Article(id=1148011777092218956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298830018954160, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240406, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1711296000000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-25, revisedDate=1716134400000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751636936685, onlineDateStr=2025-07-04, pubDate=1724515200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751636936685, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751636936685, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751636936685, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149298830018954160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2024', volume='47', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751943794016, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754895900149, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1161680860630569001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298830018954160, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1161680860630569002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298830018954160, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=34, endPage=40, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1148011777331294294, articleId=1148011777092218956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=Analysis of the Survival Capability of Missile Borne Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Group's Delivery, columnId=1154057568293999177, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Launch Vehicle and Missile, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to enhance the delivery and survival capability of unmanned aerial vehicle group in specific areas in long-range mission scenarios, and effectively complete various missions, a missile borne unmanned aerial vehicle group delivery scheme is proposed. The unmanned aerial vehicle group is delivered to the mission area through missile carriers, utilizing the rapid reentry advantage of the missile to improve the delivery and survival capability of the missile borne unmanned aerial vehicle group. Taking the end interception system "Dense Array" as a scenario, the survival capability of the unmanned aerial vehicle group is simulated and analyzed under two schemes of missile based delivery and parachute based delivery. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is verified, meeting the requirement of the unmanned aerial vehicle group entering the mission area with a high survival probability in actual mission scenarios.

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为了提升无人机群在远域任务场景下针对特定区域的投送生存能力,有效完成多种任务,提出一种弹载无人机群投送方案,通过弹体载具将无人机群投送至任务区域,利用弹体的快速再入优势,提高弹载无人机群的投送生存能力。以“密集阵”末端拦截系统为场景,仿真分析了弹载投送与伞降式投送两种方案下无人机群的生存能力,验证了提出方案的有效性,满足了实际任务场景中无人机群以高生存概率进入目标区域的需求。

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郭斐然(1997—),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为飞行器总体设计。

张旭辉(1975—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为飞行器总体设计。

韩铭麟(1992—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为航天器制导控制。

刘璐芳(1996—),女,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为光学成像仿真。

路鹰(1982—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为航天人工智能。

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郭斐然(1997—),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为飞行器总体设计。

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韩铭麟(1992—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为航天器制导控制。

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$M$—弹体载具;${O}_{\mathrm{s}}$—“密集阵”弹丸与弹体载具遭遇时弹体载具的质心位置;${O}_{\mathrm{s}}{x}_{\mathrm{s}}{z}_{\mathrm{s}}$—以${O}_{\mathrm{s}}$为原点构建弹体载具二维受弹坐标系,其中${x}_{\mathrm{s}}$轴指向密集阵弹丸方位角脱靶方向,${z}_{\mathrm{s}}$轴指向密集阵弹丸高低角脱靶方向;$T$—弹体载具预定目标落点;$s$—“密集阵”与弹体载具预定目标落点的距离;${D}_{\mathrm{c}}$—“密集阵”弹丸与弹体载具首次遭遇时“密集阵”与弹体载具的距离;$h$—该时刻弹体载具的高度;${D}_{0}$—弹体载具与目标落点的距离;$p$—该时刻弹体载具的入射角;$q$—弹体载具与“密集阵”弹丸的遭遇角。

, figureFileSmall=dCQr+8qtzZMow19LX//ISA==, figureFileBig=LrOnFdZCXXvBBa90kLIuMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273841597726926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011777092218956, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Diagram of the planned delivery target landing point and Dense Array position coordinates in the target area, figureFileSmall=j2p5Wq8Zv3EANHIEeiMSMg==, figureFileBig=a9mw6ao5SmeC4sTyrpCufA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273842717606095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011777092218956, language=CN, label=图7, caption=目标区域中预定投送目标落点和“密集阵”位置坐标示意, figureFileSmall=j2p5Wq8Zv3EANHIEeiMSMg==, figureFileBig=a9mw6ao5SmeC4sTyrpCufA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273843288031440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011777092218956, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=The motion trajectory of parachute unmanned aerial vehicle, figureFileSmall=FFkn9gntpOGbjUzPnbWcUw==, figureFileBig=qV5QAIZ7yhdtrHAz40ANKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273844865089745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011777092218956, language=CN, label=图8, caption=伞降无人机的运动轨迹, figureFileSmall=FFkn9gntpOGbjUzPnbWcUw==, figureFileBig=qV5QAIZ7yhdtrHAz40ANKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273845540372690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011777092218956, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=The end motion trajectory of parachute unmanned aerial vehicle group, figureFileSmall=V0MAm76DBXDFPWqY+6ZNVQ==, figureFileBig=ocEv1DUMPMJFW3eE1a+84g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273846186295507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011777092218956, language=CN, label=图9, caption=伞降无人机群的末段运动轨迹, figureFileSmall=V0MAm76DBXDFPWqY+6ZNVQ==, figureFileBig=ocEv1DUMPMJFW3eE1a+84g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273846861578452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011777092218956, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Diagram of the results of the parachute unmanned aerial vehicle group breaking through Dense Array, figureFileSmall=Zx+IMlBPIUufBYl5T7Wiqg==, figureFileBig=BtAcgPdPhZhPpMOqk/Q/Tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273847926931669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011777092218956, language=CN, label=图10, caption=伞降无人机群突破“密集阵”结果示意, figureFileSmall=Zx+IMlBPIUufBYl5T7Wiqg==, figureFileBig=BtAcgPdPhZhPpMOqk/Q/Tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273849462046934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011777092218956, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=The end motion trajectory of missile carriers carrying unmanned aerial vehicle group, figureFileSmall=iywChYMriQ3NqCXqsD8a5A==, figureFileBig=8Mb07ZDZ+fp/906PCUawXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273850141524183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011777092218956, language=CN, label=图11, caption=搭载无人机群的弹体载具的末段运动轨迹, figureFileSmall=iywChYMriQ3NqCXqsD8a5A==, figureFileBig=8Mb07ZDZ+fp/906PCUawXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273850888110296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011777092218956, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Diagram of the results of the missile carriers carrying unmanned aerial vehicle group breaking through Dense Array, figureFileSmall=H0PXrfhsfhSVOTgpyWAPWw==, figureFileBig=ZYbj0VZwjihO9Vg5t7J/4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273851525644505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011777092218956, language=CN, label=图12, caption=搭载无人机群的弹体载具突破“密集阵”结果示意, figureFileSmall=H0PXrfhsfhSVOTgpyWAPWw==, figureFileBig=ZYbj0VZwjihO9Vg5t7J/4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197273852276424922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011777092218956, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Performance index parameters of Dense Array, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性能指标参数值
最大射程/m1500
最小射程/m91.4
射速/(发·min ${}^{-1}$)4500
弹丸初速$/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$1030
速度衰减量$/{\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$0.2
跟踪误差/(°)0.042
火力系统误差/(°)0.06
火控系统误差/(°)0.048
弹丸散布误差/(°)0.084
), ArticleFig(id=1197273854071587035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011777092218956, language=CN, label=表1, caption=“密集阵”性能指标参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性能指标参数值
最大射程/m1500
最小射程/m91.4
射速/(发·min ${}^{-1}$)4500
弹丸初速$/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$1030
速度衰减量$/{\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$0.2
跟踪误差/(°)0.042
火力系统误差/(°)0.06
火控系统误差/(°)0.048
弹丸散布误差/(°)0.084
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弹载无人机群投送生存能力分析
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郭斐然 1, 2 , 张旭辉 1 , 韩铭麟 1 , 刘璐芳 1 , 路鹰 1
导弹与航天运载技术 | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2024,47(4): 34-40
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导弹与航天运载技术 | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2024, 47(4): 34-40
弹载无人机群投送生存能力分析
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郭斐然1, 2, 张旭辉1, 韩铭麟1, 刘璐芳1, 路鹰1
作者信息
  • 1中国航天科技创新研究院,北京,100088
  • 2中国运载火箭技术研究院,北京,100076
  • 郭斐然(1997—),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为飞行器总体设计。

    张旭辉(1975—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为飞行器总体设计。

    韩铭麟(1992—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为航天器制导控制。

    刘璐芳(1996—),女,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为光学成像仿真。

    路鹰(1982—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为航天人工智能。

Analysis of the Survival Capability of Missile Borne Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Group's Delivery
Feiran GUO1, 2, Xuhui ZHANG1, Minglin HAN1, Lufang LIU1, Ying LU1
Affiliations
  • 1China Academy of Aerospace Science and Innovation,Beijing,100088
  • 2China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology,Beijing,100076
出版时间: 2024-08-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240406
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为了提升无人机群在远域任务场景下针对特定区域的投送生存能力,有效完成多种任务,提出一种弹载无人机群投送方案,通过弹体载具将无人机群投送至任务区域,利用弹体的快速再入优势,提高弹载无人机群的投送生存能力。以“密集阵”末端拦截系统为场景,仿真分析了弹载投送与伞降式投送两种方案下无人机群的生存能力,验证了提出方案的有效性,满足了实际任务场景中无人机群以高生存概率进入目标区域的需求。

弹载投送  /  远域任务  /  无人机群  /  快速再入  /  生存能力

In order to enhance the delivery and survival capability of unmanned aerial vehicle group in specific areas in long-range mission scenarios, and effectively complete various missions, a missile borne unmanned aerial vehicle group delivery scheme is proposed. The unmanned aerial vehicle group is delivered to the mission area through missile carriers, utilizing the rapid reentry advantage of the missile to improve the delivery and survival capability of the missile borne unmanned aerial vehicle group. Taking the end interception system "Dense Array" as a scenario, the survival capability of the unmanned aerial vehicle group is simulated and analyzed under two schemes of missile based delivery and parachute based delivery. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is verified, meeting the requirement of the unmanned aerial vehicle group entering the mission area with a high survival probability in actual mission scenarios.

missile delivery  /  far field mission  /  unmanned aerial vehicle group  /  fast reentry  /  survival capability
郭斐然, 张旭辉, 韩铭麟, 刘璐芳, 路鹰. 弹载无人机群投送生存能力分析. 导弹与航天运载技术, 2024 , 47 (4) : 34 -40 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240406
Feiran GUO, Xuhui ZHANG, Minglin HAN, Lufang LIU, Ying LU. Analysis of the Survival Capability of Missile Borne Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Group's Delivery[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2024 , 47 (4) : 34 -40 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240406
为了满足日益多元的任务需求, 实现效能的最大化, 需要装备系统由单体能力向复合能力演变。进入21世纪以来, 无人机群作为一种新型样式, 因其低成本、灵活性强等优势受到越来越广泛的关注。无人机群遂行任务是指由一定数量规模的无人机, 通过搭载不同的载荷, 利用群体间的信息共享、协同合作共同达成一种或多种不同任务目标的模式[1]。相较于传统的单体系统, 无人机群可以充分发挥群体协同的优势, 具有更强的任务完成能力, 因而在现代战争中具有更强的灵活性、适应性和可拓展性, 在降低成本的同时能够显著提高群体效能[2]
以美国为代表的各军事强国均围绕无人机群开展了众多项目研究, 其中典型的包括近战隐蔽一次性自主无人机(Close-In Covert Autonomous Disposable Aircraft, CICADA)项目[3]、山鹑(Perdix)项目[4-5]、拒止环境中协同作战(Collaborative Operations in Denied Environment, CODE)项目[6-9]以及小精灵(Gremlins)项目[10-13]等。这些项目均通过无人机群的形式, 满足不同军种的多样化任务需求。相比于传统模式, 大规模集群分布式模式能够有效降低风险、提升效能。由此可见, 无人机集群的协同将成为未来智能化战争的主要模式之一。
然而, 针对长距离远域场景, 受限于无人机的尺寸,其续航能力存在较大短板, 单纯依靠无人机群自身的机动能力难以有效保证任务成功率。目前, 在保证无人机群成功突破拦截系统、大幅安全抵达目标区域方面,各个国家公开的解决方案相对较少。美国等军事强国在推进无人机群项目研究的过程中, 通常采用运输机等空中平台将无人机群运抵目标区域上空, 无人机群在释放后通过伞降方式降落至可执行任务高度, 进而根据搭载的不同载荷遂行相应的任务[14]
上述伞降方案虽然在一定程度上解决了大规模无人机群远域投送的问题,但也存在以下几方面不足:
a)降落速度慢。
伞降无人机的再入末段降落速度通常为数十米每秒,由释放到降落至可执行任务高度的时间较长, 因此留给对方防空拦截系统的反应时间较长, 可充分选择无人机群拦截方式,威胁无人机群的生存安全。
b)机动能力差。
伞降无人机的再入降落段末段通常可看作匀速直线运动,因此其末段轨迹较为平直,可预测性强,同时由于降落伞的存在导致其体积较大, 易被末端近程拦截系统如 “密集阵” 等拦截, 不利于无人机群投送至任务区域遂行任务。
c)落点精度低。
由于伞降无人机群的末段降落速度较小, 在降落的过程中飞行姿态易受风等天气因素干扰,导致其偏离预定飞行轨迹, 落点分布精度低, 难以保证任务成功率。
针对以上问题, 本文提出一种弹载无人机群投送方案, 通过弹体载具将无人机群投送至任务区域, 利用弹体的快速再入优势, 实现无人机群的快速有效投送。为了验证弹载无人机群投送方案的有效性, 以 “密集阵” 末端拦截系统为场景, 仿真对比分析弹载投送与伞降式投送两种方案下无人机群的生存能力。 结果表明, 提出的弹载无人机群投送方案能够大幅提升无人机群的生存概率, 从而提高针对远域投送场景的无人机群任务效能。
图1所示, 弹载无人机群系统主要由运载工具、弹体载具以及无人机3部分构成。其中运载工具内部搭载的有效载荷除导航、传感、探测等固定载荷外, 为20枚紧密分布的无人机弹体载具, 其内部装载弹体载具结构示意如图2所示。当执行长距离远域任务时, 首先由运载工具搭载20枚弹体载具, 以高速巡航状态飞行至任务区域附近释放弹体载具, 弹体载具以较高初速度按预定制导方式突破敌方拦截系统至目标区域后释放内部装载的无人机, 无人机群利用其自身搭载的不同载荷遂行相应的任务。
图3为弹载投送与伞降式投送方案对比示意。从图3中可以看出, 针对长距离远域任务需求, 当前的伞降式投送方案需要运输机等空中平台将无人机群运抵至任务区域上空释放, 无人机群通过伞降方式降落至可执行任务高度后执行相应的任务。在此过程中, 由于运输机等空中平台的飞行速度相对较慢, 一方面易被对方防空拦截系统拦截, 另一方面会导致无人机群与空中平台的初始分离速度慢, 且在伞降过程中速度衰减快, 到末段时无人机群的运动可看作以几十米每秒的速度降落的匀速直线运动,由此留给对方末端拦截系统的反应时间较长, 易被拦截, 难以有效保证无人机群的投送生存概率, 进而影响无人机群完成特定任务的成功率。
相对于伞降式投送方案, 弹载投送方案将无人机装载于弹体载具中, 弹体载具由高速巡航的运载工具运抵投送区域释放。由于运载工具具有较高的飞行速度, 因而相比于伞降投送方式需要提前在相对安全的投送区域释放弹体载具, 一方面不易被对方防空拦截系统拦截, 另一方面会赋予弹体载具较高的初始分离速度, 在分离释放后, 弹体载具以较高速度向预定目标落点机动飞行, 可以较大概率成功突破对方末端拦截系统, 大幅提升其搭载的无人机群生存概率, 从而保证后续无人机群的任务效能。
图4为弹体载具结构示意。弹体载具的气动外形与高速巡航导弹相近, 可以保证其具有良好的机动性能。弹体载具内部搭载导航、传感、探测等固定有效载荷, 尾翼采用周向均布的X型, 具有较强的精确制导与机动能力。在执行远域投送任务时,每一枚弹体载具内部可装载一架搭载特定任务载荷的小型四旋翼无人机, 当弹体载具成功突破对方近程防空拦截系统抵达目标区域后释放内部搭载的无人机, 无人机群根据各自搭载载荷的不同协同合作,完成多种特定任务。
“密集阵”系统是由美国Raython公司生产的一种近程拦截系统, 往往被用于舰艇、机场、指挥所等重要军事目标的末端防御。由于“密集阵”具有较高的射速、较短的反应时间以及优异的群体目标拦截能力, 因此其作为末端防空拦截系统往往是保护重要目标的最后一道防线[15-16]图5为 “密集阵” 系统的工作原理。本文选取 “密集阵” 作为拦截弹体载具和伞降无人机的对象, 建立弹体载具、伞降无人机及 “密集阵”攻防模型。
弹体载具在由运载工具释放后, 依靠自身搭载的制导模块采用比例导引法以较高初速度进行末段飞行。在 “北天东” 地理坐标系$O{x}_{\mathrm{e}}{y}_{\mathrm{e}}{z}_{\mathrm{e}}$下弹体载具与预定目标落点的相对运动模型如下:
$\begin{array}{l}\left({\Delta {\mathrm{x}}_{\mathrm{M}}/{dt}}\right)= {v}_{\mathrm{M}}\cos {\theta }_{\mathrm{M}}\cos {\varphi }_{\mathrm{M}}\\\left({\Delta {\mathrm{y}}_{\mathrm{M}}/{dt}}\right)= {v}_{\mathrm{M}}\cos {\theta }_{\mathrm{M}}\sin {\varphi }_{\mathrm{M}}\\\left({\Delta {\mathrm{z}}_{\mathrm{M}}/{dt}}\right)= {v}_{\mathrm{M}}\sin {\theta }_{\mathrm{M}}\\\Delta {\mathrm{x}}_{\mathrm{e}}= {x}_{\mathrm{r}}- {x}_{\mathrm{M}}\\\Delta {\mathrm{y}}_{\mathrm{e}}= {y}_{\mathrm{r}}- {y}_{\mathrm{M}}\\\Delta {\mathrm{z}}_{\mathrm{e}}= {z}_{\mathrm{r}}- {z}_{\mathrm{M}}\\{v}_{\mathrm{A}}= \arctan \left({\Delta {\mathrm{z}}_{\mathrm{A}}/\Delta {\mathrm{z}}_{\mathrm{e}}}\right)\\{q}_{\mathrm{A}}= \arctan \left({\sqrt{\Delta {\mathrm{z}}_{\mathrm{e}}/\Delta {\mathrm{z}}_{\mathrm{e}}}/\Delta {\mathrm{z}}_{\mathrm{e}}}\right)\\{q}_{\mathrm{A}}= \arctan \left({\sqrt{\Delta {\mathrm{z}}_{\mathrm{A}}}/\Delta {\mathrm{z}}_{\mathrm{e}}}\right)/\Delta {\mathrm{z}}_{\mathrm{e}}\end{array}$
式中下标$\mathrm{M}$代表弹体载具; 下标$\mathrm{T}$代表弹体载具的预定目标落点;${x}_{\mathrm{M}},{y}_{\mathrm{M}},{z}_{\mathrm{M}}$分别为弹体载具在 “北天东”坐标系下的位置坐标;${\theta }_{\mathrm{M}}$为弹体载具的弹道倾角;${\varphi }_{\mathrm{M}}$为弹体载具的弹道偏角;${q}_{\mathrm{h}}$为水平面内的目标落点方位角;${q}_{\mathrm{v}}$为铅垂面内的目标落点方位角;$K$为比例导引系数;$\Delta {x}_{\mathrm{e}},\Delta {y}_{\mathrm{e}},\Delta {z}_{\mathrm{e}}$分别为目标落点相对于弹体载具的 “北天东” 坐标系下的位置坐标。
图6为 “密集阵” 拦截单枚弹体载具过程示意。 以${O}_{\mathrm{c}}$为原点,建立密集阵拦截坐标系${O}_{\mathrm{c}}{x}_{\mathrm{c}}{y}_{\mathrm{c}}{z}_{\mathrm{c}}$,其中${O}_{\mathrm{c}}$为密集阵质心位置,${x}_{\mathrm{c}}$轴指向目标区域水平方向,${y}_{\mathrm{c}}$轴通过右手法则确定,${z}_{\mathrm{c}}$轴垂直水平面向上。
图6可计算得, 弹体载具与 “密集阵” 弹丸首次遭遇时弹体载具与目标落点的距离为
${D}_{0}= \frac{\sin \left({p + q}\right)}{\sin p}{D}_{\mathrm{c}}$
相应地, 由于弹体载具的预定目标落点固定, 弹体载具与 “密集阵” 弹丸首次遭遇时的遭遇角为
$ q =\arcsin \left({\frac{s}{{D}_{\mathrm{c}}}\sin p}\right)$
将弹体载具抽象为空间维度的圆柱体, 可得到其在受弹坐标系上的投影面积为
$ S ={d}_{\mathrm{M}}{h}_{\mathrm{M}}+ \frac{\pi {d}_{\mathrm{M}}{}^{2}}{4}\cos q ={d}_{\mathrm{M}}{l}_{\mathrm{M}}\sin q +\frac{\pi {d}_{\mathrm{M}}{}^{2}}{4}\cos q $
式中${d}_{\mathrm{M}}$为弹体载具的直径;${l}_{\mathrm{M}}$为弹体载具的长度;${h}_{\mathrm{M}}$${l}_{\mathrm{M}}$在受弹坐标系下的投影长度。
由于弹体载具在末段按比例导引方式以较高速度飞行,其飞行轨迹近似为直线运动,入射角较小,从而导致首次遭遇时弹体载具与 “密集阵” 弹丸的遭遇角较小,式(4)可近似为
$ S =\frac{\pi {d}_{\mathrm{M}}{}^{2}}{4}$
对应的弹体载具受弹面积等效半径为
${R}_{\mathrm{M}}= \sqrt{S/\pi }$
在得到弹体载具受弹面积等效半径的基础上, 假设 “密集阵” 第$i$枚弹丸的飞行距离为${L}_{i}$,则该弹丸在受弹坐标系下的二维坐标位置为$\left({{L}_{i}\tan {\gamma }_{i},{L}_{i}\tan {\phi }_{i}}\right)$, 则弹体载具是否被该弹丸命中由下式判断:
${N}_{i}= \left\{\begin{array}{ll} 0 &{L}_{i}\sqrt{{\tan }^{2}{\gamma }_{i}+ {\tan }^{2}{\phi }_{i}}> R \\ 1 &{L}_{i}\sqrt{{\tan }^{2}{\gamma }_{i}+ {\tan }^{2}{\phi }_{i}}\leq R \end{array}\right.$
其中,${N}_{i}= 1$时,表示弹体载具被 “密集阵” 第$i$枚弹丸命中; 反之,${N}_{i}= 0$则表示弹体载具没有被该弹丸命中;${\gamma }_{i}$${\phi }_{i}$分别为该枚弹丸在受弹坐标系下的方位角和高低角。
根据上述命中判断规则, 当数量规模较大的弹体载具群抵近 “密集阵” 系统时,“密集阵” 系统会按照弹体载具进入射击范围的次序依次向弹体载具目标发射弹丸, 只有判定击中当前目标时才会射击下一个目标。
伞降无人机在由运载飞机投送后, 其运动大体可分为3个阶段, 分别是开伞前的自由飞行阶段、开伞后的减速飞行阶段以及末段的匀速下降阶段。下面分别从以上3个阶段建立伞降无人机的运动模型。
在由运载飞机投送后的初始阶段, 无人机作自由飞行运动, 其受到的力主要为重力、升力和空气阻力, 由此可建立伞降无人机自由飞行段的运动模型如下:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} m{\dot{v}}_{x}= -{D}_{\mathrm{c}}\cos {\gamma }_{\mathrm{c}}+ {L}_{\mathrm{c}}\sin {\gamma }_{\mathrm{c}}\\ m{\dot{v}}_{y}= {mg}- {L}_{\mathrm{c}}\cos {\gamma }_{\mathrm{c}}- {D}_{\mathrm{c}}\sin {\gamma }_{\mathrm{c}}\\{D}_{\mathrm{c}}= \frac{1}{2}\rho {v}^{2}{C}_{\mathrm{L}}S \\{L}_{\mathrm{c}}= \frac{1}{2}\rho {v}^{2}{C}_{\mathrm{D}}S \\ v =\sqrt{\left({v}_{x}{}^{2}+ {v}_{y}{}^{2}\right)} \\\dot{x}= {v}_{x}\\\dot{y}= {v}_{y}\\\tan {\gamma }_{\mathrm{c}}= \frac{{v}_{y}}{2}\end{array}\right.$
式中$m$为无人机的质量;$v$为无人机的速度;${v}_{x}$为无人机在水平方向的速度分量;${v}_{y}$为无人机在竖直方向的速度分量;$x$为无人机在水平方向的位移;$y$为无人机在竖直方向的位移;${D}_{\mathrm{c}}$为无人机受到的空气阻力;${L}_{\mathrm{c}}$为无人机受到的升力;${\gamma }_{\mathrm{c}}$为无人机的航迹角;$\rho$为空气密度;${C}_{\mathrm{L}}$为升力系数;${C}_{\mathrm{D}}$为阻力系数;$S$为受力面积。
在开伞后无人机作减速运动, 其受到的力主要为重力、升力、空气阻力以及伞绳的拉力,由此可建立伞降无人机开伞减速段的运动模型如下:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} m{\dot{v}}_{\mathrm{r}}= -{D}_{\mathrm{c}}\cos {\gamma }_{\mathrm{c}}+ {L}_{\mathrm{c}}\sin {\gamma }_{\mathrm{c}}- T\sin {\delta }_{\mathrm{c}}\\ m{\dot{v}}_{\mathrm{r}}= {mg}- {L}_{\mathrm{c}}\cos {\gamma }_{\mathrm{c}}- {D}_{\mathrm{c}}\sin {\gamma }_{\mathrm{c}}- T\cos {\delta }_{\mathrm{c}}\\{D}_{\mathrm{c}}= \frac{1}{2}\rho {v}^{2}{C}_{\mathrm{L}}S \\{L}_{\mathrm{c}}= \frac{1}{2}\rho {v}^{2}{C}_{\mathrm{D}}S \\ v =\sqrt{\left({v}_{\mathrm{r}}{}^{2}+ {v}_{\mathrm{y}}{}^{2}\right)} \\\dot{x}= {v}_{\mathrm{x}}\\\dot{y}= {v}_{\mathrm{y}}\\\tan \gamma =\frac{{v}_{\mathrm{y}}}{2}\\\tan \gamma =\frac{{v}_{\mathrm{y}}}{2}\end{array}\right.$
式中$T$为伞降无人机受到的伞绳的拉力;${\delta }_{\mathrm{c}}$为伞绳与水平方向的夹角。
在伞降无人机运动末段, 由于伞的作用使得无人机在该阶段作匀速下降运动,其运动模型如下:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\dot{v}}_{x}= 0 \\{\dot{v}}_{y}= 0 \\\dot{x}= 0 \\\dot{y}= {v}_{y}\end{array}\right.$
“密集阵”的弹丸的速度在飞行过程中会逐渐衰减, 由于飞行时间较短, 因此可将其运动过程中的速度衰减看作线性过程, 则飞行过程中弹丸任一时刻的速度${v}_{\mathrm{c}}\left( t\right)$
${v}_{\mathrm{c}}\left( t\right)= {v}_{\mathrm{c}0}- {k}_{\mathrm{c}}{\int }_{0}^{t}{v}_{\mathrm{c}}\left( t\right)\mathrm{d}t $
式中${v}_{\mathrm{c}0}$为 “密集阵” 弹丸的初始速度;${k}_{\mathrm{c}}$为速度衰减量。
针对 “密集阵” 来说, 目标进入射击范围时目标与 “密集阵” 的距离${d}_{\mathrm{{cmax}}}$为 “密集阵” 的远界,计算公式为
${d}_{\mathrm{c}\max }= {D}_{\mathrm{c}\max }+ {v}_{\mathrm{M}}{t}_{\mathrm{c}\max }$
式中${D}_{\mathrm{c}}$was “密集阵” 的最大射程;${v}_{\mathrm{M}}$为目标飞行速度;${t}_{\mathrm{c\max }}$为 “密集阵” 弹丸最大射程的飞行时间。
当“密集阵”停火时 “密集阵” 与目标的距离${d}_{\mathrm{{cmin}}}$为 “密集阵” 的近界,计算公式为
${d}_{\mathrm{{cmin}}}= {D}_{\mathrm{{cmin}}}+ {v}_{\mathrm{M}}{t}_{\mathrm{{cmin}}}$
式中${D}_{\mathrm{{cmin}}}$为 “密集阵” 的最小射程;${v}_{\mathrm{M}}$为目标飞行速度;${t}_{\mathrm{{cmin}}}$为 “密集阵” 弹丸最小射程的飞行时间。
由此可计算得 “密集阵” 的持续射击时间${t}_{1}$
${t}_{1}= \frac{{d}_{\mathrm{{cmax}}}- {d}_{\mathrm{{cmin}}}}{{v}_{\mathrm{M}}}= \frac{{D}_{\mathrm{{cmax}}}- {D}_{\mathrm{{cmin}}}}{{v}_{\mathrm{M}}}+ {t}_{\mathrm{{cmax}}}- {t}_{\mathrm{{cmin}}}$
“密集阵”系统的射击误差主要来源于4个部分, 分别是跟踪误差、火力系统误差、火控系统误差以及弹丸散布误差。用 “密集阵” 弹丸的方位角$\gamma$和高低角$\phi$进行描述,则跟踪误差可描述为${e}_{1}\left({{\gamma }_{1},{\phi }_{1}}\right)$,火力系统误差可描述为${e}_{2}\left({{\gamma }_{2},{\phi }_{2}}\right)$,火控系统误差可描述为${e}_{3}\left({{\gamma }_{3},{\phi }_{3}}\right)$,弹丸散布误差可描述为${e}_{4}\left({{\gamma }_{4},{\phi }_{4}}\right)$。根据前面建立的受弹坐标系,“密集阵”系统的弹丸散布落点一般被认为是在二维平面上, 且 “密集阵” 系统的弹丸散布误差服从二维正态分布,则误差$e\left({\gamma ,\phi }\right)$可表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\gamma \sim N\left({N\left({0,{\gamma }_{1}{}^{2}+ {\gamma }_{2}{}^{2}+ {\gamma }_{3}{}^{2}}\right),{\gamma }_{4}{}^{2}}\right)\\\phi \sim N\left({N\left({0,{\phi }_{1}{}^{2}+ {\phi }_{2}{}^{2}+ {\phi }_{3}{}^{2}}\right),{\phi }_{4}{}^{2}}\right)\end{array}\right.$
抽样算法可表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\gamma ={u}_{1}{\gamma }_{4}+ {u}_{2}{\gamma }_{3}{\left({\gamma }_{1}{}^{2}+ {\gamma }_{2}{}^{2}+ {\gamma }_{3}{}^{2}\right)}^{1/2}\\\phi ={u}_{3}{\phi }_{4}+ {u}_{4}{\phi }_{3}{\left({\phi }_{1}{}^{2}+ {\phi }_{2}{}^{2}+ {\phi }_{3}{}^{2}\right)}^{1/2}\end{array}\right.$
式中${u}_{1},{u}_{2},{u}_{3},{u}_{4}$分别为标准正态分布随机数。
为了验证弹载无人机群投送方案的有效性, 以 “密集阵” 末端拦截系统为场景, 仿真对比分析弹载投送与伞降式投送两种方案下无人机群的生存能力。
表1为 “密集阵” 系统的部分性能指标参数。
由于本文仿真场景为末端投送, 因此2种方案中弹体载具和伞降无人机群的初始高度均为${3000}\mathrm{\;m}$, 且弹体载具和伞降无人机的初始速度均为${240}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$, 弹体载具的初始弹道倾角为$-{65}^{\circ }$。假定目标任务区域为${2000}\mathrm{\;m}\times {2000}\mathrm{\;m}$的正方形,末端拦截系统 “密集阵” 设置在区域中心位置, 为了方便对比分析两种方案无人机群的投送生存能力, 假设两种方案的预定目标落点相同。图7为目标区域中预定投送目标落点和 “密集”阵位置坐标示意。
根据前面建立的伞降无人机运动模型, 仿真得到伞降无人机的运动轨迹如图8所示。
根据前面建立的 “密集阵” 模型以及表1给出的 “密集阵” 性能指标参数, 结合图8可以得出当伞降无人机进入 “密集阵” 射程范围内时处于匀速下降段, 因此得到伞降无人机群的末段运动轨迹如图9所示。图10为伞降无人机群投送过程中被拦截的目标与成功投送得以生存的目标示意。
图9可以看出, 伞降无人机群的末段运动轨迹较为平直, 为匀速直线运动; 从图10可以看出, 20架无人机中有15架被 “密集阵” 成功击中拦截, 有5架成功突破 “密集阵” 得以生存, 其投送生存概率为25%。
根据前面建立的弹体载具和 “密集阵” 攻防模型以及给定的 “密集阵” 性能指标参数, 仿真得到弹载投送方案下搭载无人机群的弹体载具的末段运动轨迹如图11所示。图12为弹体载具投送过程中被拦截的目标与成功投送得以生存的目标示意。
图11可以看出, 弹体载具的末段运动轨迹由于制导控制的作用, 较伞降无人机群来说机动性更强, 近似为抛物线运动; 从图12可以看出, 20枚规模的弹体载具中仅有3枚被 “密集阵” 成功击中拦截,有17枚成功突破 “密集阵” 得以生存, 其投送生存概率达到85%。相对于伞降无人机群投送方案来说, 弹载投送方案所搭载的无人机群投送生存概率大幅提升, 从而极大提高了无人机群的任务效能。
本文针对长距离远域场景下无人机群投送生存概率较低的问题, 提出了一种弹载无人机群投送方案, 通过弹体载具将无人机群投送至任务区域, 利用弹体的快速再入优势, 提高弹载无人机群的投送生存能力。以 “密集阵” 末端拦截系统为场景, 仿真对比了弹载投送与伞降式投送两种方案下无人机群的生存能力, 从中分析得出相较于传统的伞降式投送方案, 本文提出的弹载无人机群投送方案可以有效利用弹体的快速再入优势, 大幅提升无人机群的生存概率, 从而极大提高无人机群的任务效能。
  • 国家自然科学基金(59192633)
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2024年第47卷第4期
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240406
  • 接收时间:2024-03-25
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2024-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-25
  • 修回日期:2024-05-20
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国家自然科学基金(59192633)
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    1中国航天科技创新研究院,北京,100088
    2中国运载火箭技术研究院,北京,100076
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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