Article(id=1148011761229362000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298830018954160, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240403, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1681142400000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-11, revisedDate=1696780800000, revisedDateStr=2023-10-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751636932904, onlineDateStr=2025-07-04, pubDate=1724515200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751636932904, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751636932904, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751636932904, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149298830018954160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2024', volume='47', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751943794016, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754895900149, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1161680860630569001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298830018954160, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1161680860630569002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298830018954160, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=14, endPage=24, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1148011761439077221, articleId=1148011761229362000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=Development and Outlook of Structural Design and Connection Technology for Multi-satellite Stack, columnId=1154057568293999177, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Launch Vehicle and Missile, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The low orbit internet constellation represented by "Starlink" is a hot topic in the current development of the aerospace field. Multi-satellite stack technology can significantly improve the utilization rate of fairing space, thereby accelerating the construction speed of low orbit constellations, and is one of the important directions of future multi-satellite launching technology. This article analyzes the requirements and significance of multi-satellite stack technology, summarizes the existing connection forms of multi-satellite stack, and then points out the suitable connection forms for large-scale constellation construction through comparative analysis. The mature connection schemes of multi-satellite stack are interpreted, and the composition principle and technical characteristics of this technology are obtained. Finally, the difficulties and challenges in the stucture design and connection technology of multi-satellite stack are analyzed and prospects are proposed, providing reference for future multi-satellite stack structure design.

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以Starlink为代表的低轨互联网星座是当前航天领域发展的热点,堆叠式多星组合体技术可大幅提高整流罩空间利用率,从而加快低轨星座的建设速度,是未来一箭多星发射技术的重要方向之一。首先,通过分析堆叠式多星组合体技术的需求和意义,总结现有的堆叠式多星组合体的连接形式;然后,通过对比分析指出适合大规模星座建设的连接形式,针对目前应用成熟的堆叠式多星组合体连接方案进行解读,得出该技术的组成原理和技术特点;最后,对堆叠式多星组合体结构设计与连接技术的难点与挑战进行分析并提出展望,为未来堆叠式多星组合体结构设计提供参考。

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李元恒(1997—),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为运载火箭结构机构设计与力学分析。

范瑞祥(1965—),男,中国科学院院士,主要研究方向为运载火箭总体技术。

杨帆(1981—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为航天结构与机构设计。

张宏剑(1984-),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭机构设计。

吴会强(1977—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为弹箭体结构设计。

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李元恒(1997—),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为运载火箭结构机构设计与力学分析。

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李元恒(1997—),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为运载火箭结构机构设计与力学分析。

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范瑞祥(1965—),男,中国科学院院士,主要研究方向为运载火箭总体技术。

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范瑞祥(1965—),男,中国科学院院士,主要研究方向为运载火箭总体技术。

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杨帆(1981—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为航天结构与机构设计。

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杨帆(1981—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为航天结构与机构设计。

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张宏剑(1984-),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭机构设计。

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吴会强(1977—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为弹箭体结构设计。

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吴会强(1977—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为弹箭体结构设计。

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组合体
版本Starlink V1.5Starlink V2( F9-1)Starlink V2 (F9-2)Starlink V2 miniStarlink V2 (Starship)
状态已发射可能被淘汰可能被淘汰已发射准备发射
质量/kg3063038008002000
传输率/(Gbit·s ${}^{-1}$)15187060170
吞吐量$/\left({\mathrm{{Tbit}}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$0.91.11.11.38.5
单发数量6060162150
信息成本/[美元$\cdot {\left(\mathrm{{Mbit}}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}\right)}^{-1}$]534537359
), ArticleFig(id=1197273941254385883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011761229362000, language=CN, label=表1, caption=Starlink堆叠式多星组合体发展过程, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组合体
版本Starlink V1.5Starlink V2( F9-1)Starlink V2 (F9-2)Starlink V2 miniStarlink V2 (Starship)
状态已发射可能被淘汰可能被淘汰已发射准备发射
质量/kg3063038008002000
传输率/(Gbit·s ${}^{-1}$)15187060170
吞吐量$/\left({\mathrm{{Tbit}}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$0.91.11.11.38.5
单发数量6060162150
信息成本/[美元$\cdot {\left(\mathrm{{Mbit}}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}\right)}^{-1}$]534537359
), ArticleFig(id=1197273941858365660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011761229362000, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Comparison of connection form characteristics, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
连接形式机构可靠性连接刚度质量效率安全性能
连接杆点式较高较高
层间点式较高
层间线式较低较低较低
固定立柱式
), ArticleFig(id=1197273942336516317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011761229362000, language=CN, label=表2, caption=连接形式特点对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
连接形式机构可靠性连接刚度质量效率安全性能
连接杆点式较高较高
层间点式较高
层间线式较低较低较低
固定立柱式
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堆叠式多星组合体结构设计与连接技术发展及展望
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李元恒 1 , 范瑞祥 2 , 杨帆 1 , 张宏剑 1 , 吴会强 1
导弹与航天运载技术 | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2024,47(4): 14-24
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导弹与航天运载技术 | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2024, 47(4): 14-24
堆叠式多星组合体结构设计与连接技术发展及展望
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李元恒1, 范瑞祥2, 杨帆1, 张宏剑1, 吴会强1
作者信息
  • 1北京宇航系统工程研究所,北京,100076
  • 2中国运载火箭技术研究院,北京,100076
  • 李元恒(1997—),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为运载火箭结构机构设计与力学分析。

    范瑞祥(1965—),男,中国科学院院士,主要研究方向为运载火箭总体技术。

    杨帆(1981—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为航天结构与机构设计。

    张宏剑(1984-),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭机构设计。

    吴会强(1977—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为弹箭体结构设计。

Development and Outlook of Structural Design and Connection Technology for Multi-satellite Stack
Yuanheng LI1, Ruixiang FAN2, Fan YANG1, Hongjian ZHANG1, Huiqiang WU1
Affiliations
  • 1Beijing Institute of Astronautical System Engineering,Beijing,100076
  • 2China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology,Beijing,100076
出版时间: 2024-08-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240403
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以Starlink为代表的低轨互联网星座是当前航天领域发展的热点,堆叠式多星组合体技术可大幅提高整流罩空间利用率,从而加快低轨星座的建设速度,是未来一箭多星发射技术的重要方向之一。首先,通过分析堆叠式多星组合体技术的需求和意义,总结现有的堆叠式多星组合体的连接形式;然后,通过对比分析指出适合大规模星座建设的连接形式,针对目前应用成熟的堆叠式多星组合体连接方案进行解读,得出该技术的组成原理和技术特点;最后,对堆叠式多星组合体结构设计与连接技术的难点与挑战进行分析并提出展望,为未来堆叠式多星组合体结构设计提供参考。

堆叠式多星组合体  /  一箭多星  /  结构设计  /  连接技术

The low orbit internet constellation represented by "Starlink" is a hot topic in the current development of the aerospace field. Multi-satellite stack technology can significantly improve the utilization rate of fairing space, thereby accelerating the construction speed of low orbit constellations, and is one of the important directions of future multi-satellite launching technology. This article analyzes the requirements and significance of multi-satellite stack technology, summarizes the existing connection forms of multi-satellite stack, and then points out the suitable connection forms for large-scale constellation construction through comparative analysis. The mature connection schemes of multi-satellite stack are interpreted, and the composition principle and technical characteristics of this technology are obtained. Finally, the difficulties and challenges in the stucture design and connection technology of multi-satellite stack are analyzed and prospects are proposed, providing reference for future multi-satellite stack structure design.

multi-satellite stack  /  multi-satellite launching  /  structural design  /  connection technology
李元恒, 范瑞祥, 杨帆, 张宏剑, 吴会强. 堆叠式多星组合体结构设计与连接技术发展及展望. 导弹与航天运载技术, 2024 , 47 (4) : 14 -24 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240403
Yuanheng LI, Ruixiang FAN, Fan YANG, Hongjian ZHANG, Huiqiang WU. Development and Outlook of Structural Design and Connection Technology for Multi-satellite Stack[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2024 , 47 (4) : 14 -24 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240403
当前, 低轨道互联网星座建设在全球广泛开展, 对国家经济发展和国防安全具有重要意义, 成为航天领域和互联网领域的最新热点[1],更是商业航天竞争最为激烈的焦点。国外正在建设的有美国的Starlink星座,英国的OneWeb星座等;中国卫星互联网星座计划已被纳入新基建的七大重点领域, 并相继提出了鸿雁星座、GW星座等[2]。低轨互联网星座建设具有规模大、卫星数量多、卫星形状统一、可批量生产的特点[3]。运载火箭可重复使用和一箭多星高容积发射是实现大规模星座高效建设的两个重要手段[4-5]
以往的多星在整流罩内主要有串联、并联、串并联混合3种布局方式[6],如图1所示。串联布局每层截面上只布置1颗卫星, 每颗卫星通过适配器与运载火箭连接,如图1a的SPELTRA卫星适配器结构[7]; 并联布局在运载火箭截面上并排布置多颗卫星, 如图1b的Dnepr LV卫星适配器结构[8]; 串并联混合布局将串联和并联结合起来, 在单星构型和运载火箭包络允许的前提下,利用多星分配器,能够灵活实现三星以上的多星发射, 特别适合于运载火箭长整流罩的情况,如图1c的用于Iridium Next卫星发射的卫星适配器结构[9]
以上所述的传统的一箭多星布局方式, 都需要在卫星和运载火箭之间设置适配器, 而适配器要占据大量的空间和质量来满足发射的结构要求。图2a为用于OneWeb建设的串并联混合布局的一箭多星发射方案,图2b为中国某商业航天公司为星座建设提供的串并联混合布局发射方案, 该方案的中心承力筒使整流罩内的空间利用率大幅降低,导致发射服务成本过高, 同时发射组网周期也过长, 无法满足大规模卫星星座的构建速度。因此, 有必要针对面向大规模星座建设的一箭多星高容积发射技术展开研究攻关。美国SpaceX公司为实现Starlink星座的快速、高效建设, 使用堆叠式多星组合体技术进行最多一箭60星的发射,如图2c所示[10],得益于堆叠式布局容积利用率高, 除了搭载10颗Starlink卫星外, 还可为其他各种类型卫星提供拼车服务, 最终创下一箭143星的发射纪录, 是一箭多星技术发展的一项重大突破。堆叠式多星组合体是指在发射阶段, 多个平板卫星通过底部的支脚上下紧密接触连接, 并由连接机构压紧组合而成的整体;入轨后, 连接机构解锁, 施加在卫星上的预紧力被释放,从而使卫星与运载火箭分离。
然而, 堆叠式多星组合体由于其卫星之间连接层数量大, 非线性力学特性显著, 导致其结构动力学问题分析求解复杂, 从而使连接机构和卫星主承力结构设计存在困难。国内外关于该技术的研究除应用成熟的Starlink星座计划外鲜有报道。中国虽有很多研究机构开始关注这一技术, 但都只局限于设计方案层面, 而缺少对堆叠式多星组合体结构动力学的分析以及物理模型、数学模型的建立等科学机理问题研究[10-15]。因此对堆叠式多星组合体技术的研究,特别是其连接技术和结构动力学的分析尤为重要, 由此来掌握结构优化设计方案, 推动高容积卫星发射技术的前进。
堆叠式布局的多星组合方案是一种新发展的高容积一箭多星发射方案, 对大规模星座的建设以及星箭协同设计模式都会产生重要影响。掌握该技术可以加快中国卫星星座的部署速度, 提高卫星系统的应用效率, 充分利用运载火箭的可用空间和运载能力, 提高发射效率,降低卫星发射成本,可在科学、经济、国防、社会等方面产生诸多效益,推动中国航天技术的发展[16]
国内外面向大规模星座建设的一箭多星发射方式主要有中心承力筒式和堆叠式多星组合体式两种。中心承力筒式的方案采用圆柱形的中心承力筒作为星箭连接适配器, 单个卫星再通过连接机构连接到适配器上。以中国中型运载火箭采用中心承力筒式方案发射多星为例进行对比分析, 其整流罩包络直径为${3850}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,而中心承力筒适配器的直径为${1350}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$, 因此中心承力筒的空间占比达到了12.3%,加上卫星间的间隙更是占到了约35% 空间, 这极大地浪费了整流罩空间利用率,且中心承力筒质量接近${400}\mathrm{\;{kg}}$,一次可以发射的卫星数量有限, 无法满足卫星星座的构建速度。与传统的一箭多星布局方案不同, 堆叠式多星组合体式布局既降低了适配器的质量, 同时也可以充分利用运载火箭整流罩的可用空间, 通过合理设计突破一次发射的卫星数量限制, 提高发射效率,同时也使发射成本和信息应用成本显著降低。 中心承力筒式布局和堆叠式多星组合体式布局如图3所示。
堆叠式多星组合体技术中的平板卫星, 可根据卫星搭载的有效载荷摆放需求, 进行平行式布局或交叉式布局, 并可通过调整堆叠体列数以及连接杆位置来适应不同规模整流罩, 因此堆叠式多星组合体技术在提高整流罩空间利用率的同时, 还具有布局灵活的特点, 如图4所示。灵活的布局形式可以适应不同的运载火箭整流罩, 并只需要调整平板卫星支脚和连接杆的位置、数量即可组成新的星箭连接结构, 而不用进行新的连接适配器设计。因此, 堆叠式多星组合体的星箭连接结构, 由以往的每发任务需根据不同运载火箭整流罩包络、接口设计专门的适配器, 转变为模块化组装的通用形式。这种模块化组装的连接结构形式可实现平板卫星主承力结构、卫星支脚和连接杆装置的批量生产,进而缩短卫星发射的周期并降低卫星发射成本。
由于大规模低轨星座由上万颗小卫星组成, 如果仍利用传统的一箭多星发射方式, 则会导致星座建设周期过长, 不能满足其建设的需要。而堆叠式多星组合体技术由于充分利用整流罩空间,发射的卫星数量大幅增加,从而降低星座建设进程中的发射次数。另一方面, 由于堆叠式多星组合体技术中卫星的构型完全统一,可通过建立卫星生产线实现卫星批量生产, 从而大幅降低卫星的生产成本。基于堆叠式多星组合体以及可重复使用火箭技术, SpaceX平均每周发射一次Starlink卫星, 并在4年内完成4000多颗卫星的发射任务。为持续高效建设Starlink星座, SpaceX不断改进其运载火箭和堆叠式多星组合体技术, 使其性能不断提高, 从而星座建设和应用成本降低, 达到降本增效的目的。面向Starlink星座建设的堆叠式多星组合体技术版本迭代如表1所示。
从SpaceX的堆叠式多星组合体技术版本的发展规划中可以看出, 基于超重-星舰和猎鹰9运载火箭发射卫星后的效益相比, 基于超重-星舰发射的堆叠式多星组合体技术信息传输成本为9美元/$\left({\mathrm{{Mbit}}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$, 而基于猎鹰9则为53美元/$\left({\mathrm{{Mbit}}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$,降幅高达83%。因此利用堆叠式多星组合体技术进行大规模星座建设,并对该技术不断更新优化,可使信息传输成本显著降低。随着低轨遥感、通信小卫星星座任务需求的增长, 堆叠式的一箭多星高容积发射方案将成为未来星网建设中多星布局的重要发展方向。
传统的一箭多星结构设计流程如图5所示, 首先卫星方根据多星在运载火箭中的布局以及连接形式、 分配器的外形设计以及接口设计、多星的入轨分析进行发射构型的选定, 然后进行单星内的设备载荷布局和单星构型结构设计。运载方再根据卫星的构型以及接口形式, 设计其相应的多星分配器构型, 然后对多星组合体的动力学特性进行分析, 最后再和运载火箭模型联合进行耦合分析。传统的一箭多星结构设计由于卫星间不存在传力关系, 因此卫星方和运载方可以分别进行结构设计, 并根据力学分析结果不断迭代优化。但是由于星箭双方在初始阶段没有进行协同设计, 导致后期需要反复迭代, 使设计周期变长。
堆叠式多星组合体中的上下层卫星间相互传力, 卫星不只是作为运载火箭的有效载荷, 还需要搭载上层卫星。这种特点导致卫星、连接机构以及运载火箭之间的传力耦合紧密, 星箭双方之间的界限不再和之前一样明显,必须进行星箭协同结构设计。不同于以往的一箭多星的设计流程, 堆叠式多星组合体的结构设计首先由卫星和运载双方根据多星在运载火箭中的布局, 进行连接形式、连接机构以及承力接口的初步设计, 然后卫星方进行单星内的设备载荷布局。卫星主体承力和传力框架结构的优化设计由卫星和火箭研制双方联合论证、设计分析和仿真。运载方再根据卫星的构型以及接口形式, 设计其相应的星箭连接机构构型, 并对多星组合体的动力学特性进行分析, 最后再和运载火箭模型联合进行耦合分析。这种协同设计模式可以大幅提高星箭结构设计效率, 并可将其推广至其他形式的一箭多星或单星结构设计的流程中, 打破星箭双方之间的设计协调壁垒,以达到高效生产的目的。
卫星与运载火箭连接机构的连接形式主要有单点独立式、多点联动式、线式、箱式4种。单点独立式和多点联动式都是一种分布式的点式连接形式, 区别在于前者由多个连接锁同时解锁, 如螺栓组式连接, 而后者则为多个锁连接到同一个驱动机构上联动解锁, 如连杆锁钩式。线式连接形式是一种整体式连接机构,一般用于特定的分离面,如包带式连接机构是将卫星底面和卫星支架上端框整体连接起来。箱式连接机构采用蒙皮包裹承力柱组成的箱式结构进行多卫星的装填锁紧[17]
堆叠式多星组合体不同于以往的星箭连接形式, 以往的星箭连接形式是卫星底面与卫星支架接触后由连接机构将两者连接固定在一起。而堆叠式多星组合体由于多层竖直排列的特点, 需要卫星间以及卫星与运载火箭间通过连接机构逐层连接固定, 或通过连接机构在卫星组合体顶端将整体压紧固定。根据传统的星箭连接形式所派生出的适用于堆叠式多星组合体的连接形式如图6所示, 包括连接杆点式、层间点式、 层间线式以及固定立柱式4种。
在以上列出的4种连接机构形式中, 连接杆点式方案中的每个连接杆的一端由锁释装置进行约束, 另一端通过预紧装置与卫星点式连接施加预紧力,释放时连接杆解锁向外展开, 进而多个卫星可一次同步释放; 该连接形式所用的机构数量少、质量轻, 且位置灵活不受分离面的限制, 可靠性高。层间点式和层间线式方案类似, 是在每层卫星连接面之间分别进行连接, 前者利用螺栓等进行多点连接, 后者利用包带等进行线式连接; 层间点式、层间线式连接方案的连接刚度明显增大, 卫星组合体承载能力提高, 但由于连接机构数量过多, 增加了机构整体的质量, 同时也使可靠性降低, 不适合卫星数量极多的情况。固定立柱式连接形式和传统的箱式连接形式类似, 只是没有外层包裹的蒙皮, 该形式是将多层卫星压缩在与卫星支架固定的立柱之中, 利用顶端锁释装置将卫星组合体固定;该方案由于立柱的固定约束,承载能力高,适用于堆叠卫星层数较少的任务, 在卫星数量较多时, 会在释放过程中由于卫星的运动轨迹偏差以及立柱的制造偏差, 导致卫星与立柱发生碰撞卡死的现象发生。
以上堆叠式多星组合体的4种连接形式在国外, 尤其是SpaceX公司应用较为成熟, 但公开资料较少。SpaceX的Starlink星座建设采用连接杆点式的连接形式进行多星发射,如图7a所示[18]。除了在星座建设中的应用, 堆叠式多星组合体技术还应用于科学探测卫星、通信卫星等的大卫星发射中。根据公开资料判断, NASA MMS探测卫星星间采用多个锁钩式装置连接, 是层间点式的连接形式进行多星发射,如图7b所示; 根据公开资料判断, Pléiades Neo5/6地球遥感卫星上下两层星间采用包带连接, 采用层间线式的连接形式进行多星发射,如图7$\mathrm{c}$所示。哈尔滨工业大学Zhao等[19]也根据某卫星的发射需求, 设计了固定立柱式的连接形式进行多星发射, 如图7d所示。
考虑整流罩内卫星数量极多的情形下, 4种连接形式的特点对比如表2所示。
整流罩内卫星数量极多的情形下,综合对比考虑组合体机构动作可靠性、连接刚度、质量效率以及安全性等指标可以得出, 连接杆点式的堆叠式多星组合体连接形式更适合于体积小、数量极多的平板卫星高容积一箭多星发射, 这与大规模低轨星座建设的需求相契合;其他3种形式更适合于体积大、数量少的块状卫星堆叠发射。伴随着商业航天的兴起, 卫星生产制造逐渐向小型化、构型统一化、接口标准化、生产批量化的方向发展, 因此连接杆点式的堆叠式多星组合体技术将是未来一箭多星发射的一个重要方向, 接下来主要对连接杆点式的堆叠式多星组合体技术发展进行分析介绍。
下面根据现有研究, 对典型的应用成熟的Star-link V2 mini堆叠式多星组合体连接技术进行解读, 对结构组成、原理、功能及设计特点进行分析。
图8所示, Starlink V2 mini堆叠式多星组合体不再需要专门的卫星适配器, 而是将卫星承力、传力结构与星箭分离装置设计在一起, 星箭连接机构由连接杆及其预紧、锁释、推冲、限位装置组成, 形成星箭一体化连接承载。适应堆叠布局的平板卫星的质量约为${800}\mathrm{\;{kg}}$,主体外形近似为长约${4.1}\mathrm{\;m}$、宽约${2.7}\mathrm{\;m}$、 厚约${0.2}\mathrm{\;m}$的长方体。根据SpaceX公开的资料显示, 有两根电缆沿着连接杆接到其顶端, 据此判断卫星支座上应该存在电源, 作为动力源向卫星上层的预紧、 锁释装置供电。因此, 连接杆顶端的预紧锁释装置可解读为丝杠螺母传动机构, 电机和丝杠一端与连接杆顶端固定, 螺母与卫星接触压紧; 由电机带动丝杠旋转并使螺母沿导轨直线运动, 从而对连接杆进行锁释和施加预紧力。为实现连接杆解锁后的推冲和限位, 在连接杆下端设置销孔连接, 并在销轴座上设置扭簧以使连接杆解锁后向外旋转并限位。
通过以上分析, 可总结堆叠式多星组合体结构具有如下设计特点:
a)组成功能:连接机构由连接杆及其动作装置组成, 动作装置需设计锁释、预紧、推冲、限位等功能;
b)驱动能源:每个连接杆的锁释装置都是单独连接一个驱动能源, 驱动能源可以是非火工的电机、 形状记忆合金以及火工的爆炸螺栓等形式;
c)接触非线性:其星间、星箭传力耦合紧密, 连接面极多, 发射过程中力学环境复杂, 导致其结构动力学分析时会存在显著的接触非线性问题;
d)刚度匹配: 极多颗平板卫星通过支脚上下连接, 再由连接杆压紧, 导致整体刚度特性差; 因此, 如何在连接杆、卫星主承力结构以及卫星支脚间进行刚度匹配, 以使组合体刚度增强是结构设计要研究的关键问题。
堆叠式多星组合体技术作为新兴的一箭多星发射技术, 不同于以往的一箭多星发射方案, 该方案取消了运载火箭与卫星间的适配器连接, 而是采用星箭连接传力结构与卫星承力结构一体化设计的方案。因此, 这种多星布局方案形成了卫星间、卫星与运载火箭间接口多、传力形式复杂的特点, 导致堆叠式多星组合体存在很多技术难点及挑战。
堆叠式多星组合体所涉及的连接机构包括连接杆及其动作装置。连接杆是一种高刚度长杆, 既要实现可靠连接承载,又要实现可靠解锁分离。同时,为了使卫星在释放过程中不与连接杆发生碰撞干涉以进行星箭可靠分离, 还需保证连接杆释放瞬间的冲击力较小, 多杆同步释放等条件。因此, 在复杂力学环境中对实现这些功能的连接杆动作装置, 需要结合合理构型、传力、运动学分析、驱动能源、释放同步性等方面进行可靠性设计[20-22],存在困难。目前,完成连接杆设计并成熟应用的方案只有前文所述的Starlink V2 mini多星方案,以及其上一版本Starlink V1.5多星方案。其中, V1.5与V2 mini版本的不同之处在于前者连接杆下端没有固定约束, 旋转到位后即与运载火箭分离,导致该机构容易与卫星发生干涉,也会成为太空垃圾。
连接杆动作装置包括锁释装置、预紧装置、推冲装置以及限位装置。在卫星入轨前, 需要锁释装置提供合理的锁紧力对连接杆一端进行限位固定, 同时连接杆还需要预紧装置提供预紧力;入轨后,推冲装置将连接杆分开并与卫星分离, 限位装置使连接杆在分离后固留在运载火箭上。因此, 连接杆和卫星以及运载火箭间连接运动副较多, 需要对其进行构型综合分析。堆叠式多星组合体中, 锁释装置对连接杆既需要在入轨前可靠锁紧,又需要在入轨后可靠释放,因此其对连接杆的承载性能具有重要作用, 需要重点进行合理的传力机构设计。对锁释装置传力机构构型进行设计, 要考虑预紧力、工作空间、承载性能等约束条件, 先对锁释装置传力机构进行形式确定及拓扑优化分析, 然后合理设计其构型。在完成锁释装置传力机构构型初步设计后, 根据机构原理对其进行传力分析, 并结合运载火箭初始载荷条件确定的预紧力, 来计算出所需动力源驱动力的大小; 进行锁释装置传力机构的运动学分析, 确定锁释装置解锁到连接杆展开到位的动作时间。最后,对连接机构进行动作仿真分析来验证其传力性能。在后续的连接机构零部件设计中, 根据高刚度、高承载、低质量要求来选用合适的连接杆材料; 卫星支脚和连接杆的制造、装配精度应满足几何公差的要求, 避免因堆叠层数过多导致的误差累计。拟采取的技术途径如图9所示。
以往的串联多星发射方案虽是上下串联两层, 但上层通过适配器连接到卫星支架上, 上下两层卫星间不存在接触问题, 因此这种串联多星连接实际为 “上下并联传力” 布局方式, 卫星之间不存在相互传力影响。另一方面, 传统的星箭连接多使用包带机构, 刚度较强, 动力学建模多将其星箭连接面等效为刚性连接处理,不考虑其非线性接触问题。而堆叠式多星组合体相邻两层卫星间的支脚相互接触, 动力学特性相互耦合影响紧密, 存在显著的多连接面的接触非线性力学特性, 其结构动力学建模求解问题不能用传统的航天器线性建模理论进行求解。
对于该连接形式的连接体, 可以将其等效为普通长螺栓连接多层平板的法兰连接结构问题。连接杆在受到外载荷后的预紧力会发生变化, 同时多层平板卫星的连接面由于接触摩擦等现象而存在非线性动力学问题。在轴向力作用下, 连接结构会出现拉压刚度不同的现象,横向力可以使截面产生摩擦力从而引入阻尼系数, 同时横向力产生的弯矩使连接体横向变形, 而其受拉侧和受压侧连接面状态不同, 导致两侧刚度存在差异。对于该问题的研究, 栾宇等[23]通过螺栓法兰结构的静力试验得出, 该结构具有拉压刚度不同的特性, 并发现横向载荷同样会对轴向变形造成影响, 为了表征连接面的该特点, 建立了由两个双线性弹簧组成的模型。Lu等[24]在栾宇的基础上,考虑连接面横向位移作用, 基于静力学试验建立了含剪力销的螺栓法兰连接结构的三自由度质量-双线性弹簧系统, 重点研究该系统在剪力下的动力学特性。Jamia等[25]将法兰连接面的法向刚度等效为线性弹簧,切向刚度等效为两个线性加一个非线性段弹簧, 并建立了多个Jenkin模型来简化等效, 通过参数辨识确定了弹簧和临界力参数。Souza等[26-28]利用仿真和试验分析相结合的方法, 对多层集装箱堆叠体物理模型进行了动态响应分析, 并探究了驱动激励振幅及频率、有效载荷、连接面之间的间隙尺寸对响应的影响。李春通[29]将集装箱之间的连接面等效成非线性弹簧,基于有限元及试验方法, 探究了11层集装箱堆叠体的动力学响应问题。
借鉴以往的分析方法并结合堆叠式多星组合体的特点, 首先研究连接面在轴向力、横向力作用下的刚度、阻尼等非线性力学参数的特点以及和预紧力、外激励等因素之间的关系。通过试验辨识求取其在横向力和轴向力作用下每层连接面的力学参数, 并根据辨识得到的力学参数建立连接体的动力学模型; 然后, 探究卫星刚度、质量、预紧力、激励大小对动力学模型响应求解结果的影响, 以得出可使组合体进行等效线性化建模的预紧力、卫星质量特性等条件, 完成考虑连接面非线性影响的连接体建模; 最后, 基于建立的模型进行模态分析、频率响应分析、随机响应分析等求解, 并与试验结果对比, 以验证建模方法的合理性, 并对所建模型进行修正。拟采取的技术途径如图10所示。
以往的航天器结构优化设计多针对单体结构进行, 而不考虑连接面接触的非线性力学特性, 此外, 以往将航天器承力结构与其连接机构分开设计, 而没有考虑其协同优化问题。因此之前较少同时考虑连接体结构和承载结构的优化设计, 而堆叠式多星组合体由连接杆连接多层平板卫星组成, 相邻层卫星之间相互传力共同组成承力结构,不能将星箭结构分开设计。若连接杆刚度设计过大, 会因卫星承力结构受力变形以及装配、制造误差的影响,导致连接面产生间隙进而不能可靠压紧;若连接杆刚度设计过小, 会使组合体的基频降低。因此, 以优化组合体动力学特性为目标的结构协同设计存在困难。对于该问题的研究, Hou等[30]针对一种典型紧固件连接结构, 以钉载和材料用量作为主要考虑的设计指标约束, 以结构刚度最大化为优化目标, 优化设计完成一种合理的承力结构。Rakotondrainibe等[31]介绍了一种新的结构组件耦合拓扑优化方法, 考虑由螺栓连接的多个零件, 同时优化每个零件的形状和拓扑结构。Chen等[32]对卫星结构中的空间框架进行优化设计, 以卫星质量最小为优化目标, 以结构一阶频率、强度和体积等条件为约束进行结构优化。Yang等[33]对某卫星进行结构优化设计研究,将卫星系统的基频和频率响应作为主要优化目标, 并满足运载火箭对卫星系统固有频率的约束, 基于NSGA-II遗传算法的多目标优化, 在质量约束的前提下获得良好的动力学特性。
由于平板卫星主承力结构、卫星支脚以及连接杆之间的力学性能耦合紧密, 因此需要对其进行联合优化设计, 来使多星组合体力学性能最优。根据动特性求取的组合体模态阵型以及动力学响应截面载荷特点, 将连接杆划分为几段分别设计其截面形状、几何尺寸和材料参数。因此建立的优化模型的目标函数为组合整体的一阶基频和设计参数之间的函数关系, 并优化其最大。设计变量为平板卫星支脚数量及形式、 平板卫星主承力结构及连接杆的几何材料参数、截面形状以及连接杆预紧力的大小等。最后的约束条件主要有质量存在上限、包络存在上限、关键点动力学响应应力存在上限、预紧力在能使组合体等效线性建模的范围内等。结构的优化设计过程存在大量的设计变量, 为了提高优化迭代的效率, 需要进行多星组合体一阶基频和变量之间的灵敏度分析, 来得到对组合体基频影响权重大的优化变量, 为优化迭代做准备。然后利用有限元技术及合适的优化算法对整体进行优化, 并对比不同优化算法的精度及迭代效率。拟采取的技术途径如图11所示。
堆叠式多星组合体技术可以加快中国大规模卫星星座的部署速度, 提高卫星系统的应用性能, 充分利用运载火箭的可用空间和运载能力, 提高发射效率, 降低卫星发射成本, 推动中国航天技术的发展。本文通过总结对比已有的连接技术方案, 得出适合大规模星座建设的连接杆点式堆叠式多星组合体形式。针对Starlink V2 mini等多款堆叠式多星组合体连接方案进行解读, 得出该结构方案中平板卫星构型特点以及连接机构的组成原理, 并总结了实现该技术要满足的功能和技术特点。堆叠式多星组合体由于连接面极多, 导致在考虑高刚度、高可靠性要求的连接杆动作装置设计, 考虑连接面强非线性影响的结构动力学建模, 卫星主承力结构和连接机构协同优化设计等方面存在技术难点。通过结构设计和连接技术研究, 可加快掌握该技术的结构设计核心要素, 并应用于大规模星座建设中。
  • 民用航天“十四五”技术预先研究项目(D030310)
  • 中国科协学科发展项目(2019XKFZ02)
  • 中国科协青年人才托举工程(2016QNRC001-YESS20160107)
  • 中国科协优秀中外青年交流计划(2019293)
  • 国家自然科学基金(11402033)
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2024年第47卷第4期
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240403
  • 接收时间:2023-04-11
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2024-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-11
  • 修回日期:2023-10-09
基金
民用航天“十四五”技术预先研究项目(D030310)
中国科协学科发展项目(2019XKFZ02)
中国科协青年人才托举工程(2016QNRC001-YESS20160107)
中国科协优秀中外青年交流计划(2019293)
国家自然科学基金(11402033)
作者信息
    1北京宇航系统工程研究所,北京,100076
    2中国运载火箭技术研究院,北京,100076
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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