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Aiming at solving the SBIRS three satellites detection trajectory estimation problem, a data fusion trajectory estimation algorithm based on the GEO satellite and the HEO satellite detection is proposed. According to the SBIRS constellation composition and detection mechanism, the STK is used to analyze the SBIRS coverage capability to a certain area, calculation shows that over three satellites can fully cover it in about 43% of the simulation time. Establishing the three satellites detection data fusion estimation algorithm model to estimate the missile target motion state in real time, the current statistical model is adopted to describe the missile motion state, the centralized structure is adopted to achieve detection data fusion, in addition, the unscented Kalman filter is used as trajectory estimation filter. Simulation results show that, compared with the binary detection trajectory estimation error, the three satellites detection trajectory estimation error is significantly reduced.

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针对天基红外系统(Space Based Infrared System, SBIRS)三星探测弹道估计问题,提出GEO卫星与HEO卫星探测数据融合的估计算法。根据星座构成和探测体制,利用STK分析SBIRS对某一区域的覆盖能力,约43%的时间可以实现三星以上完全覆盖;建立三星探测数据融合算法模型,对导弹目标的运动状态进行实时估计,导弹运动建模采用当前统计模型,数据融合采用集中式结构,滤波算法采用无迹卡尔曼滤波。试验表明,与双星探测弹道估计误差相比,三星探测弹道估计误差显著减小。

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储雪峰(1988—),男,助理工程师,主要研究方向为空间目标数据处理及应用。

吴楠(1984—),男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为空间目标数据处理及应用。

王锋(1975—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为空间目标数据处理及应用。

皇甫列锋(1978—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为军械储存与管理。

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卫星名称运行周期/s偏心率轨道倾角$\left({}^{\circ }\right)$近地点幅角$\left({}^{\circ }\right)$升交点赤经/(° )过近地点时刻/s
HEO1430560.713263.43527000
HEO2430560.713263.43527018021528
), ArticleFig(id=1197273601742254863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011779277447806, language=CN, label=表1, caption=HEO卫星轨道参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
卫星名称运行周期/s偏心率轨道倾角$\left({}^{\circ }\right)$近地点幅角$\left({}^{\circ }\right)$升交点赤经/(° )过近地点时刻/s
HEO1430560.713263.43527000
HEO2430560.713263.43527018021528
), ArticleFig(id=1197273602161685264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011779277447806, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Target area completely coverage of more than three satellites of SBIRS, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号历元起始(UTCG)历元结束(UTCG)持续时间/s占比/%
11 Jul 2007 12:00:00.0001 Jul 2007 13:14:41.9684481.975.19
21 Jul 2007 20:43:45.8921 Jul 2007 22:31:45.0416479.157.50
32 Jul 2007 03:25:09.9432 Jul 2007 07:01:35.59412985.6515.03
42 Jul 2007 08:11:49.7642 Jul 2007 12:00:00.00013690.2415.85
), ArticleFig(id=1197273602971185938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011779277447806, language=CN, label=表2, caption=SBIRS三星以上完全覆盖目标区域情况, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号历元起始(UTCG)历元结束(UTCG)持续时间/s占比/%
11 Jul 2007 12:00:00.0001 Jul 2007 13:14:41.9684481.975.19
21 Jul 2007 20:43:45.8921 Jul 2007 22:31:45.0416479.157.50
32 Jul 2007 03:25:09.9432 Jul 2007 07:01:35.59412985.6515.03
42 Jul 2007 08:11:49.7642 Jul 2007 12:00:00.00013690.2415.85
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一种三星探测数据融合的弹道估计算法
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储雪峰 1, 2 , 吴楠 1 , 王锋 1 , 皇甫列锋 2
导弹与航天运载技术 | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2024,47(4): 29-33
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导弹与航天运载技术 | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2024, 47(4): 29-33
一种三星探测数据融合的弹道估计算法
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储雪峰1, 2, 吴楠1, 王锋1, 皇甫列锋2
作者信息
  • 1战略支援部队信息工程大学,郑州,450001
  • 2中国人民解放军32682部队,济南,271000
  • 储雪峰(1988—),男,助理工程师,主要研究方向为空间目标数据处理及应用。

    吴楠(1984—),男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为空间目标数据处理及应用。

    王锋(1975—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为空间目标数据处理及应用。

    皇甫列锋(1978—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为军械储存与管理。

Three Satellites Detection Data Fusion Trajectory Estimation Algorithm
Xuefeng CHU1, 2, Nan WU1, Feng WANG1, Liefeng HUANGFU2
Affiliations
  • 1PLA Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University,Zhengzhou,450001
  • 2Unit 32682,Jinan,271000
出版时间: 2024-08-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240405
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针对天基红外系统(Space Based Infrared System, SBIRS)三星探测弹道估计问题,提出GEO卫星与HEO卫星探测数据融合的估计算法。根据星座构成和探测体制,利用STK分析SBIRS对某一区域的覆盖能力,约43%的时间可以实现三星以上完全覆盖;建立三星探测数据融合算法模型,对导弹目标的运动状态进行实时估计,导弹运动建模采用当前统计模型,数据融合采用集中式结构,滤波算法采用无迹卡尔曼滤波。试验表明,与双星探测弹道估计误差相比,三星探测弹道估计误差显著减小。

弹道估计  /  三星探测  /  数据融合  /  天基红外系统

Aiming at solving the SBIRS three satellites detection trajectory estimation problem, a data fusion trajectory estimation algorithm based on the GEO satellite and the HEO satellite detection is proposed. According to the SBIRS constellation composition and detection mechanism, the STK is used to analyze the SBIRS coverage capability to a certain area, calculation shows that over three satellites can fully cover it in about 43% of the simulation time. Establishing the three satellites detection data fusion estimation algorithm model to estimate the missile target motion state in real time, the current statistical model is adopted to describe the missile motion state, the centralized structure is adopted to achieve detection data fusion, in addition, the unscented Kalman filter is used as trajectory estimation filter. Simulation results show that, compared with the binary detection trajectory estimation error, the three satellites detection trajectory estimation error is significantly reduced.

trajectory estimation  /  three satellites detection  /  data fusion  /  space based infrared system
储雪峰, 吴楠, 王锋, 皇甫列锋. 一种三星探测数据融合的弹道估计算法. 导弹与航天运载技术, 2024 , 47 (4) : 29 -33 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240405
Xuefeng CHU, Nan WU, Feng WANG, Liefeng HUANGFU. Three Satellites Detection Data Fusion Trajectory Estimation Algorithm[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2024 , 47 (4) : 29 -33 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240405
随着弹道导弹的威胁日益增大, 天基预警系统已成为各国学者研究的重点, 其典型代表是美国的天基红外系统(Space Based Infrared System, SBIRS)[1], 它通过探测发动机辐射的红外信号,估计导弹目标的运动状态。结合SBIRS的部署情况, 学者对弹道估计算法开展了大量的研究, 主要集中在单星探测弹道估计[2]和双星探测弹道估计[3]两个方面,对多星探测弹道估计算法的研究比较少。本文提出一种三星探测数据融合的弹道估计算法, 依托STK分析SBIRS对某一区域的三星以上覆盖能力, 使用当前统计(Current Statistic, CS[4]模型对导弹的运动进行建模,采用集中式融合结构和无迹卡尔曼滤波(Unscented Kalman Filter, UKF)[5]算法,综合利用两颗SBIRS-GEO卫星和1颗SBIRS-HEO卫星(以下分别简称$\mathrm{{GEO}}$$\mathrm{{HEO}}$)的探测数据对导弹运动状态进行实时估计。
根据文献[6], SBIRS包括5颗GEO卫星(其中1颗备用)和2颗HEO卫星: GEO卫星分别定点于东经${10}^{\circ }$、东经${69}^{\circ }$、东经${110}^{\circ }$、西经${37}^{\circ }$和西经${152}^{\circ }$, 主要对南北纬${60}^{\circ }$之间的区域进行监视预警;$\mathrm{{HEO}}$卫星轨道参数如表1所示, 重点监视北半球高纬度地区,能够对北纬${60}^{\circ }$以北地区进行全天时覆盖,双重覆盖占运行周期的70% 以上[7]
GEO卫星采用双探测器体制, 每颗卫星上均安装扫描型探测器和凝视型探测器。扫描型探测器采用一维线阵结构, 以推扫方式沿南北方向对全球进行往返扫描, 初步探测导弹发动机的尾焰, 而后将探测信息传递给凝视型探测器, 凝视型探测器用二维面阵将导弹的画面进行拉近放大, 对导弹目标实施跟踪。与GEO卫星不同, HEO卫星仅搭载1台宽视场扫描型探测器, 可以灵活地调节探测方向, 重点监视从北极地区发射的弹道导弹,工作模式却类似于$\mathrm{{GEO}}$卫星的凝视型探测器, 可以对北极地区或感兴趣的区域进行大面积搜索, 也可以对指定的小区域进行定点探测。
利用STK覆盖分析模块分析SBIRS的区域覆盖能力, 流程如图1所示。
历元时刻设为1 Jul 200712:00:00.000 UTCG, 仿真时长设为${24}\mathrm{\;h}$,目标区域4个边界点分别设为(北纬${15}^{\circ }$、东经${145}^{\circ }$)、(北纬${15}^{\circ }$、东经${185}^{\circ }$)、(北纬${20}^{\circ }$、东经${185}^{\circ }$)和(北纬${20}^{\circ }$、东经${145}^{\circ }$),区域面积为${1.445}\times {10}^{7}{\mathrm{\;{km}}}^{2}$。仿真计算得到SBIRS对目标区域三星以上覆盖的情况, 见图2(紫色部分为历元时刻覆盖情况)。
利用覆盖品质参数获取区域完全满足三星以上覆盖情况报告,如表2所示。从表2中可以看出,目标区域完全满足三星以上覆盖的总持续时间为${37637}\mathrm{\;s}$, 占仿真时长的43.56%。由于SBIRS对全球的覆盖具有周期性,仿真时长是$\mathrm{{HEO}}$卫星运行周期的2倍,说明SBIRS对所选区域进行三星以上完全覆盖的情形是比较常见的。
算法主要涉及导弹目标的运动建模、数据融合结构的选择、弹道估计滤波器设计3个方面的内容。数据融合主要有集中式、分布式和混合式3种结构, 本文采用集中式结构。导弹运动建模采用CS模型,用修正的瑞利分布来描述加速度的统计特性, 优点是概率分布会随着均值的变化进行改变, 方差由均值决定。弹道估计滤波算法采用UKF,用Sigma取样点来近似后验概率密度分布函数, 利用非线性的状态方程和探测方程, 可以获得精确到二阶的后验均值和协方差。
弹道估计滤波器使用的是等效位置探测数据, 因此, 探测数据融合的关键在于构建探测模型。三星探测的探测模型为${\mathbf{Z}}_{k + 1}\left({{A}_{1},{E}_{1},{A}_{2},{E}_{2},{A}_{3},{E}_{3}}\right)=$$\mathbf{h}\left({\mathbf{X}}_{k + 1}\right),\left({{A}_{n},{E}_{n}}\right)\left({n = 1,2,3}\right)$为第$n$颗卫星的角探测量,${\mathbf{X}}_{k + 1}$$k + 1$时刻目标状态矢量,为了简化表述, 以下公式均省略下标$k + 1$。假设导弹目标和第$n$颗卫星在ECEF坐标系中的位置矢量分别为${\left\lbrack \begin{array}{lll} x & y & z \end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}$${\left\lbrack \begin{array}{lll} x & y & z \end{array}\right\rbrack }_{{\mathrm{S}}_{n}}^{\mathrm{T}}$,则:
$\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{x}_{n}\\{y}_{n}\\{z}_{n}\end{array}\right\rbrack ={\mathbf{T}}_{\mathrm{{ECEF}}}^{{\mathrm{S}}_{n}\mathrm{O}}\left({\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} x \\ y \\ z \end{array}\right\rbrack -{\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} x \\ y \\ z \end{array}\right\rbrack }_{{\mathrm{S}}_{n}}}\right), n = 1,2,3 $
其中,${\left\lbrack \begin{array}{lll}{x}_{n}& {y}_{n}& {z}_{n}\end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}$为导弹目标在第$n$颗卫星轨道坐标系中的位置矢量;${\mathbf{T}}_{\mathrm{{ECEF}}}^{\mathrm{S},\mathrm{O}}$$\mathrm{{ECEF}}$坐标系到第$n$颗卫星轨道坐标系的转换矩阵。定义方位角$A$为目标位置矢量在${x}_{s}o{y}_{s}$平面内的投影与$o{y}_{s}$轴的夹角,俯仰角$E$为目标位置矢量与${x}_{s}o{y}_{s}$平面的夹角,则:
$\left\{{\begin{array}{l}{A}_{n}= \arctan \left(\frac{{x}_{n}}{{y}_{n}}\right)\\{E}_{n}= \arctan \left(\frac{{z}_{n}}{\sqrt{{x}_{n}^{2}+ {y}_{n}^{2}}}\right)\end{array}, n = 1,2,3}\right.$
式(1)和式(2)构成了第$n$颗卫星探测方程的解析表达式。
GEO卫星与HEO卫星探测方程不同的是转换矩阵${\mathbf{T}}_{\mathrm{{ECEF}}}^{{\mathrm{S}}_{n}\mathrm{O}}$。若卫星为$\mathrm{{GEO}}$卫星,则:
${\mathbf{T}}_{\mathrm{{ECEF}}}^{{\mathrm{S}}_{n}\mathrm{O}}= {R}_{3}\left( L\right)= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\cos L &\sin L & 0 \\- \sin L &\cos L & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
式中$L$$\mathrm{{GEO}}$卫星定位点经度。
若卫星为$\mathrm{{HEO}}$卫星,则:
${\mathbf{T}}_{\mathrm{{ECEF}}}^{{\mathrm{S}}_{n}\mathrm{O}}= {\mathbf{T}}_{\mathrm{{ECEF}}}^{\mathrm{{ECI}}}{\mathbf{T}}_{\mathrm{{ECI}}}^{{\mathrm{S}}_{n}\mathrm{O}}$
其中,
${\mathbf{T}}_{\mathrm{{ECI}}}^{{\mathrm{S}}_{n}\mathrm{O}}= {R}_{3}\left( u\right){R}_{1}\left( i\right){R}_{3}\left(\Omega \right)= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\cos u &\sin u & 0 \\- \sin u &\cos u & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{matrix}\right\rbrack .$
$\left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 &\cos i &\sin i \\ 0 &- \sin i &\cos i \end{matrix}\right\rbrack \cdot \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\cos \Omega &\sin \Omega & 0 \\- \sin \Omega &\cos \Omega & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{matrix}\right\rbrack \\{\mathbf{T}}_{\mathrm{{ECEF}}}^{\mathrm{{ECI}}}= {R}_{3}\left({-{S}_{\mathrm{G}}}\right)= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\cos \left({S}_{\mathrm{G}}\right)& -\sin \left({S}_{\mathrm{G}}\right)& 0 \\\sin \left({S}_{\mathrm{G}}\right)& \cos \left({S}_{\mathrm{G}}\right)& 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
式中$u$为卫星幅角;$i$为轨道倾角;$\Omega$为升交点赤经;${S}_{\mathrm{G}}$为格林尼治恒星时角。
算法流程如图3所示, 主要分为3个步骤:
a)利用双星探测数据求导弹初始状态估计${\widehat{\mathbf{X}}}_{3/3}$和初始状态协方差${\mathbf{P}}_{3/3}$,方法见文献[3];
b)由$k$时刻$\left({k \geq 3}\right)$状态估计${\widehat{\mathbf{X}}}_{k/k}$、状态估计协方差矩阵${\mathbf{P}}_{k/k}$$k + 1$时刻集中融合探测数据${\mathbf{Y}}_{k + 1}$,利用UKF求出$k + 1$时刻状态估计值${\widehat{\mathbf{X}}}_{k + 1/k + 1}$和状态估计协方差矩阵${\mathbf{P}}_{k + 1/k + 1}$;
c)若${\mathbf{Y}}_{k + 1}$不是最后一组探测数据,则转入第2步进行循环, 直到循环结束。
以某弹道导弹为例,发射点地理坐标为东经${160}^{\circ }$、北纬${30}^{\circ }$,高程为${40}\mathrm{\;m}$,发射方位角为${302.28}^{\circ }$,最大负攻角为${6.57}^{\circ }$,导弹主动段飞行弹道曲线如图4所示。
分别定点于东经${110}^{\circ }$、西经${152}^{\circ }$的两颗GEO卫星和HEO1卫星同时发现导弹目标。首次探测到导弹的时间为${20}\mathrm{\;s}$,最后探测到导弹的时间为${196}\mathrm{\;s}$, 探测间隔为$1\mathrm{\;s}$,视线测量误差为${50\mu }\mathrm{{rad}}{}$[8]。CS模型机动频率为${0.001}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$,在地心固联坐标系中描述, 导弹$x$轴、$y$轴、$z$轴方向加速度最大值均为${220}\mathrm{\;m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$
将本文提出的三星探测弹道估计算法与双星探测弹道估计算法蒙特卡洛仿真500次, 状态估计结果如图5~图6所示。图中实线描述的是三星估计算法的估计误差, 虚线描述的是双星估计算法的估计误差。
图5可知, 与双星估计算法相比, 三星估计算法位置估计均方根误差显著减小。分别从$x$方向、$y$方向和$z$方向上看,三星估计算法均方根误差分别为${140}\mathrm{\;m}\text{、}{90}\mathrm{\;m}$${145}\mathrm{\;m}$,双星估计算法均方根误差分别为${220}\mathrm{\;m}$${275}\mathrm{\;m}$${175}\mathrm{\;m}$,误差分别减小${36}\%$、 67% 和17%。由图6可知, 与双星估计算法相比, 三星估计算法速度估计均方根误差显著减小。分别从$x$方向、$y$方向和$z$方向上看,三星估计算法均方根误差分别为${46}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$${36}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$${47}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$,双星估计算法均方根误差分别为${64}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$${72}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$${55}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$,误差分别减小28%、50% 和15%。
本文提出一种三星探测数据融合的弹道估计算法, 基于STK分析SBIRS对某一区域的三星以上覆盖能力,使用$\mathrm{{CS}}$模型对导弹运动进行建模,采用集中式融合结构和UKF, 综合利用三颗卫星的探测数据进行弹道估计。试验结果表明, 与双星探测弹道估计误差相比,三星探测弹道估计误差显著减小, 能够为天基红外导弹预警系统建设提供一定的理论支持。
  • 国防科技重点实验室基金(9140-C-8603-01150-C-86372)
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240405
  • 接收时间:2020-04-02
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2024-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2020-04-02
  • 修回日期:2020-06-20
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国防科技重点实验室基金(9140-C-8603-01150-C-86372)
作者信息
    1战略支援部队信息工程大学,郑州,450001
    2中国人民解放军32682部队,济南,271000
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