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C/SiC composite material for hypersonic vehicle structure has a broad application in near-space area. The active / passive ablation performance of the C/SiC composite is studied numerically. An approach for active sublimation ablation performance up the ${2000}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$ of $\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{SiC}}$ composite materials is proposed and some wind tunnel experiments have been designed and completed. The results show that the ablation performance proposed has good accuracy compared with the wind tunnel results. The results can provide a reference for the structure and thermal protection design and safety assessment of the hypersonic vehicles based on C/SiC composite material.

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C/SiC复合材料具有优异的热力学性能,在临近空间领域具有较好的应用前景。针对C/SiC复合材料的烧蚀机理理论方法开展研究,建立了C/SiC复合材料主/被动氧化烧蚀分析方法,并在传统主动和被动氧化烧蚀的基础上,对于更高温度条件则采用一种升华分解烧蚀模型。通过设计典型状态电弧风洞试验,验证了主/被动氧化模型烧蚀、升华分解烧蚀模型的准确性,试验结果表明典型状态下$\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{SiC}}$复合材料无因次质量烧蚀率与理论值吻合,有关研究及结果可以为$\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{SiC}}$复合材料防热设计分析提供参考。

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付斌(1984—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为高速飞行器防隔热技术。

王永海(1978—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为飞行器设计。

陈鑫(1988—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为高速飞行器防隔热技术。

曹占伟(1981—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为高速飞行器防隔热技术。

阎君(1961—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为飞行器设计。

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figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况子样实测热流$/\left({\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-2}}\right)$实测压力/kPa时间 /s
状态$\mathrm{A}$1#至3#19641080
状态$\mathrm{B}$4#至6#50437610
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工况子样实测热流$/\left({\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-2}}\right)$实测压力/kPa时间 /s
状态$\mathrm{A}$1#至3#19641080
状态$\mathrm{B}$4#至6#50437610
), ArticleFig(id=1197273595970892537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011769550860791, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Test results data, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
状态$\mathrm{A}$无因次烧蚀率状态$\mathrm{B}$无因次烧蚀率
1#0.29434#0.3643
2#0.20515#0.2915
$3\#$0.22456#0.3748
平均0.2413平均0.3435
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状态$\mathrm{A}$无因次烧蚀率状态$\mathrm{B}$无因次烧蚀率
1#0.29434#0.3643
2#0.20515#0.2915
$3\#$0.22456#0.3748
平均0.2413平均0.3435
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C/SiC复合材料的烧蚀机理试验研究
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付斌 1 , 王永海 1 , 陈鑫 1 , 曹占伟 1, 2 , 阎君 3
导弹与航天运载技术 | 材料与制造技术 2024,47(4): 77-80
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导弹与航天运载技术 | 材料与制造技术 2024, 47(4): 77-80
C/SiC复合材料的烧蚀机理试验研究
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付斌1, 王永海1, 陈鑫1, 曹占伟1, 2, 阎君3
作者信息
  • 1空间物理重点实验室,北京,100076
  • 2西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院,西安,710049
  • 3中国运载火箭技术研究院,北京,100076
  • 付斌(1984—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为高速飞行器防隔热技术。

    王永海(1978—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为飞行器设计。

    陈鑫(1988—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为高速飞行器防隔热技术。

    曹占伟(1981—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为高速飞行器防隔热技术。

    阎君(1961—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为飞行器设计。

Experimental Research on Ablation Mechanical of C/SiC Composites
Bin FU1, Yonghai WANG1, Xin CHEN1, Zhanwei CAO1, 2, Jun YAN3
Affiliations
  • 1Science and Technology on Space Physics Laboratory,Beijing,100076
  • 2School of Energy and Power Engineering,Xi'an Jiaotong University,Xi'an,710049
  • 3China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology,Beijing,100076
出版时间: 2024-08-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240413
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C/SiC复合材料具有优异的热力学性能,在临近空间领域具有较好的应用前景。针对C/SiC复合材料的烧蚀机理理论方法开展研究,建立了C/SiC复合材料主/被动氧化烧蚀分析方法,并在传统主动和被动氧化烧蚀的基础上,对于更高温度条件则采用一种升华分解烧蚀模型。通过设计典型状态电弧风洞试验,验证了主/被动氧化模型烧蚀、升华分解烧蚀模型的准确性,试验结果表明典型状态下$\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{SiC}}$复合材料无因次质量烧蚀率与理论值吻合,有关研究及结果可以为$\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{SiC}}$复合材料防热设计分析提供参考。

C/SiC复合材料  /  烧蚀机理  /  升华分解  /  防热设计  /  氧化烧蚀

C/SiC composite material for hypersonic vehicle structure has a broad application in near-space area. The active / passive ablation performance of the C/SiC composite is studied numerically. An approach for active sublimation ablation performance up the ${2000}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$ of $\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{SiC}}$ composite materials is proposed and some wind tunnel experiments have been designed and completed. The results show that the ablation performance proposed has good accuracy compared with the wind tunnel results. The results can provide a reference for the structure and thermal protection design and safety assessment of the hypersonic vehicles based on C/SiC composite material.

C/SiC composites  /  ablative mechanism  /  sublimation decomposition  /  thermal protection design  /  oxidative ablation
付斌, 王永海, 陈鑫, 曹占伟, 阎君. C/SiC复合材料的烧蚀机理试验研究. 导弹与航天运载技术, 2024 , 47 (4) : 77 -80 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240413
Bin FU, Yonghai WANG, Xin CHEN, Zhanwei CAO, Jun YAN. Experimental Research on Ablation Mechanical of C/SiC Composites[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2024 , 47 (4) : 77 -80 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240413
近年来, 为了利用临近空间独有的资源, 临近空间飞行器成为了国际空间领域发展的热点之一。由于该类飞行器速度快且长时间飞越稠密大气, 飞行器需承受严重的气动加热, 为了获得并保持良好的气动、 控制和承载特性, 飞行器承力壳体及暴露部件必须兼具轻质、抗烧蚀、耐高温、抗力/热冲击的性能。SiC具有优异的抗氧化性能,被动氧化生成的${\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}$具有封堵孔隙形成抗氧化膜的功能,$\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{SiC}}$复合材料作为低/ 非烧蚀的陶瓷基复合材料兼具高温承力/防热功能, 成为了临近空间飞行器设计领域具有广阔应用前景的热防护材料[1-3]。因此,对其烧蚀机理进行研究进而发展烧蚀预测方法具有重要的意义。
C/SiC材料氧化机制分为主动氧化和被动氧化, 主/被动氧化条件下的$\mathrm{{SiC}}$氧化产物分别为气态的$\mathrm{{SiO}}$和液态的${\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}$,对材料的抗烧蚀性能有显著的影响, 并且不同温度和压力条件下材料的氧化机制在主/被动氧化之间转换, 对于材料烧蚀速率的准确预测带来了较大的困难。当化学反应速率小于扩散速率时,材料氧化烧蚀速率由反应速率决定, 反之则由扩散速率控制。当前中国针对$\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{SiC}}$材料氧化烧蚀机理及计算方法的研究相对较少。国义军等[3]基于热化学平衡方法开展了$\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{SiC}}$材料的主动氧化烧蚀速率计算方法研究, 重点分析了温度、压力及材料组分对烧蚀性能的影响。邓代英等[4]建立了$\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{SiC}}$材料的热化学平衡烧蚀模型,进行了$\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{SiC}}$材料烧蚀机理的计算研究和试验验证,结果表明在同样条件下,$\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{SiC}}$材料主动氧化烧蚀速率大于$\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{C}$复合材料烧蚀速率。张红军等[5]基于热化学平衡方法建立了任意比例$\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{SiC}}$材料的主/被动氧化烧蚀模型,开展了$\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{SiC}}$材料氧化烧蚀机理的计算研究, 分析了表面温度、氧分压以及组分等因素对氧化烧蚀的影响。潘育松等[6]基于地面试车试验对固体火箭发动机$\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{SiC}}$导流管的烧蚀性能进行了试验研究, 研究结果明确了机械剥蚀和粒子冲刷对材料抗氧化烧蚀性能的影响。当前国内外研究中, 重点关注了不同比例$\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{SiC}}$材料被动氧化烧蚀机制转换和主动烧蚀转化温度的烧蚀模型建立。针对突出的控制面、稳定面等复杂气动干扰区,存在局部高温区域,目前在超过${2600}\mathrm{\;K}$条件下$\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{SiC}}$材料烧蚀理论及地面试验数据的研究较少, 尚缺少验证有效的烧蚀预测模型。
本文通过理论与试验相结合的方式对$\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{SiC}}$复合材料烧蚀机理进行了研究,研究了$\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{SiC}}$复合材料的高温(${2600}\mathrm{\;K}$以上)升华分解烧蚀模型,并通过典型状态的电弧风洞试验验证了烧蚀模型的合理性, 可为$\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{SiC}}$复合材料热结构的防热设计提供参考。
C/SiC复合材料主要由碳纤维、碳界面层(PyC)和$\mathrm{{SiC}}$基体构成,对于碳纤维及碳界面层的热化学烧蚀行为在$\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{C}$复合材料中的研究已经较为深入[7-9], 然而,$\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{SiC}}$复合材料与$\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{C}$复合材料在烧蚀试验中却有着截然不同的表现,可见$\mathrm{{SiC}}$组分主导着$\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{SiC}}$复合材料的烧蚀行为。因此,研究$\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{SiC}}$复合材料的烧蚀,以研究$\mathrm{{SiC}}$材料烧蚀为主。对于$\mathrm{{SiC}}$热化学烧蚀主要存在被动氧化、主动氧化和升华分解3种烧蚀模式。
被动氧化现象使得$\mathrm{{SiC}}$具备优良高温抗氧化性能。一般地, 会在较高氧分压条件下发生被动氧化, 表面将形成抗氧化膜阻止$\mathrm{{SiC}}$的进一步氧化。$\mathrm{{SiC}}$材料和$\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{SiC}}$复合材料的被动氧化烧蚀形态示意见图1, 反应式为
$\mathrm{{SiC}}\left(\mathrm{s}\right)+ 3/2{\mathrm{O}}_{2}\left(\mathrm{\;g}\right)\rightarrow {\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}\left(\mathrm{\;s}\right)+ \mathrm{{CO}}\left(\mathrm{g}\right)$
式中$\mathrm{g},\mathrm{g}$分别表示固态和气态。
对于$\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{SiC}}$复合材料,因工艺决定了$\mathrm{{SiC}}$处于碳界面层和碳纤维的外围(见图1), 在被动氧化条件下可充分发挥$\mathrm{{SiC}}$的抗氧化作用,因此,表现出与纯$\mathrm{{SiC}}$材料相同的烧蚀行为,表面生成${\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}$抗氧化膜限制氧向内部的扩散, 不会造成烧蚀后退, 该特性对热防护有利,一般不作为烧蚀研究的重点。
对于飞越大气层的高速飞行器, 由于主动氧化烧蚀一般会带来较大的烧蚀量,往往成为人们关注的焦点。 高温氧化环境下,当材料表面${\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}$生成速率不小于它的流失速率时, 抗氧化膜得以维持, 如上文所述材料表现为被动氧化。但是, 试验研究表明, 随着氧分压减小, 当${\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}$蒸发速率大于${\mathrm{{SiO}}}_{2}$生成速率时,抗氧化膜难以维持,$\mathrm{{SiC}}$将暴露出来与${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$直接反应,烧蚀速度迅速增加,$\mathrm{{SiC}}$材料表现为主动氧化烧蚀,反应式为
$\mathrm{{SiC}}\left(\mathrm{s}\right)+ {\mathrm{O}}_{2}\left(\mathrm{\;g}\right)\rightarrow \mathrm{{SiO}}\left(\mathrm{g}\right)+ \mathrm{{CO}}\left(\mathrm{g}\right)$
对于$\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{SiC}}$复合材料,由于外围$\mathrm{{SiC}}$的烧蚀,碳界面层和碳纤维也将暴露出来,直接与${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$发生反应, 在主动氧化反应出现的高温低压环境中,$\mathrm{C}$原子与${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$的反应为白热燃烧, 反应式为
$ 2\mathrm{C}\left(\mathrm{s}\right)+ {\mathrm{O}}_{2}\left(\mathrm{\;g}\right)\rightarrow 2\mathrm{{CO}}\left(\mathrm{g}\right)$
$\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{SiC}}$中碳组元的质量分数为${F}_{\mathrm{c}}$,$\mathrm{{SiC}}$的质量分数为${F}_{\mathrm{{sic}}}$,则$\mathrm{C}$原子和$\mathrm{{Si}}$原子的质量分数计算式分别为
${f}_{\mathrm{C}}= {F}_{\mathrm{C}}+ \frac{{M}_{\mathrm{C}}}{{M}_{\mathrm{{SiC}}}}{F}_{\mathrm{{SiC}}}$
${f}_{\mathrm{{Si}}}= \frac{{M}_{\mathrm{{Si}}}}{{M}_{\mathrm{{SiC}}}}{F}_{\mathrm{{SiC}}}$
式中${f}_{\mathrm{C}}$$\mathrm{C}$原子质量分数;${f}_{\mathrm{{Si}}}$$\mathrm{{Si}}$原子质量分数;${M}_{\mathrm{C}}$$\mathrm{C}$原子的摩尔质量;${M}_{\mathrm{{SiC}}}$$\mathrm{{SiC}}$的摩尔质量,${M}_{\mathrm{{Si}}}$$\mathrm{{Si}}$原子的摩尔质量。
壁面处各组元浓度依次见式(6)~(9)[3]:
${C}_{\mathrm{{CO}},\mathrm{w}}= {M}_{\mathrm{{CO}}}\left({\frac{{F}_{\mathrm{C}}}{{M}_{\mathrm{C}}}+ \frac{{F}_{\mathrm{{SiC}}}}{{M}_{\mathrm{{SiC}}}}}\right)\frac{{B}_{\mathrm{w}}}{1 +{B}_{\mathrm{w}}}$
${C}_{\mathrm{{SiO}},\mathrm{w}}= {M}_{\mathrm{{SiO}}}\frac{{F}_{\mathrm{{SiC}}}}{{M}_{\mathrm{{SiC}}}}\frac{{B}_{\mathrm{w}}}{1 +{B}_{\mathrm{w}}}$
${C}_{{\mathrm{O}}_{2},\mathrm{w}}= \frac{{C}_{{\mathrm{O}}_{2},\mathrm{e}}}{1 +{B}_{\mathrm{w}}}- {M}_{{\mathrm{O}}_{2}}\left({\frac{{F}_{\mathrm{C}}}{2{M}_{\mathrm{C}}}+ \frac{{F}_{\mathrm{{SiC}}}}{{M}_{\mathrm{{SiC}}}}}\right)\frac{{B}_{\mathrm{w}}}{1 +{B}_{\mathrm{w}}}$
${C}_{{\mathrm{N}}_{2},\mathrm{w}}= \frac{{C}_{{\mathrm{N}}_{2},\mathrm{e}}}{1 +{B}_{\mathrm{w}}}$
式中${B}_{\mathrm{w}}$为热化学烧蚀无因次质量烧蚀率;${C}_{\mathrm{{co}},\mathrm{w}}$$\mathrm{{CO}}$壁面浓度;${C}_{\mathrm{{SiO}},\mathrm{w}}$$\mathrm{{SiO}}$壁面浓度;${C}_{{\mathrm{O}}_{2},\mathrm{w}}$${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$壁面浓度;${C}_{{\mathrm{N}}_{2},\mathrm{w}}$${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$壁面浓度;${C}_{{\mathrm{O}}_{2},\mathrm{e}}$${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$边界层外缘浓度;${C}_{{\mathrm{N}}_{2},\mathrm{e}}$${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$边界层外缘浓度;${M}_{\mathrm{{CO}}}$$\mathrm{{CO}}$的摩尔质量;${M}_{\mathrm{{SiO}}}$$\mathrm{{SiO}}$的摩尔质量,${M}_{{\mathrm{O}}_{2}}$${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$的摩尔质量。
热化学烧蚀无因次质量烧蚀率通用计算式为
${B}_{\mathrm{w}}= \frac{{\dot{m}}_{\mathrm{w}}}{{\rho }_{\mathrm{e}}{u}_{\mathrm{e}}S{t}_{\mathrm{m}}}= \frac{{\dot{m}}_{\mathrm{w}}}{\psi {q}_{0}/{h}_{\mathrm{r}}}$
式中${\dot{m}}_{\mathrm{w}}$为热化学质量烧蚀率;${\rho }_{\mathrm{e}}$为边界层外缘密度;${u}_{\mathrm{e}}$为边界层外缘速度;$S{t}_{\mathrm{m}}$为斯坦顿数;$\psi$为引射因子;${q}_{0}$为冷壁热流;${h}_{\mathrm{r}}$为焓值。
主动氧化扩散控制, 则无因次质量烧蚀率计算式为[3]
${B}_{\mathrm{w}}= \frac{{C}_{{\mathrm{O}}_{2},\mathrm{e}}}{{M}_{{\mathrm{O}}_{2}}\left({\frac{{F}_{\mathrm{C}}}{2{M}_{\mathrm{C}}}+ \frac{{F}_{\mathrm{{SiC}}}}{{M}_{\mathrm{{SiC}}}}}\right)} $
当材料超过碳升华温度及更高温度条件时, SiC基体由于需要依托碳纤维而存在, 其无因次质量烧蚀率计算式见式(12), 即升华分解烧蚀模型:
${B}_{\mathrm{w}}= {B}_{\mathrm{C}}\left({1 +\frac{{F}_{\mathrm{{SiC}}}}{{F}_{\mathrm{C}}}}\right)$
式中${B}_{\mathrm{C}}$为碳组元的无因次烧蚀率。
C/SiC复合材料烧蚀计算流程如图2所示。 步骤如下:
a)按1.2节的方法建立$\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{SiC}}$材料相应的烧蚀数据库;
b)输入数据准备,包括:热环境参数、材料物性参数、温度;
c)预判烧蚀模式,若确认发生被动氧化,则结束评估, 否则进行后续步骤;
d)根据温度、压力参数,利用烧蚀数据库插值计算获得无因次质量烧蚀率, 并结合热流、恢复焓计算烧蚀量。
为研究和验证$\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{SiC}}$复合材料的烧蚀特性及模型有效性, 提出了典型状态的电弧风洞试验。
采用${20}\mathrm{{MW}}$电弧风洞通过自由射流试验(状态A)及导管试验(状态$\mathrm{B}$),模拟高焓条件下的不同热流、不同压力,进行$\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{SiC}}$复合材料烧蚀试验。典型状态热流分别进行3个重复子样试验, 试验实测状态参数见表1
状态$\mathrm{A}$试验:如图3a所示,在试验过程中靠近喷管出口的区域(亮斑区域),表面温度超过${1650}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$时, 试验后该区域的模型表面露出纤维, 出现明显的氧化烧蚀现象,如图3b所示。
状态$\mathrm{B}$试验:图4为试验前后模型表面的对比, 可见模型表面出现了均匀的线烧蚀现象。
试验无因次烧蚀率数据汇总见表2
采用式(3)$\sim \left({11}\right)$,针对$\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{SiC}}$复合材料,依据其碳组元的质量分数和$\mathrm{{SiC}}$的质量分数,建立不同温度和压力条件下的无因次质量烧蚀数据库。无因次烧蚀率的试验结果如图5所示,主动氧化扩散段的${B}_{\mathrm{w}}$理论值与试验值吻合较好,特别地,在高温区域${B}_{\mathrm{w}}$试验值与理论值较为接近, 前者略高于后者, 可见采用的升华分解模型合理可行。
本文对$\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{SiC}}$复合材料的烧蚀机理及计算方法进行了阐述和研究, 采用了电弧风洞完成相应的地面试验验证, 得到了以下主要结论:
a)试验证实了SiC组分主导着C/SiC复合材料的烧蚀行为,基于$\mathrm{{SiC}}$烧蚀特性给出的$\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{SiC}}$复合材料主动氧化扩散控制段的理论烧蚀率与试验结果吻合良好;
b)本文采用升华分解烧蚀模型给出的烧蚀率与地面电弧风洞结果较为接近, 初步验证了该烧蚀模型合理可行, 可为高温状态下此类热结构防热设计提供支撑;
c)研究表明高温条件下烧蚀进展迅速, 对采用$\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{{SiC}}$材料作为热结构的情况,应充分重视烧蚀行为对防热、结构和气动的影响。
  • 国家自然科学基金(12102056)
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2024年第47卷第4期
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240413
  • 接收时间:2024-01-30
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2024-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-30
  • 修回日期:2024-03-15
基金
国家自然科学基金(12102056)
作者信息
    1空间物理重点实验室,北京,100076
    2西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院,西安,710049
    3中国运载火箭技术研究院,北京,100076
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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