Article(id=1148011779126456523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298830018954160, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240410, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1706025600000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-24, revisedDate=1714320000000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751636937171, onlineDateStr=2025-07-04, pubDate=1724515200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751636937171, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751636937171, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751636937171, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149298830018954160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2024', volume='47', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751943794016, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754895900149, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1161680860630569001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298830018954160, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1161680860630569002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298830018954160, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=57, endPage=63, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1148011779369726171, articleId=1148011779126456523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=Mechanical Properties' Simulation Analysis of a Tower Slewing Platform, columnId=1154067058611446771, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Launch Support, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To study the safety of a tower slewing platform structure, a three dimensional numerical model is established with actual sizes and operating conditions. The structural force, pressure margin of hydraulic system with different wind loads, and the influence of lift platforms’ amount are researched which are concerned closely in use. In working condition, the maximum stress of structure is ${223.98}\mathrm{{MPa}}$, and the structure safety factor is 1.58 . The pressure margin of hydraulic system is calculated with the worst wind direction and the maximum windward area. When the platform is opened with permitted wind speed, the hydraulic system pressure can not be lower than ${5.40}\mathrm{{MPa}}$, and the pressure margin is 2.96. The structure safety factor is 1.35 when the number of lift platforms is 9. According to the results of simulating calculation, the security of the slewing platform can be confirmed. The simulating model can provide a reference for the slewing platform’s application.

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为研究某塔架回转平台结构的安全性,按照实际尺寸和工况建立了回转平台的三维数值模型,仿真分析了结构的受力情况、不同风速下液压系统的压力裕度、升降平台数量的影响三方面与实际应用密切相关的问题。应用工况下,结构最大应力为223.98MPa,安全系数${n}_{\mathrm{s}}$为1.58。按最不利的风载方向和迎风面积计算,许用风速下打开平台时,液压系统至少需要${5.40}\mathrm{{MPa}}$的压力,压力裕度为2.96。当升降平台数量达到理论最大值9层时,${n}_{\mathrm{s}}$为1.35,满足要求。计算结果验证了回转平台主体结构的安全性,可以为回转平台的使用提供参考。

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李利群(1971—),男,总师,主要研究方向为航天测试发射。

黄凯(1987—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为非标准机械设备。

相有桓(1981—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为地面设备。

刘汉滨(1980—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为非标准机械设备。

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序号计算项目自重工况自重+3层升降平台工况自重+4层升降平台工况
1结构最大变形/mm25.1936.4540.27
2结构最大垂向变形/mm23.0031.0633.04
3结构最大应力/MPa145.94197.16223.98
4轴系垂向支反力(上部)/N124809015094311593955
5轴系垂向支反力(下部)/N121528212914481327563
), ArticleFig(id=1197273836098990182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011779126456523, language=CN, label=表1, caption=应用工况计算结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号计算项目自重工况自重+3层升降平台工况自重+4层升降平台工况
1结构最大变形/mm25.1936.4540.27
2结构最大垂向变形/mm23.0031.0633.04
3结构最大应力/MPa145.94197.16223.98
4轴系垂向支反力(上部)/N124809015094311593955
5轴系垂向支反力(下部)/N121528212914481327563
), ArticleFig(id=1197273836187070567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011779126456523, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=The slewing torque variation with ${10}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$static wind load, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位置风载引起的回转转矩变化/($\mathrm{N}\cdot \mathrm{m}$)
约束1${1.72}\times {10}^{5}$
约束2${1.72}\times {10}^{5}$
约束3${1.82}\times {10}^{5}$
约束4${2.19}\times {10}^{5}$
总变化量${7.45}\times {10}^{5}$
), ArticleFig(id=1197273836472283240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011779126456523, language=CN, label=表2, caption=$\;{10}\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$静力风载荷造成的回转转矩变化, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位置风载引起的回转转矩变化/($\mathrm{N}\cdot \mathrm{m}$)
约束1${1.72}\times {10}^{5}$
约束2${1.72}\times {10}^{5}$
约束3${1.82}\times {10}^{5}$
约束4${2.19}\times {10}^{5}$
总变化量${7.45}\times {10}^{5}$
), ArticleFig(id=1197273837244035177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011779126456523, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=The results of hydraulic system security and structural stress calculation with static wind load, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号平均风速/$\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$风压/Pa风载荷/N风载引起的支反力转矩变化/( N·m )总工作转矩$/\left({\mathrm{N}\cdot \mathrm{m}}\right)$每个油缸的工作载荷/N合平台时需要的液压压力/MPa开平台时需要的液压压力/MPa结构最大应力/MPa
11061.3054490${7.45}\times {10}^{5}$${7.65}\times {10}^{5}$${2.99}\times {10}^{5}$4.235.40232.62
21174.1765933${9.02}\times {10}^{5}$${9.22}\times {10}^{5}$${3.60}\times {10}^{5}$5.106.51234.43
31288.2778466${1.07}\times {10}^{6}$${1.09}\times {10}^{6}$${4.26}\times {10}^{5}$6.027.70236.42
413103.6092089${1.26}\times {10}^{6}$${1.28}\times {10}^{6}$${5.00}\times {10}^{5}$7.079.04238.57
514120.15106801${1.46}\times {10}^{6}$${1.48}\times {10}^{6}$${5.78}\times {10}^{5}$8.1810.46240.91
615137.93122603${1.68}\times {10}^{6}$${1.70}\times {10}^{6}$${6.63}\times {10}^{5}$9.3811.99243.41
716156.93139495${1.91}\times {10}^{6}$${1.93}\times {10}^{6}$${7.54}\times {10}^{5}$10.6713.64246.09
817177.16157477${2.15}\times {10}^{6}$${2.17}\times {10}^{6}$${8.47}\times {10}^{5}$12.0015.33248.94
917.5187.73166877${2.28}\times {10}^{6}$${2.30}\times {10}^{6}$${8.98}\times {10}^{5}$12.7016.25250.43
1018198.61176549${2.41}\times {10}^{6}$${2.43}\times {10}^{6}$${9.49}\times {10}^{5}$13.4317.17251.96
1119221.29196710${2.69}\times {10}^{6}$${2.71}\times {10}^{6}$${1.06}\times {10}^{6}$14.9819.15255.15
1220245.20217961${2.98}\times {10}^{6}$${3.00}\times {10}^{6}$${1.17}\times {10}^{6}$16.5821.20258.52
), ArticleFig(id=1197273838061924458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011779126456523, language=CN, label=表3, caption=静力计算液压系统安全性及结构应力结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号平均风速/$\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$风压/Pa风载荷/N风载引起的支反力转矩变化/( N·m )总工作转矩$/\left({\mathrm{N}\cdot \mathrm{m}}\right)$每个油缸的工作载荷/N合平台时需要的液压压力/MPa开平台时需要的液压压力/MPa结构最大应力/MPa
11061.3054490${7.45}\times {10}^{5}$${7.65}\times {10}^{5}$${2.99}\times {10}^{5}$4.235.40232.62
21174.1765933${9.02}\times {10}^{5}$${9.22}\times {10}^{5}$${3.60}\times {10}^{5}$5.106.51234.43
31288.2778466${1.07}\times {10}^{6}$${1.09}\times {10}^{6}$${4.26}\times {10}^{5}$6.027.70236.42
413103.6092089${1.26}\times {10}^{6}$${1.28}\times {10}^{6}$${5.00}\times {10}^{5}$7.079.04238.57
514120.15106801${1.46}\times {10}^{6}$${1.48}\times {10}^{6}$${5.78}\times {10}^{5}$8.1810.46240.91
615137.93122603${1.68}\times {10}^{6}$${1.70}\times {10}^{6}$${6.63}\times {10}^{5}$9.3811.99243.41
716156.93139495${1.91}\times {10}^{6}$${1.93}\times {10}^{6}$${7.54}\times {10}^{5}$10.6713.64246.09
817177.16157477${2.15}\times {10}^{6}$${2.17}\times {10}^{6}$${8.47}\times {10}^{5}$12.0015.33248.94
917.5187.73166877${2.28}\times {10}^{6}$${2.30}\times {10}^{6}$${8.98}\times {10}^{5}$12.7016.25250.43
1018198.61176549${2.41}\times {10}^{6}$${2.43}\times {10}^{6}$${9.49}\times {10}^{5}$13.4317.17251.96
1119221.29196710${2.69}\times {10}^{6}$${2.71}\times {10}^{6}$${1.06}\times {10}^{6}$14.9819.15255.15
1220245.20217961${2.98}\times {10}^{6}$${3.00}\times {10}^{6}$${1.17}\times {10}^{6}$16.5821.20258.52
), ArticleFig(id=1197273838774956139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011779126456523, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=The mechanical analysis results of additional lift platforms, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号新增升降平台数量新增升降平台标高/m升降平台总数结构最大应力/MPa结构安全系数径向轴承推力轴承
最大水平力$/\left({\times {10}^{6}\mathrm{\;N}}\right)$寿命因数预估寿命/$\left({\times {10}^{3}\mathrm{\;h}}\right)$安全系数最大推力/(×10℉)寿命因数预估寿命/$\left({\times {10}^{3}\mathrm{\;h}}\right)$安全系数
10-4223.981.581.252.81015.57.331.591.8954.29.95
2121.75233.451.521.312.68813.07.011.681.7943.49.42
3111.25230.451.541.352.61712.06.831.691.7833.49.37
4211.2/21.76238.861.491.392.53611.06.611.781.6922.88.89
5311.2/20.3/24.37243.361.461.452.4269.46.331.871.6152.48.48
64标高均分8248.981.431.472.3899.06.232.001.5141.97.95
75标高均分9263.101.351.562.2527.45.872.081.4491.77.61
), ArticleFig(id=1197273840352014444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011779126456523, language=CN, label=表4, caption=新增平台后的力学分析结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号新增升降平台数量新增升降平台标高/m升降平台总数结构最大应力/MPa结构安全系数径向轴承推力轴承
最大水平力$/\left({\times {10}^{6}\mathrm{\;N}}\right)$寿命因数预估寿命/$\left({\times {10}^{3}\mathrm{\;h}}\right)$安全系数最大推力/(×10℉)寿命因数预估寿命/$\left({\times {10}^{3}\mathrm{\;h}}\right)$安全系数
10-4223.981.581.252.81015.57.331.591.8954.29.95
2121.75233.451.521.312.68813.07.011.681.7943.49.42
3111.25230.451.541.352.61712.06.831.691.7833.49.37
4211.2/21.76238.861.491.392.53611.06.611.781.6922.88.89
5311.2/20.3/24.37243.361.461.452.4269.46.331.871.6152.48.48
64标高均分8248.981.431.472.3899.06.232.001.5141.97.95
75标高均分9263.101.351.562.2527.45.872.081.4491.77.61
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某塔架回转平台力学特性仿真分析
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李利群 , 黄凯 , 相有桓 , 刘汉滨
导弹与航天运载技术 | 发射技术 2024,47(4): 57-63
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导弹与航天运载技术 | 发射技术 2024, 47(4): 57-63
某塔架回转平台力学特性仿真分析
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李利群, 黄凯, 相有桓, 刘汉滨
作者信息
  • 中国人民解放军63729部队,太原,030031
  • 李利群(1971—),男,总师,主要研究方向为航天测试发射。

    黄凯(1987—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为非标准机械设备。

    相有桓(1981—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为地面设备。

    刘汉滨(1980—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为非标准机械设备。

Mechanical Properties' Simulation Analysis of a Tower Slewing Platform
Liqun LI, Kai HUANG, Youhuan XIANG, Hanbin LIU
Affiliations
  • Unit 63729,Taiyuan,030031
出版时间: 2024-08-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240410
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为研究某塔架回转平台结构的安全性,按照实际尺寸和工况建立了回转平台的三维数值模型,仿真分析了结构的受力情况、不同风速下液压系统的压力裕度、升降平台数量的影响三方面与实际应用密切相关的问题。应用工况下,结构最大应力为223.98MPa,安全系数${n}_{\mathrm{s}}$为1.58。按最不利的风载方向和迎风面积计算,许用风速下打开平台时,液压系统至少需要${5.40}\mathrm{{MPa}}$的压力,压力裕度为2.96。当升降平台数量达到理论最大值9层时,${n}_{\mathrm{s}}$为1.35,满足要求。计算结果验证了回转平台主体结构的安全性,可以为回转平台的使用提供参考。

数值计算  /  回转平台  /  风载荷  /  液压系统  /  轴承

To study the safety of a tower slewing platform structure, a three dimensional numerical model is established with actual sizes and operating conditions. The structural force, pressure margin of hydraulic system with different wind loads, and the influence of lift platforms’ amount are researched which are concerned closely in use. In working condition, the maximum stress of structure is ${223.98}\mathrm{{MPa}}$, and the structure safety factor is 1.58 . The pressure margin of hydraulic system is calculated with the worst wind direction and the maximum windward area. When the platform is opened with permitted wind speed, the hydraulic system pressure can not be lower than ${5.40}\mathrm{{MPa}}$, and the pressure margin is 2.96. The structure safety factor is 1.35 when the number of lift platforms is 9. According to the results of simulating calculation, the security of the slewing platform can be confirmed. The simulating model can provide a reference for the slewing platform’s application.

numerical calculation  /  slewing platform  /  wind load  /  hydraulic system  /  bearing
李利群, 黄凯, 相有桓, 刘汉滨. 某塔架回转平台力学特性仿真分析. 导弹与航天运载技术, 2024 , 47 (4) : 57 -63 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240410
Liqun LI, Kai HUANG, Youhuan XIANG, Hanbin LIU. Mechanical Properties' Simulation Analysis of a Tower Slewing Platform[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2024 , 47 (4) : 57 -63 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240410
回转平台是属于某型号塔架的重要非标准机械设备,由钢结构、液压系统、电控系统组成[1]。其主要功能是为某型号产品的测试提供环境保障和操作空间,为升降平台、测试设备、管线提供安装基础,由液压系统驱动回转运动[2-4]。回转平台承受的载荷主要包括自重、升降平台、工作人员、设备以及风载荷等, 在各种工作载荷的作用下, 回转平台会产生一定的变形, 极端的载荷条件甚至会降低结构的安全性。 在平台回转开合时, 液压系统必须克服风载荷、传动摩擦、惯性力的作用才能保证平台开合过程的平稳可靠。因此, 回转平台的力学特性分析对设备的正常运行和任务的顺利实施具有重要的作用。当前, 设备的仿真分析方法主要有有限单元法、有限体积法、模态叠加法等, 其中有限元法作为一种成熟的数值计算方法, 在土木、机械、液压、航空航天等领域已有十分广泛的应用[5-9]
本文基于实际结构及工况, 建立某型号回转平台的有限元模型, 针对结构受力、液压系统驱动能力、 升降平台数量的影响三方面与实际应用密切相关的问题进行仿真分析。
典型的回转平台主要结构包括铰座、主桁架、端桁架、侧桁架, 结构上设置升降平台, 整体固定在轴系上。本文针对回转平台典型结构和实际尺寸, 建立回转平台桁架的三维IGES模型, 将三维几何模型导入有限元软件并赋予约束、载荷、材料、单元网格、 耦合、刚性区域等属性或边界条件, 模型如图1所示,轮廓尺寸约为${32}\mathrm{\;m}\times {22}\mathrm{\;m}\times 9\mathrm{\;m}$
模型主要材料为Q355, 根据实际尺寸建立13种梁单元截面, 对螺栓连接和焊接相关位置的节点自由度进行耦合, 以实现对固接的模拟。不考虑升降平台自身的变形和受力,升降平台的重量作为负载,仅建立升降平台的基本轮廓, 并定义为刚性区域, 用与升降平台载荷等效的集中力进行加载。利用重启动技术实现多种载荷的分步按顺序加载计算。有限元模型共约1.8万个单元。模型中, 分别将上轴系、下轴系的两端简化为单节点约束点, 根据推力轴承和径向轴承的位置对约束点施加垂向或水平面约束;轴系与铰座之间用铰座支座连接, 为简化问题, 模型中用刚性梁模拟了强度较大的铰座支座结构。
结构载荷除了自重和升降平台载荷, 还包括百叶窗、封闭板、花纹铝板、管线等工作载荷。模型中只建立了桁架结构, 为与实际载荷相符, 适当放大重力加速度, 使承力结构受力与设计质量相符。放大后, 模型等效质量约${250}\mathrm{t}$,升降平台载荷以集中力的形式加载, 载荷及标高位置与实际相同。
结构分为3层或4层升降平台两种工作状态。承载4层升降平台及自重时, 结构总变形如图2所示, 总变形最大值${40.27}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,主结构应力云图如图3所示,结构最大应力为${223.98}\mathrm{{MPa}}$,最大应力位置如图4所示, 最大应力位置在铰座从上往下第二榀与主桁架相接位置,上轴系承受的垂向力约${1.59}\times {10}^{6}\mathrm{\;N}$, 下轴系承受的垂向力约${1.33}\times {10}^{6}\mathrm{\;N}$
分别计算了3层和4层升降平台时结构的受力情况, 结果见表1。由3层变为4层升降平台时, 结构变形增加${3.82}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,结构最大应力增加${26.82}\mathrm{{MPa}}$,最大应力位置不变。桁架主结构材料为Q355,4层升降平台时,结构安全系数${n}_{\mathrm{s}}$为1.58 。
回转平台在开合过程中, 液压系统需要克服轴承滚动摩擦和风载荷引起的阻力矩, 当阻力矩大于液压系统的驱动力矩时, 液压系统将无法正常驱动回转平台动作。本文将不大于${10}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$的平均风速列为正常工况,将大于${10}\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$的平均风速直至液压系统无法抵抗的风速称为突发工况, 分别按两种不同工况进行分析。通过有限元模型计算风载引起的回转转矩变化, 从而计算能够抵抗风载荷和滚动摩擦力矩所需的最低液压系统压力, 实现对液压系统驱动力的裕度分析。
静力风载荷的计算公式为[10]
${P}_{\mathrm{f}}= {C}_{\mathrm{f}}{K}_{\mathrm{h}}{qA}$
式中${C}_{\mathrm{f}}$为风力系数;${K}_{\mathrm{h}}$为风压高度变化系数;$q$为计算风压,$\mathrm{{Pa}};A$为垂直于风向的迎风面积,${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$
计算风压与空气密度和风速有关, 计算公式为
$ q ={0.613}{v}^{2}$
式中$v$为计算风速,$\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$
当平均风速取${10}\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$时,计算风压为$q ={61.3}\mathrm{{Pa}}$, 迎风面按最不利迎风方位选取, 如图5中虚线所示, 风载荷加载方向垂直于最大迎风面,如图5中箭头所示。迎风截面积按最大截面面积选取,面积为${740.76}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}$。模型中,风载荷作用在回转平台结构外侧, 如图6所示。
根据文献[10], 工作时风压不考虑高度变化, 查表得,${K}_{\mathrm{h}}$取1,风力系数取1.2,此时,风载荷为${P}_{\mathrm{f}}= {54490}\mathrm{\;N}$。将风载荷按图5图6施加到模型上, 计算得图1所示的约束位置的回转转矩变化,见表2, 静力风载作用后,回转平台回转力矩变化量为${7.45}\times {10}^{5}\mathrm{\;N}\cdot \mathrm{m}$
为进一步研究结构在动态风载下的力学响应, 本文使用《建筑结构载荷规范》引用的Davenport风速谱对${10}\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$平均风速的动态风进行数值模拟[11-13]。生成的风速时程曲线如图7所示。取${180}\mathrm{\;s}$的动态风速和最大迎风面积计算动态风载荷, 将动态风载荷按图5图6施加到模型上。
分别进行自重、4层升降平台载荷、动态风载荷的按顺序加载,得到${10}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$动态风载荷引起的结构回转力矩变化, 如图8所示。其中转矩变化最大值为${1.15}\times {10}^{6}\mathrm{\;N}\cdot \mathrm{m}$,发生在风载作用的第${112.8}\mathrm{\;s}$
回转平台油缸驱动负载包括平台转动摩擦阻力矩和风阻力矩,计算公式为[10]
$ F =\frac{{M}_{\mathrm{m}}+ {M}_{\mathrm{f}}}{R}$
式中${M}_{\mathrm{m}}$为平台转动摩擦阻力矩,$\mathrm{N}\cdot \mathrm{m};{M}_{\mathrm{f}}$为风阻力矩,$\mathrm{N}\cdot \mathrm{m};R$为油缸轴线到转动轴线的距离。平台转动摩擦阻力矩计算公式为
${M}_{\mathrm{m}}= \frac{1}{2}{\mu Hd}+ \frac{1}{2}{\mu Vd}$
式中$H$为径向轴承所受的水平力,$\mathrm{N};V$为推力轴承所受的垂直力,$\mathrm{N};\mu$为摩擦系数,对于滚动轴承$\mu =$0.015;$d$为滚动轴承内径。
结构中共4个径向轴承, 分别对应图1中的约束1至约束4位置, 承载4层升降平台及自重时的4个径向轴承的水平力分别为${1.19}\times {10}^{6}\mathrm{\;N}$${3.06}\times {10}^{5}\mathrm{\;N}$${3.70}\times {10}^{5}\mathrm{\;N}$${1.25}\times {10}^{6}\mathrm{\;N}$,4个轴承所受的水平力合力为${3.12}\times {10}^{6}\mathrm{\;N}$。结构中共2个推力轴承,分别对应图1中的约束1和约束3位置, 承载4层升降平台及自重时的垂向力分别为${1.33}\times {10}^{6}\mathrm{\;N}\text{、}{1.59}\times {10}^{6}\mathrm{\;N},2$个推力轴承所受的垂向力合力为${2.92}\times {10}^{6}\mathrm{\;N}$。将水平力合力与垂向力合力代入式(4),得摩擦阻力矩为${M}_{\mathrm{m}}=$${19524}\mathrm{\;N}\cdot \mathrm{m}$
根据第3.1.1节,静力计算时${10}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$的风阻力矩为${7.45}\times {10}^{5}\mathrm{\;N}\cdot \mathrm{m}$,与摩擦阻力矩的合力矩为${7.65}\times$${10}^{5}\mathrm{\;N}\cdot \mathrm{m}$。根据式(3),回转平台油缸驱动负载大小为${1.20}\times {10}^{6}\mathrm{\;N}$,平均分配到每个驱动油缸,每个驱动油缸的负载大小为${2.99}\times {10}^{5}\mathrm{\;N}$。根据油缸型号计算所需的系统压力,开平台时,液压系统至少需要${5.40}\mathrm{{MPa}}$压力;合平台时,液压系统至少需要${4.23}\mathrm{{MPa}}$压力。当取系统工作压力为${16}\mathrm{{MPa}}$时,开平台的压力裕度为2.96 ,合平台的压力裕度为3.78 。
根据第3.1.2节,${10}\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$动态风速引起的转矩变化最大值为${1.15}\times {10}^{6}\mathrm{\;N}\cdot \mathrm{m}$,发生在风载作用的第${112.8}\mathrm{\;s}$,瞬时风速最大为${13.6}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$。取瞬时风速最大时的数值进行计算, 风阻力矩与摩擦阻力矩的合力矩为${1.16}\times {10}^{6}\mathrm{\;N}\cdot \mathrm{m}$,此时,开平台至少需要${8.23}\mathrm{{MPa}}$的压力,压力裕度1.94; 合平台时至少需要6.44 MPa的压力,压力裕度2.48 。
通过上述分析可知,${10}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$平均风速下液压系统的压力裕度满足要求。
${10}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$逐渐增大风速,按式(1)、式(2)计算静态风压、风载荷, 将风载荷按图5图6施加到模型上, 计算风载荷引起的风阻力矩、风阻力矩与摩擦阻力矩的合力矩, 进而换算开、合平台时所需的最低液压系统压力, 并从有限元分析中提取结构最大应力, 计算结果见表3。液压系统所需压力随风速的变化曲线如图9所示, 结构最大应力随风速的变化曲线如图10所示。
可见, 随着作用风载的增加, 液压系统的最低工作压力和结构最大应力随之增大; 平均风速15m/s时,开平台所需最低压力为${11.99}\mathrm{{MPa}}$,压力裕度1.33; 合平台所需最低压力为${9.38}\mathrm{{MPa}}$,压力裕度1.71,结构最大应力243.41 MPa。当平均风速达到${17.5}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$时,开平台所需压力已经达到系统的最大工作压力。风载荷的变化对结构应力的变化影响较小。
本文计算风载荷时, 取的是最不利的迎风方向和最大的迎风面积,计算结果偏向保守。
为研究升降平台数量对结构受力、轴承寿命及安全系数的影响, 逐渐增加升降平台数量进行仿真分析, 其中9层升降平台时的模型如图11所示。
根据文献[15], 轴承基本额定动载荷计算公式计为
$ C =\frac{{f}_{\mathrm{h}}{f}_{\mathrm{m}}{f}_{\mathrm{d}}}{{f}_{\mathrm{n}}{f}_{\mathrm{T}}}F $
式中$C$为基本额定动载荷计算值,$\mathrm{N};{f}_{\mathrm{h}}$为寿命因数;${f}_{\mathrm{m}}$为力矩载荷因数(取1.5);${f}_{\mathrm{d}}$为冲击载荷因数(取1.2);${f}_{\mathrm{n}}$为速度因数(取1.435);${f}_{\mathrm{T}}$为温度因数(取1.0 );$F$为当量动载荷,本文的径向轴承为调心滚子轴承,主要承受径向载荷,$F$取仿真计算径向轴承位置的水平约束反力${F}_{\mathrm{r}}$,基本额定动载荷为${4420}\mathrm{{kN}}$; 本文的推力轴承为推力调心滚子轴承,主要承受轴向载荷,$F$取仿真计算推力轴承位置的垂向约束反力${F}_{\mathrm{a}}$,基本额定动载荷为${3788}\mathrm{{kN}}$。寿命因数为所求项, 其余各因数和基本额定动载荷通过轴承型号查表取值。
代入各参数后,径向轴承的寿命因数为${f}_{\mathrm{{hr}}}= {3523722}/{F}_{\mathrm{r}}$,推力轴承的寿命因数为${f}_{\mathrm{{ba}}}=$3 019878/${F}_{\mathrm{a}}$。计算寿命因数后,查表可得预估使用寿命(用工作小时表示)。
轴承安全因数计算公式为
$ S =\frac{{C}_{0}}{{F}_{0}}$
式中$S$为轴承安全系数;${C}_{0}$为基本额定静载荷,查表得本文的径向轴承${C}_{0}= {C}_{0\mathrm{r}}= {9190}\mathrm{{kN}},{C}_{0\mathrm{r}}$为径向基本额定静载荷,推力轴承${C}_{0}= {C}_{0a}= {15865}\mathrm{{kN}},{C}_{0a}$为轴向基本额定静载荷;${F}_{0}$为所受工作载荷,对于本文的径向轴承,${F}_{0}$取仿真计算径向轴承位置的水平约束反力${F}_{\mathrm{r}}$,对于本文的推力轴承,${F}_{0}$取仿真计算推力轴承位置的垂向约束反力${F}_{\mathrm{a}}$
用第4.1节的方法计算各轴承的寿命因数和安全系数, 分析结构在不同载荷下的应力水平, 计算结果见表4。随着升降平台数量的增加,结构最大应力、 轴承承受的水平力和轴向力逐渐增大, 轴承预估寿命和安全系数呈下降趋势, 结构和轴承的安全系数随升降平台数量的变化趋势如图12所示。
当升降平台数量为9层时, 结构最大应力为${263.1}\mathrm{{MPa}}$,应力最大位置不变,${n}_{\mathrm{s}}$为1.35 ; 径向轴承所受最大水平为${1.56}\times {10}^{6}\mathrm{\;N}$,安全系数为5.87,预估寿命为${7.4}\times {10}^{3}$工作小时; 推力轴承所受最大垂向力为${2.08}\times {10}^{6}\mathrm{\;N}$,安全系数为7.61,预估寿命为${1.7}\times {10}^{3}$工作小时。
通过上述分析可知, 升降平台数量的增加会使安全系数有所降低, 但仍然满足使用要求。
本文根据不同的工况建立了某回转平台的有限元模型, 仿真分析了结构的受力情况、不同风速下液压系统的压力裕度、升降平台数量的影响, 主要有以下结论:
a)承载4层升降平台及自重时, 结构最大应力为${223.98}\mathrm{{MPa}}$,最大应力位置在铰座从上往下第二榀与主桁架相接位置,${n}_{\mathrm{s}}$为1.58 。
b)静力计算${10}\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$平均风速下开平台时,液压系统至少需要${5.40}\mathrm{{MPa}}$压力,压力裕度为2.96;动态计算时,开平台至少需要${8.23}\mathrm{{MPa}}$的压力,压力裕度1.94。
c)按最不利的风载方向和迎风面积计算,随着作用风载荷的增加, 液压系统的最低工作压力和结构最大应力随之增大; 当平均风速达到${17.5}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$时,开平台所需压力已经达到系统的最大工作压力; 风载荷的变化对结构应力的变化影响较小。
d)随着升降平台数量的增加,结构最大应力、 轴承承受的水平力和轴向力逐渐增大, 轴承预估寿命和安全系数呈下降趋势。当升降平台数量为9层时, 结构最大应力为${263.1}\mathrm{{MPa}}$,应力最大位置不变,${n}_{\mathrm{s}}$为1.35, 径向轴承安全系数为5.87, 推力轴承安全系数为7.61, 满足使用要求。
本文验证了回转平台主体结构的安全性, 可以为回转平台的使用提供参考。
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2024年第47卷第4期
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240410
  • 接收时间:2024-01-24
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2024-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-24
  • 修回日期:2024-04-29
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    中国人民解放军63729部队,太原,030031
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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