Article(id=1148011768007352992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298830018954160, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240408, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1665504000000, receivedDateStr=2022-10-12, revisedDate=1670774400000, revisedDateStr=2022-12-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751636934519, onlineDateStr=2025-07-04, pubDate=1724515200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751636934519, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751636934519, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751636934519, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149298830018954160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2024', volume='47', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751943794016, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754895900149, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1161680860630569001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298830018954160, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1161680860630569002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298830018954160, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=47, endPage=51, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1148011768187708084, articleId=1148011768007352992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=Experimental Study on Mixing and Explosive Properties of Liquid Oxygen and Kerosene, columnId=1154057566893105509, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Propulsion, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the mixing and explosion characteristics of liquid oxygen and kerosene, a partial confined space test system is established to simulate the application scenarios of the launch site and the tests are carried out. It is demonstrated that when liquid oxygen and kerosene are discharged and mixed at the same time, the concentration of kerosene and oxygen increases at first and then decreases. When kerosene temperature is ${65}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$ and ignition excitation is ${5.9}\mathrm{\;J}$, even if liquid oxygen leaks, the ignition and explosion condition are still not reached at the measuring points arranged above the liquid level. In the test when the kerosene temperature is raised to ${80}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$, explosion occurs when liquid oxygen is released only for about 20 seconds. At ignition time, the concentration of kerosene, oxygen, and nitrogen are ${1.31}\%,{40.05}\%$ and ${58.64}\%$ respectively, and the ratio of kerosene concentration to oxygen concentration is 0.033 .

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为研究液氧煤油掺混及燃爆特性,建立部分受限空间试验系统以模拟发射场应用场景,开展液氧煤油掺混及燃爆特性试验。试验结果表明,液氧、煤油同时泄出并掺混时,煤油、氧气浓度均存在一个先上升后下降的过程;当煤油温度为${65}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$、点火激励为${5.9}\mathrm{\;J}$时,即使是发生液氧泄漏,液面上方布置的测点处仍未达到燃爆条件;煤油温度提升至${80}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$时,液氧持续泄出仅约20s时成功起爆,点火时刻煤油蒸气浓度1.31%,氧气浓度40.05%,氮气浓度58.64%,煤油/氧气浓度比值为0.033 。

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喻闯闯(1993—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为液体火箭发动机试验技术。

晏政(1982—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为航天测试发射技术。

朱良平(1969—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为航天测试发射技术。

罗天培(1987—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为火箭发动机试验技术。

张家仙(1983-),男,研究员,主要研究方向为火箭发动机试验技术。

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罗天培(1987—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为火箭发动机试验技术。

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张家仙(1983-),男,研究员,主要研究方向为火箭发动机试验技术。

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cloud temperature and the ratio of kerosene concentration to oxygen concentration with time at measuring points under different kerosene temperature, figureFileSmall=P0qVJuI+ExUMOSpf2WSkwA==, figureFileBig=0MrKUvoNVUNJjG7H3CZjuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273608352477990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011768007352992, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同煤油温度条件下液面上方1#测点处煤油蒸气浓度、 氧气浓度、气云温度以及煤油/氧气浓度比变化曲线, figureFileSmall=P0qVJuI+ExUMOSpf2WSkwA==, figureFileBig=0MrKUvoNVUNJjG7H3CZjuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273609216504618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011768007352992, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Liquid oxygen and kerosene test parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号煤油量/${\mathrm{m}}^{3}$初始温度/℃液氧泄出流量/$\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$液氧排放时长$/\mathrm{s}$点火源能量/J
10.123803.43.6不点火
20.123803.436不点火
30.123803.4360不点火
40.12365-05.9
50.123653.4305.9
60.123803.4305.9
), ArticleFig(id=1197273611057804077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011768007352992, language=CN, label=表1, caption=液氧煤油试验参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号煤油量/${\mathrm{m}}^{3}$初始温度/℃液氧泄出流量/$\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$液氧排放时长$/\mathrm{s}$点火源能量/J
10.123803.43.6不点火
20.123803.436不点火
30.123803.4360不点火
40.12365-05.9
50.123653.4305.9
60.123803.4305.9
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液氧煤油掺混及燃爆特性试验研究
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喻闯闯 1, 2 , 晏政 3 , 朱良平 3 , 罗天培 1, 2 , 张家仙 1, 2
导弹与航天运载技术 | 动力系统 2024,47(4): 47-51
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导弹与航天运载技术 | 动力系统 2024, 47(4): 47-51
液氧煤油掺混及燃爆特性试验研究
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喻闯闯1, 2, 晏政3, 朱良平3, 罗天培1, 2, 张家仙1, 2
作者信息
  • 1北京航天试验技术研究所,北京,100074
  • 2北京市航天试验技术与装备工程技术研究中心,北京,100074
  • 3西昌卫星发射中心,西昌,615000
  • 喻闯闯(1993—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为液体火箭发动机试验技术。

    晏政(1982—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为航天测试发射技术。

    朱良平(1969—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为航天测试发射技术。

    罗天培(1987—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为火箭发动机试验技术。

    张家仙(1983-),男,研究员,主要研究方向为火箭发动机试验技术。

Experimental Study on Mixing and Explosive Properties of Liquid Oxygen and Kerosene
Chuangchuang YU1, 2, Zheng YAN3, Liangping ZHU3, Tianpei LUO1, 2, Jiaxian ZHANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Beijing Institute of Aerospace Testing Technology,Beijing,100074
  • 2Beijing Engineering Research Center of Aerospace Testing Technology and Equipment,Beijing,100074
  • 3Xichang Satellite Launch Center,Xichang,615000
出版时间: 2024-08-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240408
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为研究液氧煤油掺混及燃爆特性,建立部分受限空间试验系统以模拟发射场应用场景,开展液氧煤油掺混及燃爆特性试验。试验结果表明,液氧、煤油同时泄出并掺混时,煤油、氧气浓度均存在一个先上升后下降的过程;当煤油温度为${65}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$、点火激励为${5.9}\mathrm{\;J}$时,即使是发生液氧泄漏,液面上方布置的测点处仍未达到燃爆条件;煤油温度提升至${80}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$时,液氧持续泄出仅约20s时成功起爆,点火时刻煤油蒸气浓度1.31%,氧气浓度40.05%,氮气浓度58.64%,煤油/氧气浓度比值为0.033 。

液氧煤油  /  掺混  /  燃爆特性  /  试验  /  安全

In order to study the mixing and explosion characteristics of liquid oxygen and kerosene, a partial confined space test system is established to simulate the application scenarios of the launch site and the tests are carried out. It is demonstrated that when liquid oxygen and kerosene are discharged and mixed at the same time, the concentration of kerosene and oxygen increases at first and then decreases. When kerosene temperature is ${65}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$ and ignition excitation is ${5.9}\mathrm{\;J}$, even if liquid oxygen leaks, the ignition and explosion condition are still not reached at the measuring points arranged above the liquid level. In the test when the kerosene temperature is raised to ${80}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$, explosion occurs when liquid oxygen is released only for about 20 seconds. At ignition time, the concentration of kerosene, oxygen, and nitrogen are ${1.31}\%,{40.05}\%$ and ${58.64}\%$ respectively, and the ratio of kerosene concentration to oxygen concentration is 0.033 .

liquid oxygen and kerosene  /  mixing  /  explosive properties  /  test  /  safety
喻闯闯, 晏政, 朱良平, 罗天培, 张家仙. 液氧煤油掺混及燃爆特性试验研究. 导弹与航天运载技术, 2024 , 47 (4) : 47 -51 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240408
Chuangchuang YU, Zheng YAN, Liangping ZHU, Tianpei LUO, Jiaxian ZHANG. Experimental Study on Mixing and Explosive Properties of Liquid Oxygen and Kerosene[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2024 , 47 (4) : 47 -51 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240408
近年来, 世界范围内航天活动仍旧持续火热, 各国竞相开展太空探测、临近空间开发等活动[1]。航天煤油作为推进剂具有绿色环保、经济性好、密度比冲高、发动机维护方便等优点, 是较为常用的液体推进剂[2],液氧/煤油火箭发动机是现役液体火箭发动机的主力军之一。
在运载火箭进行发射前加注时, 一般采用串行加注的方式, 即先加注煤油, 加注完成后再加注液氧。 该种方式提高了加注安全性, 一旦有贮箱、管路等发生泄漏[3-6],可相对从容处置,即使两种推进剂均发生泄漏, 掺混的可能性也较小。但是, 串行加注的方式也使得总加注时间、发射准备时间偏长。如采用并行加注的方式, 可显著缩短发射准备时间, 但假如发生液氧、煤油同时泄漏的情况, 一旦被引燃/爆, 后果不堪设想, 因此需充分研究液氧煤油掺混及燃爆特性[7-8]
国内外学者针对航天煤油燃爆特性开展了大量研究工作。Dagaut等[9]对煤油燃烧特性及机理进行了研究分析; Edwards${\mathrm{T}}$[10]讨论了火箭煤油RP-1和RG-1的组分及相关物理特性; 张星等[11-12]对比分析了高能合成煤油GN-1与火箭煤油在燃爆温度、点火延迟等之间的差异。现有相关研究主要基于实验室研究煤油燃爆基础特性参数, 对于较大规模的液氧煤油真实介质混合燃爆的试验数据较少。
中国现有火箭煤油分为油基煤油、煤基煤油[13], 本文选用航天发射场常用的油基煤油开展试验研究。 为了研究液氧煤油两种推进剂同时泄漏后的安全性, 分析发射场液氧煤油并行加注的安全性控制指标, 本文通过建立局部受限试验环境, 模拟真实发射场塔架内可能发生的危险工况, 开展液氧煤油真实介质的安全性试验, 对液氧煤油燃爆条件进行试验研究。
试验系统如图1所示, 试验箱(槽车)上部有百叶窗, 即部分与空气流通, 用以模拟真实发射场塔架的半敞开环境,其中槽车容积$1\mathrm{\;m}\times 1\mathrm{\;m}\times 1\mathrm{\;m}$,百叶窗高$1\mathrm{\;m}$。槽车底部存入适量煤油,整个槽车均匀放置于水浴加热装置中, 该水浴加热装置可对槽车内煤油进行均匀加热, 并实现温度保持, 不同温度的煤油用以模拟实际工作中煤油可能达到的温度情况。试验期间, 液氧经加注阀泄入槽车与煤油掺混, 煤油表面不同高度处布置有高能点火装置, 对液氧、煤油气相混合物进行交替点火。试验对煤油浓度、温度、爆炸超压进行了测量, 传感器布置如图2所示。
试验工况参数如表1所示, 其中工况1~工况3为液氧、煤油蒸发试验工况, 即不点火、只测浓度; 工况4 、工况5分别为空气/煤油、液氧/煤油混合工况, 煤油温度取${65}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,该温度为实际发射塔架场景中太阳暴晒后金属件表面的最高温度, 点火能量均取${5.9}\mathrm{\;J}$;工况6在工况5的基础上将煤油温度进一步提升至${80}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,以考核极限条件,摸清安全边界。
试验期间$4\mathrm{\;s}$时刻开始泄出液氧,不同排放时间下1 #测点处气云参数变化曲线如图3所示, 工况1中液氧泄出时间为${3.6}\mathrm{\;s}$,液氧与泄出管道换热汽化后进入到煤油槽车,煤油液面上方的煤油蒸气浓度在${10}\mathrm{\;s}$时刻开始上升, 分析可知, 在泄出液氧前, 槽车内煤油蒸气在蒸发作用下存在浓度分层, 即液面附近煤油蒸气浓度最高, 远离液面煤油浓度降低, 加注液氧时, 液氧/低温氧气将高浓度的煤油蒸气挤出, 从而使测点处的煤油蒸气浓度上升,${15}\mathrm{\;s}$时刻附近煤油蒸气浓度达到最高, 离液面最近的1#测点煤油浓度最高至约0.6%,相应的氧气浓度约为20%。随着传热与扩散过程的进行, 测点处的氧气浓度逐渐升高, 煤油蒸气的浓度逐渐降低,${20}\mathrm{\;s}$时刻1#测点氧气浓度达到最高值约28%,相应的煤油蒸气浓度降至0.53%。从试验结果还可以看到,温度场的传递较浓度场更快,$1\#$测点处的温度在约${12}\mathrm{\;s}$时刻即达到了最小值,1#测点温度最低降至$-{25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$。相似的变化过程从工况2、工况3中也可以看到: 工况2中,${45}\mathrm{\;s}$时刻$1\#$测点处煤油蒸气浓度最高至1.6%,相应的氧气浓度为66%;工况3中,${90}\mathrm{\;s}$时刻$1\#$测点处煤油蒸气浓度最高至1.8%,相应的氧气浓度为84%。
工况3中1#测点处气云参数变化速率对比如图4所示, 分析可知, 煤油蒸气浓度增长速率随着泄放时间的增加逐渐降低, 氧气浓度增长速率随着泄放时间的增加则相对稳定。${36}\mathrm{\;s}\text{、}{360}\mathrm{\;s}$工况中,在${28}\mathrm{\;s}$时刻,即持续排放${24}\mathrm{\;s}$时煤油蒸气浓度增加变得缓慢, 可以认为此时煤油/氧气浓度比处于最大值附近。因此, 在后续点火试验工况中, 液氧持续排放时间应不大于${24}\mathrm{\;s}$,实际试验中液氧持续排放时间取${30}\mathrm{\;s}$
图5给出了煤油温度为${65}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$时煤油与空气掺混、 煤油与液氧掺混过程中煤油蒸气、氧气浓度变化曲线, 其中暗黄三角形、洋红菱形曲线分别为工况4 (空气/ 煤油混合)中测点1#、2#处的浓度曲线, 黑色方块、 红色圆形曲线分别为工况5 (液氧/煤油混合)中测点$1\#$$2\#$处的浓度。试验工况4模拟研究了发射场仅发生煤油泄漏而未发生液氧泄漏时的最危险情况(即煤油与空气中的氧气混合爆炸), 试验结果表明, 此时测点处的煤油浓度最大值为0.45%,未达到燃爆所需的浓度,点火激励取实际中可能的最大值${5.9}\mathrm{\;J}$仍未点爆。 试验工况5在工况4的基础上, 进一步考虑了液氧泄漏的情况, 试验结果表明, 液氧的泄出导致煤油蒸气浓度的先升高后降低,煤油浓度最大升至1.3%,点火激励取实际中可能的最大值${5.9}\mathrm{\;J}$仍未点爆。
工况6相较于工况5 ,煤油初始温度由65 °C增加至${80}^{\circ }\mathrm{C},{25}\mathrm{\;s}$时刻在$1\#$点火装置的激励下工况6起爆成功。图6给出了不同煤油温度条件下1 #测点处煤油蒸气浓度、氧气浓度、气云温度以及煤油/氧气浓度比变化曲线, 其中蓝色三角为工况5数据, 红色方块为工况6数据。试验结果表明, 初始温度增加使工况6中煤油蒸气浓度上升较快,在25 s时刻,即持续排放${21}\mathrm{\;s}$时该浓度上升至${1.31}\%$,工况5中相应时刻煤油浓度为1.15%。工况6中起爆时刻相应的参数为: 氧气浓度40.05%,氮气浓度58.64%,煤油/氧气浓度比值为0.033。由图6d可知,煤油初始温度越高,煤油/氧气浓度比初始值越高,掺混过程中,煤油/氧气浓度比呈先上升后下降的趋势。如工况6中约18 s时刻煤油/氧气浓度比即达到最大值0.034,在${25}\mathrm{\;s}$时刻该比值降至0.033 。
对于工况6 ,起爆时刻并非煤油/液氧浓度比最大的时刻, 原因可能是空气中氮气抑制爆炸的影响: 对比可知, 起爆时刻处于煤油、氧气浓度均上升的阶段, 相应的氮气浓度则处于下降的阶段, 随着氮气浓度的降低,$1\#$点火位置处达到燃爆所需的条件,起爆成功。上述原因也解释了以下现象, 即工况5中, 也存在煤油/氧气浓度比大于0.033的情况, 但在外能源的激励下并未点爆,试验工况5在${17.4}\mathrm{\;s}$时刻煤油/氧气混合比达到0.033 ,此时煤油浓度0.74%,氧气浓度22.38%,氮气浓度76.88%,氮气浓度显著高于工况6点爆时刻。
本文首先通过试验研究液氧煤油的掺混规律, 然后通过真实介质试验模拟实际应用场景下液氧、煤油同时泄漏的极限工况, 对液氧、煤油燃爆条件进行试验研究。试验结果为发射场液氧煤油并行加注安全性提供了支撑。
结果表明:液氧、煤油同时泄出并掺混时,在浓度分层与挤出效应作用下, 煤油蒸气、氧气浓度均存在先上升后下降的过程; 煤油温度取${65}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$时(理论上金属件被太阳暴晒后最高温度),即使发生液氧泄漏, 液面上方布置的测点处仍未达到燃爆边界, 点火激励取实际中可能的最大值${5.9}\mathrm{\;J}$仍未点爆; 煤油温度取${80}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$时,液氧持续泄出仅约${20}\mathrm{\;s}$时即达到燃爆所需的条件, 成功起爆, 该工况点火时刻煤油蒸气浓度为1.31%,氧气浓度为40.05%,氮气浓度为58.64%, 煤油/氧气浓度比值为0.033 。
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240408
  • 接收时间:2022-10-12
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2024-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2022-10-12
  • 修回日期:2022-12-12
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    1北京航天试验技术研究所,北京,100074
    2北京市航天试验技术与装备工程技术研究中心,北京,100074
    3西昌卫星发射中心,西昌,615000
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小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
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