\infty }}\right)}^{{0.2}\left({1 +\omega }\right)} $
对于黏性线性底层, 其定义为
${y}^{+ }= \frac{{y\rho }{u}_{\tau }}{\mu }\leq 5 $
其中,${u}_{\mathrm{\tau }}= \sqrt{{\tau }_{\mathrm{w}}/\rho },\rho$为当地密度。若速度分布呈指数分布, 则:
${\tau }_{\mathrm{w},\text{ turb }}= {0.0296}\frac{{\rho }_{\infty }{u}_{\infty }^{2}}{{\left( R{e}_{\infty , x}\right)}^{0.2}}$
式中${u}_{\infty }$为自由流速度。
则可以推导出线性底层厚度为
${\delta }_{\mathrm{{vs}},\mathrm{c}}= {29.06}\frac{x}{{\left( R{e}_{\infty , x}\right)}^{0.9}}{\left(\frac{{T}^{* }}{{T}_{\infty }}\right)}^{{0.9}\left({1 +\omega }\right)} $
理论上, CFD计算时其壁面网格厚度${\Delta n}< {\delta }_{\mathrm{{vs}},\mathrm{c}}$即可,实际使用过程中,用线性底层厚度作为第一层网格尺度肯定偏大, 建议取特征长度计算的线性底层厚度的$1/{10}$作为参考。
以来流马赫数为12的圆球为例[5,16],单位长度雷诺数为$5 \times {10}^{6}\mathrm{\;m}$,采用FGP准则计算的网格厚度为$2 \times {10}^{-6}\mathrm{\;m}$,网格雷诺数为5对应的网格厚度大约为${10}^{-6}\mathrm{\;m}$,估算的线性底层厚度约为${10}^{-4}\mathrm{\;m}$,对应网格雷诺数约为500 。
球头流场结构简单, 存在理论解, 研究者也开展了较多的风洞试验, 是对气动力热程序进行高超声速条件下考核时常用的测试算例。文中的来流条件见表1[5,17]
由于来流马赫数高达12 ,气动力热尤其是气动热计算对格式要求较高, 极易出现 “粉刺” 现象。Kita-mura等[5]基于MUSCL格式,考察了Roe、Van Leer FVS、AUSM+、AUSMPW+等格式针对该算例的气动力、热效果。总体而言, 对于表面压力计算都具有较高的计算精度, 但计算得到的表面热流分布均呈现一定的“粉刺”现象。
进行流场分析时, 选取NNLD、Roe格式和构造的HLLCE格式的计算结果进行分析, 网格拓扑结构如图3所示。在壁面附近进行了不同程度的加密, 确定壁面网格尺度时,线性底层厚度大约为${10}^{-4}\mathrm{\;m}$,对应网格雷诺数约为500 , 因此选择壁面最小网格尺度时,对应的网格雷诺数分别为$2\text{、}{10}\text{、}{50}\text{、}{200}$
典型的残差和最大热流密度收敛历程如图4所示, 可以看出, 迭代到2500步以后, 残差已接近收敛, 而此时驻点热流尚有较大差别, 因此在判断计算是否收敛时,除了采用密度(或压力)的数值残差为判据外,还应注意热流是否收敛。
NNLD格式计算的表面压力分布和热流分布如图5所示, 网格雷诺数小于200时, 不同网格计算的表面压力系数分布基本相同, 而热流密度分布则有一定的差异, 网格雷诺数为200时计算驻点区域热流密度偏低, 相差不到10%, 其余三套网格计算的表面热流密度基本重合。
HLLCE格式计算的表面压力分布和热流分布如图6所示, 可以看出, 气动力分布受网格分布影响较小, 不同网格雷诺数计算的表面压力分布基本相同; 随着网格雷诺数的降低, 热流分布趋于收敛, 网格雷诺数为50时计算结果和网格雷诺数为10的计算结果趋于一致。
各种格式下,网格雷诺数小于200时气动力分布已经近似于网格无关。这里比较时, NNLD格式和HLLCE格式选取网格雷诺数为50 , Roe、HLLE格式选取网格雷诺数为10 。
图7分别给出了气动力计算结果, 从沿驻点线上的压力和马赫数分布, 几种格式计算的压力分布基本吻合, NNLD、Roe、HLLE、HLLCE计算得到的驻点压力与来流压力比值分别为184.74、184.9、 185.46、185.46,理论值为185.9 ,各种格式都收敛于理论值, 其中HLLCE格式和HLLE格式计算结果相同。
从不同格式计算的壁面压力系数的分布可以看出, 选定的网格上, 格式对压力分布影响很小, 各种格式都得出较为满意的结果, 计算结果和文献中计算结果吻合也较好。
由前文比较可知, NNLD格式在网格雷诺数小于200已经取得网格无关解, HLLCE格式在网格雷诺数小于50时热流分布趋向于网格无关, Roe格式对网格的要求更高, 因此这里比较气动热计算结果时, NN-LD和HLLCE格式选取网格雷诺数为50 ,其余格式选取网格雷诺数为10 。
利用Fay-Riddell公式预示的驻点热流密度为${5.501}\times {10}^{5}\mathrm{\;W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$, NNLD、Roe、HLLE、HLLCE格式计算驻点热流密度分别为${5.63}\times {10}^{5}\mathrm{\;W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$${5.672}\times {10}^{5}\mathrm{\;W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}\text{、}{6.121}\times {10}^{5}\mathrm{\;W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}\text{、}{5.643}\times {10}^{5}\mathrm{\;W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$, 各种格式计算结果能够相互验证。
图8给出了气动力计算结果比较,图8a为各种格式计算的沿驻点线温度分布,图8b${0}^{\circ }$母线上表面热流分布。由图8可见, NNLD、Roe、HLLCE格式计算的沿母线的热流分布曲线基本重合, 文献中基于MUSCL格式, 分别用Roe、Van Leer、AUSM+、 AUSMPW+等方法进行求解时, 虽然针对表面压力计算结果都较好,但针对气动热的计算结果都不理想。
图9为热流等值线分布情况, 由于在头部网格不是轴对称的, 计算的热流分布呈现一定的散布特征。 其中Roe格式和HLLCE格式散布较大, 而文献中AUSMPW+格式计算结果呈现出“粉刺”特征。文献中关于AUSM+、AUSMPW+等格式的计算表明, 本算例中热流计算对于格式要求是较高的, 文献中除了Laura软件, 其他格式均未能获得较理想的热流分布。
本文主要研究低耗散格式在气动力热计算中的应用。通过将HLLE格式和耗散较小的HLLC格式混合构造HLLCE格式, 使得在强激波区域格式表现为HLLE格式的性质, 有效解决 “粉刺” 现象, 而在其他区域表现为HLLC格式的性质, 提高热流计算的精度。分析了气动热计算中的网格尺度要求, 提出网格尺度的上限应为线性底层的厚度, 提出以参考长度计算的线性底层厚度的1/10作为气动热计算中壁面网格尺度。选取高超声速球头流场作为测试算例, 基于所提的网格尺度, NNLD格式和HLLCE格式均取得了较好的计算结果, 验证了低耗散格式在气动力热计算中的良好性能, 该格式可用于临近空间高速飞行器气动力热环境的分析计算。此次研究采用中国航天空气动力技术研究院刘周研究员提供的的Giat程序用于计算分析, 对此表示感谢。
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240414
  • 接收时间:2020-04-16
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2024-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2020-04-16
  • 修回日期:2021-01-20
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    国防科技创新研究院,北京,100074
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