Article(id=1148011768686834087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298830018954160, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240404, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1705248000000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-15, revisedDate=1713283200000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751636934682, onlineDateStr=2025-07-04, pubDate=1724515200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751636934682, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751636934682, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751636934682, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149298830018954160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2024', volume='47', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751943794016, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754895900149, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1161680860630569001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298830018954160, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1161680860630569002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298830018954160, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=25, endPage=28, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1148011768888160701, articleId=1148011768686834087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=Dynamic Response Analysis of Air Rudder Rotating Around an Axis, columnId=1154057568293999177, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Launch Vehicle and Missile, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This article focuses on the dynamic model of air rudder rotation around the rudder shaft, considering a dry friction model with rotational clearance and Stribeck effect, and establishing the forced vibration equation of air rudder rotation with clearance and dry friction. The average method is applied to analyze the amplitude frequency characteristics of the rotational direction. The influence of different friction torque coefficients and external excitation frequencies on the amplitude frequency response of axial vibration is studied. The results show that when the external excitation frequency changes, the amplitude frequency curve of the vibration around the axis exhibits hysteresis nonlinear characteristics of different softness and hardness. Multiple solution frequency bands appear in the frequency domain, and the frequency domain multiple solution frequency bands increase with the increase of the friction torque coefficient.

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针对空气舵绕舵轴转动动力学模型,考虑含转动间隙、Stribeck效应的干摩擦模型,建立含间隙、干摩擦空气舵转动受迫振动方程,应用平均法解析分析转动方向幅频特性,研究不同摩擦力矩系数及外激励频率对绕轴振动幅频响应的影响。结果表明:外激励频率变化时,绕轴振动幅频曲线呈现软硬不同的迟滞非线性特性,频域出现多解频带,且频域多解频带随摩擦力矩系数的增大而增大。

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隋鑫(1992—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为飞行器总体设计、技术创新管理。

马之馨(1993-),女,工程师,主要研究方向为智能算法。

刘博(1982—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为载荷与力学环境设计。

马志赛(1988—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为航空航天结构动力学研究。

王晓宇(1995—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为飞行器总体设计。

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隋鑫(1992—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为飞行器总体设计、技术创新管理。

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隋鑫(1992—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为飞行器总体设计、技术创新管理。

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刘博(1982—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为载荷与力学环境设计。

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刘博(1982—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为载荷与力学环境设计。

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马志赛(1988—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为航空航天结构动力学研究。

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王晓宇(1995—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为飞行器总体设计。

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王晓宇(1995—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为飞行器总体设计。

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$\alpha$—转动角位移;$O$—舵轴安装位置;${K}_{a}$—扭转弹簧刚度;${2b}$—舵的转动间隙量(角度);${C}_{\alpha }$—转动阻尼;${M}_{\mathrm{F}}$—摩擦力矩;$M\left( t\right)$—气动力矩(外激励)。

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空气舵绕轴转动动力学响应分析
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隋鑫 1 , 马之馨 1 , 刘博 1 , 马志赛 2 , 王晓宇 1
导弹与航天运载技术 | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2024,47(4): 25-28
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导弹与航天运载技术 | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2024, 47(4): 25-28
空气舵绕轴转动动力学响应分析
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隋鑫1, 马之馨1, 刘博1, 马志赛2, 王晓宇1
作者信息
  • 1中国运载火箭技术研究院,北京,100076
  • 2天津大学,天津,300350
  • 隋鑫(1992—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为飞行器总体设计、技术创新管理。

    马之馨(1993-),女,工程师,主要研究方向为智能算法。

    刘博(1982—),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为载荷与力学环境设计。

    马志赛(1988—),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为航空航天结构动力学研究。

    王晓宇(1995—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为飞行器总体设计。

Dynamic Response Analysis of Air Rudder Rotating Around an Axis
Xin SUI1, Zhixin MA1, Bo LIU1, Zhisai MA2, Xiaoyu WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology,Beijing,100076
  • 2Tianjin University,Tianjin,300350
出版时间: 2024-08-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240404
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针对空气舵绕舵轴转动动力学模型,考虑含转动间隙、Stribeck效应的干摩擦模型,建立含间隙、干摩擦空气舵转动受迫振动方程,应用平均法解析分析转动方向幅频特性,研究不同摩擦力矩系数及外激励频率对绕轴振动幅频响应的影响。结果表明:外激励频率变化时,绕轴振动幅频曲线呈现软硬不同的迟滞非线性特性,频域出现多解频带,且频域多解频带随摩擦力矩系数的增大而增大。

空气舵  /  非线性  /  摩擦力矩  /  迟滞  /  间隙

This article focuses on the dynamic model of air rudder rotation around the rudder shaft, considering a dry friction model with rotational clearance and Stribeck effect, and establishing the forced vibration equation of air rudder rotation with clearance and dry friction. The average method is applied to analyze the amplitude frequency characteristics of the rotational direction. The influence of different friction torque coefficients and external excitation frequencies on the amplitude frequency response of axial vibration is studied. The results show that when the external excitation frequency changes, the amplitude frequency curve of the vibration around the axis exhibits hysteresis nonlinear characteristics of different softness and hardness. Multiple solution frequency bands appear in the frequency domain, and the frequency domain multiple solution frequency bands increase with the increase of the friction torque coefficient.

air rudder  /  nonlinear dynamics  /  friction torque  /  hysteresis  /  clearance
隋鑫, 马之馨, 刘博, 马志赛, 王晓宇. 空气舵绕轴转动动力学响应分析. 导弹与航天运载技术, 2024 , 47 (4) : 25 -28 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240404
Xin SUI, Zhixin MA, Bo LIU, Zhisai MA, Xiaoyu WANG. Dynamic Response Analysis of Air Rudder Rotating Around an Axis[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2024 , 47 (4) : 25 -28 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240404
空气舵作为伺服系统的关键执行部件, 在非定常气动力的激励下,呈现明显的非线性特征[1]。工程上, 舵轴间隙和干摩擦等环节使得空气舵与连接舱段间的非线性特性更加明显,难以精确预示及表征。飞行器在全弹道剖面飞行中, 非定常气动载荷使得舵结构系统出现自激振动, 具有非线性、不确定性和时变性等复杂性[2]
现有研究中, 根据矩阵特征值随参数连续变化的特点提出了模态跟踪方法[3],建立舵系统颤振回路分析模型[4],仿真结果复现试验现象,证明了接触刚度和间隙对该伺服舵系统动力学特征的主导作用。然而, 气动力很难精确模拟, 在研究非定常气动力引起的舵结构自激振动时, 学者普遍应用活塞理论作为气动力进行拟合, 而舵结构系统动力学模型通常采用一维或二维非线性振动方程。文献[1]中采用地流活塞理论, 近似非定常气动力作用, 建立含间隙和干摩擦的舵结构系统动力学模型, 研究系统自激振动规律, 通过试验对比, 得出在一定速度条件下, 舵结构系统能够发生自激振动的结论。
非定常气动力引起的结构响应频率通常与舵结构的低阶固有频率相近。气动力频率变化将导致结构出现主共振响应[5],而影响规律亟待分析研究。文献[6]通过试验参数辨识, 拟合出强非线性幅频特性。本文据此分析外激励气动力频率变化对系统响应的影响, 定性研究不同气动力矩激振频率下的空气舵结构系统响应。
空气舵动力学方程中存在非线性项, 可采用摄动法求解。平均法作为典型的摄动解析算法, 适用于求解非线性振动微分方程的近似解, 得到幅频响应方程,从而对其特性进行分析[7]。应用平均法可以得到含间隙折叠舵面的主共振周期解[5],然而模型中未考虑干摩擦力矩的影响, 需要进一步分析探讨。
综上所述, 本文引入Stribeck效应的干摩擦模型, 表征舱段结构与空气舵轴存在相对偏转条件下的干摩擦动力学特性, 并考虑非光滑间隙模型的影响。建立含间隙、干摩擦的空气舵转动受迫振动方程, 应用平均法分析转动幅频特性, 研究摩擦力矩系数及外激励频率对转动特性的影响。
图1为空气舵转动特性动力学模型。
转动特性的非线性恢复力为
$ g\left(\alpha \right)= \left\{\begin{array}{ll}{K}_{\alpha }\alpha -\left({{K}_{\alpha 0}- {K}_{\alpha }}\right) b,& \alpha <- b \\{K}_{\alpha 0}\alpha ,& - b <\alpha < b \\{K}_{\alpha }\alpha -\left({{K}_{\alpha }- {K}_{\alpha 0}}\right) b,& \alpha > b \end{array}\right.$
式中$g\left(\alpha \right)$为非光滑函数,可采用$N$阶多项式$\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 0}}^{N}{P}_{i}{\alpha }^{i}$拟合;${k}_{\mathrm{{a0}}}$为接触刚度;${P}_{i}$为第$i$阶拟合系数,本文采用三阶函数拟合, 如图2所示。
摩擦力表征接触面间的切向作用, 与接触面特性有关。研究表明, 摩擦力依赖于接触面间的相对速度, 即存在临界滑动位移, 同时, 零相对速度附近摩擦力具有多值性。
库仑摩擦充分反映了摩擦力与正应力的关系, 静摩擦表征物体从静止到产生相对运动期间的摩擦作用, Stribeck效应即相对速度变化引起的负黏性阻尼效应, 是引起不稳定的因素。考虑三方面因素的摩擦力模型能够充分表征界面摩擦特性, 现已被广泛应用。
考虑静摩擦、库伦摩擦和Stribeck效应的非线性形式干摩擦力模型为
$ f ={M}_{\mathrm{f}}\left\lbrack {\operatorname{sgn}\left({\dot{\alpha }- v}\right)- {k}_{1}\left({\dot{\alpha }- v}\right)+ {k}_{3}{\left(\dot{\alpha }- v\right)}^{3}}\right\rbrack \\\operatorname{sgn}\left({\dot{\alpha }- v}\right)= \left\{\begin{matrix} 1,& \dot{\alpha }> v \\ 0,& \dot{\alpha }= v \\-1,& \dot{\alpha }< v \end{matrix}\right.$
式中${M}_{\mathrm{f}}$为最大静摩擦力矩值;${k}_{1},{k}_{3}$分别为相应阶次的摩擦因数,${k}_{1}= {1.5}\left({1 -{k}_{0}}\right)/{V}_{\mathrm{m}},{k}_{3}= {0.5}\left({1 -{k}_{0}}\right)/{V}_{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$,${V}_{\mathrm{m}}$为Stribeck速度;$v$为舵轴偏转角速度,即舵轴与舱段的相对偏转角速度; 摩擦力矩与相对速度${v}_{\mathrm{r}}$大小有关,${v}_{\mathrm{r}}= \dot{\alpha }- v,\dot{\alpha }$为舵俯仰角速度。Stribeck干摩擦模型充分考虑到舱段与舵轴的相对角速度偏移, 使得当俯仰角速度较小时, 摩擦力方向存在转变, 即黏滞- 滑移现象,该现象普遍存在于大型机械结构中[8]
该摩擦力模型中, 随着相对速度增加, 摩擦力先减小,达到Stribeck速度后,再增加,见图3
空气舵转动特性的弹性运动微分方程为
${I}_{\alpha }\ddot{\alpha }+ {C}_{\alpha }\left({\dot{\alpha }- v}\right)+ {M}_{\mathrm{f}}\left\lbrack {\operatorname{sgn}\left({\dot{\alpha }- v}\right)- {k}_{1}\left({\dot{\alpha }- v}\right)+ {k}_{3}{\left(\dot{\alpha }- v\right)}^{3}}\right\rbrack +\\ g\left(\alpha \right)= M\left({\Omega , t}\right)$
其中,$\Omega$为外激励频率;$M$为外激励幅值,$M\left({\Omega , t}\right)=$$M\cos {\Omega t}$
引入变量$\xi ={M}_{\psi }/\sqrt{{P}_{1}{I}_{a}}, t = T\sqrt{{P}_{1}/{I}_{a}}$,取坐标变换$\bar{\alpha }= \alpha -{\left(\alpha \right)}_{0}$,从而研究该系统的平衡点为${\left( U\right)}_{0}=$$\left\lbrack {{\left(\alpha \right)}_{0},{\left(\dot{\alpha }\right)}_{0}}\right\rbrack$处的动力学响应,并作$\alpha =\bar{\alpha }$变换,得到变换后的动力学方程为
$\ddot{\alpha }+ \varepsilon {\chi }_{1}\dot{\alpha }+ {\chi }_{2}\alpha +\varepsilon {\chi }_{3}{\alpha }^{2}+ \varepsilon {\chi }_{4}{\alpha }^{3}= \varepsilon {M}_{0}\cos {\Omega T}$
其中,${\chi }_{1}= {C}_{a}/\sqrt{{I}_{a}{P}_{1}}+ \xi \left({3{k}_{3}{v}^{2}- {k}_{1}}\right),\;{\chi }_{2}= {P}_{1}+ 3{\alpha }_{0}^{2}{P}_{3}+$$2{\alpha }_{0}{P}_{2}/{P}_{1},{\chi }_{3}= {P}_{2}+ 3{\alpha }_{0}{P}_{3}/{P}_{1},{\chi }_{4}= {P}_{3}/{P}_{1},{M}_{0}= M/{P}_{1}$。 式中$\varepsilon$是符号为正的小扰动参数;${P}_{1},{P}_{2},{P}_{3}$分别为非线性恢复力的一阶、二阶、三阶拟合系数;$T$为无量纲时间尺度。
传统的摄动方法包括多尺度法、平均法、三级数法等。其中, 平均法通过三角函数变换, 能够较清晰表征振幅和相位与未知参数间的关系, 并用周期平均值作变换, 其求解过程简单, 广泛适用于求解非线性系统的解析解。本文研究外激励幅值和频率对系统的影响, 因此通过平均法获取外激励和固有频率关系较为适宜。
采用平均法求解空气舵转动特性动力学方程(4)中的$\alpha$,取:
$\alpha = a\cos \left({{wT}+ \theta }\right)$
$\dot{\alpha }= -{aw}\sin \left({{wT}+ \theta }\right)- a\dot{\theta }\sin \left({{wT}+ \theta }\right)+ \dot{a}\cos \left({{wT}+ \theta }\right)$
$ a\dot{\theta }\sin \left({{wT}+ \theta }\right)- \dot{a}\cos \left({{wT}+ \theta }\right)= 0 $
从而得到:
$\ddot{\alpha }= - a{w}^{2}\cos \left({{wT}+ \theta }\right)- {aw}\dot{\theta }\cos \left({{wT}+ \theta }\right)- \dot{a}w\sin ({wT}+ \theta $
将式(5)$\sim$(8)代入方程(4),得到:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\dot{a}= \frac{\sin \varphi }{w}\left\lbrack {-a{w}^{2}\cos \varphi -{\chi }_{1}{aw}\sin \varphi +{\chi }_{2}a\cos \varphi +{\chi }_{3}{a}^{2}{\cos }^{2}\varphi +{\chi }_{4}{a}^{3}{\cos }^{3}\varphi -{M}_{0}\cos {\Omega T}}\right\rbrack \\\dot{\theta }= \dot{a}\cos \varphi /a\sin \varphi \end{array}\right.$
其中,$\varphi ={wT}+ \theta$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{\mathrm{d}a}{\mathrm{\;d}T}= \frac{1}{2\pi }{\int }_{0}^{2\pi }\dot{a}\mathrm{\;d}\varphi \\\frac{\mathrm{d}\theta }{\mathrm{d}T}= \frac{1}{2\pi }{\int }_{0}^{2\pi }\dot{\theta }\mathrm{d}\varphi \end{array}\right.$
$\varepsilon$为小量时,在周期${2\pi }$内将$\dot{a}$$\dot{\theta }$沿$0 \sim {2\pi }$积分, 再作平均, 即:
从而得到幅值和相位的导数,即:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{\mathrm{d}a}{\mathrm{\;d}T}= \frac{1}{4\pi }\left\{{\left({{\chi }_{2}- {w}^{2}}\right)+ \frac{3}{4}{a}^{2}{\chi }_{4}- \frac{{M}_{0}}{a}\left\lbrack {\frac{{2\Omega }\sin \frac{2\pi \Omega }{w}\cos \theta }{{\Omega }^{2}- {w}^{2}}+ \frac{{2w}\sin \theta \left({1 -\cos \frac{2\pi \Omega }{w}}\right)}{{\Omega }^{2}- {w}^{2}}}\right\rbrack }\right\}\\\frac{\mathrm{d}\theta }{\mathrm{d}T}= \frac{1}{4\pi }\frac{\left\lbrack \frac{{\chi }_{1}a\left({{\Omega }^{2}- {w}^{2}}\right)}{{M}_{0}}+ 2w\cos \theta \left(\cos \frac{2\pi \Omega }{w}-1\right)\right\rbrack }{{2\Omega }\sin \frac{2\pi \Omega }{w}}\end{array}\right.$
研究式(11)的定常解,选取频率比$\eta =\Omega /w$。当频率比取$\eta \in \left({{1.4},{1.5}}\right)$时,系统幅频曲线如图4所示,此时摩擦力矩系数$\xi ={1.2}$。结果表明,在该频率比区间内, 转动振动幅值随外激励频率增大而增大, 在$\eta \in \left({{1.47},{1.50}}\right)$范围内出现多解,呈现非线性特征,曲线存在滞后性,表征为硬特性;同时,该现象呈现周期性,在${0.5n}$($n$为正整数)倍频附近均出现同样现象,幅频曲线特征相同。
图4b所示,在频率比为$\eta ={0.5}$附近,出现幅频曲线滞后性,且多解频带带宽较$\eta ={1.5}$附近值减小; 经分析,随$n$值的增加,多解频带带宽呈现增加趋势。
取定频率比$\eta \in \left({{1.4},{1.5}}\right)$,改变摩擦力矩系数, 得到不同摩擦参数对转动振动的幅频曲线, 见图5。 随着摩擦力矩系数的增加, 多解频带带宽增加, 滞后特性更加显著。
当摩擦力矩系数$\xi ={1.8}$时,在频率比为$\eta \in \left({{1.5},{1.6}}\right)$范围内出现与图3相反的滞后特性,幅频曲线表征为软特性, 如图6所示。
本文研究空气舵转动特性振动模型, 应用平均法求解得到转动幅频响应曲线, 分析得到响应的非线性特性。结论如下:
a)在特定区间内,空气舵转动特性振动幅值随外激励频率增大而增大;
b)外激励频率变化时, 幅频曲线呈现非线性特性, 频域出现多解频带;
c)转动特性多解频带在${0.5n}$($n$为正整数)倍频激励时均存在,频带带宽随$n$值增加而增大;
d)频域多解频带随摩擦力矩系数的增大而增大, 且不同的摩擦力矩系数使得扭转幅频曲线在${0.5n}(n$为正整数)倍频附近出现强弱不同的非线性迟滞特性。
  • 国家自然科学基金(12272258)
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2024年第47卷第4期
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240404
  • 接收时间:2024-01-15
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2024-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-15
  • 修回日期:2024-04-17
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国家自然科学基金(12272258)
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    1中国运载火箭技术研究院,北京,100076
    2天津大学,天津,300350
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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