Article(id=1148011782800667104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298830442578865, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240310, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1645891200000, receivedDateStr=2022-02-27, revisedDate=1700496000000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751636938047, onlineDateStr=2025-07-04, pubDate=1719244800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751655088441, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=1751636938047, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=2025-07-04, onlineFirstDate=1751940416642, onlineFirstDateStr=2025-07-08, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751636938047, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751636938047, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149298830442578865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2024', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751943794116, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754895897628, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1161680850048344508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298830442578865, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1161680850048344509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298830442578865, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=65, endPage=92, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1148011783006188019, articleId=1148011782800667104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=The Technology Study on Side Tumbling Energy Absorption System of Railway Transportation for Solid Rocket Launch Vehicles, columnId=1154067058611446771, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Launch Support, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The safety of solid rocket launch vehicles under the abnormal side tumbling condition in the process of railway transportation is studied. Based on investigation and analysis of various vibration absorption schemes, the technical scheme of energy absorption system with the combination of cushion airbag and honeycomb is put forward. The side-rolling simulation analysis is carried out using Hypermesh and LS-DYNA software. The results show that the acceleration of the rocket's side-rolling down decreases from 27g to 8.91g, and the contact collision force between the launcher and the carriage decreases from 382.59kN to non-contact by using the above technical scheme. Meanwhile, it can obviously improve the safety of solid rocket launch vehicles under abnormal conditions such as railway transport rollover. Finally, it provides important guidance for the design of special solid rocket launch vehicles.

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对固体运载火箭在铁路运输过程中出现侧翻异常工况下的安全性进行研究,在调研、分析多种减振吸能方案的基础上,提出了缓冲气囊和蜂窝金属组合的侧翻吸能系统技术方案。采用Hypermesh和LS-DYNA软件进行侧翻仿真计算,结果表明:该方案可将火箭侧翻跌落的加速度由27g 降为8.91g,发射筒与车厢的接触碰撞力由382.59kN降为无接触,可明显提高固体运载火箭在铁路运输侧翻等异常工况下的生存能力,为后续固体运载火箭专用铁路车的设计提供重要指导。

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邵健帅(1988—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为宇航发射系统。

姚曙光(1970–),女,博士,教授,主要研究方向为列车撞击动力学。

梁平路(1969—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为导弹发射装备。

孔令香(1986-),女,主要研究方向为列车撞击动力学。

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序号名称参数
1车辆最大长度/mm26000
2车辆最大宽度/mm3100
3车辆最大高度/mm4700
4车厢厢内尺寸/mm×mm×mm${25100}\times {2680}\times {3647}$
5满载质量/t120
6筒箭组合体质量/t65
), ArticleFig(id=1197273527280775719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011782800667104, language=CN, label=表1, caption=特种铁路车性能参数汇总, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号名称参数
1车辆最大长度/mm26000
2车辆最大宽度/mm3100
3车辆最大高度/mm4700
4车厢厢内尺寸/mm×mm×mm${25100}\times {2680}\times {3647}$
5满载质量/t120
6筒箭组合体质量/t65
), ArticleFig(id=1197273527788286504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011782800667104, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=The bearing area of the honeycomb metal structure, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号厚度/ mm屈服区变形量/ mm屈服应力/MPa每平方米的吸能/ kJ整车的冲击能量/ kJ需要材料接触面积/${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$
1150752.5187.516008.5
22001002.525016006.4
32501252.5312.516005.1
43001502.537516004.3
53501752.5437.516003.7
64002002.550016003.2
74502252.5562.516002.8
85002502.562516002.6
), ArticleFig(id=1197273528148996649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011782800667104, language=CN, label=表2, caption=蜂窝金属结构承载面积, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号厚度/ mm屈服区变形量/ mm屈服应力/MPa每平方米的吸能/ kJ整车的冲击能量/ kJ需要材料接触面积/${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$
1150752.5187.516008.5
22001002.525016006.4
32501252.5312.516005.1
43001502.537516004.3
53501752.5437.516003.7
64002002.550016003.2
74502252.5562.516002.8
85002502.562516002.6
), ArticleFig(id=1197273529470202410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011782800667104, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=The number of elements in the finite element model of the vehicle, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
节点总数单元总数壳单元实体单元
261450124596651550723903562
), ArticleFig(id=1197273530099348011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011782800667104, language=CN, label=表3, caption=车辆有限元模型单元数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
节点总数单元总数壳单元实体单元
261450124596651550723903562
), ArticleFig(id=1197273530602664492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011782800667104, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=Material parameters of high strength weathering steel, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
密度$/\left({\mathrm{t}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}}\right)$7.85
抗拉模量/GPa210
泊松比0.3
屈服极限/MPa450
强度极限/MPa550
), ArticleFig(id=1197273530980151853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011782800667104, language=CN, label=表4, caption=高强度耐候钢的材料参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
密度$/\left({\mathrm{t}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}}\right)$7.85
抗拉模量/GPa210
泊松比0.3
屈服极限/MPa450
强度极限/MPa550
), ArticleFig(id=1197273531059843630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011782800667104, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=Energy distribution, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称能量/kJ占总能量的比例/%
总能量1575.8-
动能98.56.3
内能1424.4390.3
沙漏能52.913.4
), ArticleFig(id=1197273531269558831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011782800667104, language=CN, label=表5, caption=能量分布情况, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称能量/kJ占总能量的比例/%
总能量1575.8-
动能98.56.3
内能1424.4390.3
沙漏能52.913.4
), ArticleFig(id=1197273531638657584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011782800667104, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=Energy distribution, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称能量/kJ占总能量的比例/%
总能量1602.58-
动能101.746.3
内能1437.389.7
沙漏能63.544.0
), ArticleFig(id=1197273532280386097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011782800667104, language=CN, label=表6, caption=能量分布情况, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称能量/kJ占总能量的比例/%
总能量1602.58-
动能101.746.3
内能1437.389.7
沙漏能63.544.0
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固体运载火箭铁路运输侧翻吸能系统技术研究
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邵健帅 1 , 姚曙光 2 , 梁平路 3 , 孔令香 2
导弹与航天运载技术 | 发射技术 2024,47(3): 65-92
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导弹与航天运载技术 | 发射技术 2024, 47(3): 65-92
固体运载火箭铁路运输侧翻吸能系统技术研究
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邵健帅1, 姚曙光2, 梁平路3, 孔令香2
作者信息
  • 1北京航天发射技术研究所,北京,100076
  • 2中南大学交通运输工程学院,长沙,410075
  • 3中国人民解放军96921部队,北京,100015
  • 邵健帅(1988—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为宇航发射系统。

    姚曙光(1970–),女,博士,教授,主要研究方向为列车撞击动力学。

    梁平路(1969—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为导弹发射装备。

    孔令香(1986-),女,主要研究方向为列车撞击动力学。

The Technology Study on Side Tumbling Energy Absorption System of Railway Transportation for Solid Rocket Launch Vehicles
Jianshuai SHAO1, Shuguang YAO2, Pinglu LIANG3, Lingxiang KONG2
Affiliations
  • 1Beijing Institute of Space Launch Technology,Beijing,100076
  • 2College of Traffic & Transportation Engineering,Central South University,Changsha,410075
  • 3The 96921 Army of the People's Liberation Army,Beijing,100015
出版时间: 2024-06-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240310
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对固体运载火箭在铁路运输过程中出现侧翻异常工况下的安全性进行研究,在调研、分析多种减振吸能方案的基础上,提出了缓冲气囊和蜂窝金属组合的侧翻吸能系统技术方案。采用Hypermesh和LS-DYNA软件进行侧翻仿真计算,结果表明:该方案可将火箭侧翻跌落的加速度由27g 降为8.91g,发射筒与车厢的接触碰撞力由382.59kN降为无接触,可明显提高固体运载火箭在铁路运输侧翻等异常工况下的生存能力,为后续固体运载火箭专用铁路车的设计提供重要指导。

固体运载火箭  /  侧翻过程  /  减振吸能系统  /  仿真分析  /  碰撞

The safety of solid rocket launch vehicles under the abnormal side tumbling condition in the process of railway transportation is studied. Based on investigation and analysis of various vibration absorption schemes, the technical scheme of energy absorption system with the combination of cushion airbag and honeycomb is put forward. The side-rolling simulation analysis is carried out using Hypermesh and LS-DYNA software. The results show that the acceleration of the rocket's side-rolling down decreases from 27g to 8.91g, and the contact collision force between the launcher and the carriage decreases from 382.59kN to non-contact by using the above technical scheme. Meanwhile, it can obviously improve the safety of solid rocket launch vehicles under abnormal conditions such as railway transport rollover. Finally, it provides important guidance for the design of special solid rocket launch vehicles.

solid launch vehicle  /  side tumbling process  /  vibration absorption system  /  simulation analysis  /  collision
邵健帅, 姚曙光, 梁平路, 孔令香. 固体运载火箭铁路运输侧翻吸能系统技术研究. 导弹与航天运载技术, 2024 , 47 (3) : 65 -92 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240310
Jianshuai SHAO, Shuguang YAO, Pinglu LIANG, Lingxiang KONG. The Technology Study on Side Tumbling Energy Absorption System of Railway Transportation for Solid Rocket Launch Vehicles[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2024 , 47 (3) : 65 -92 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240310
固体运载火箭采用固态燃料作为推进剂, 固态燃料在燃烧室中燃烧产生高温、高压燃气, 经喷管膨胀加速后以极高的速度从喷管排出, 从而推动火箭向前飞行。固体运载火箭具有可机动发射、发射操作简单、发射速度快的特点, 而且固态燃料稳定可靠, 可长期储存[1]
近年来, 以长征十一号、快舟一号和捷龙为代表的固体运载火箭技术逐步成熟, 可靠性越来越高, 因此承担了越来越多的发射任务[2]。固体运载火箭一般通过特种铁路车从总装厂运输至发射基地。随着铁路列车运行间隔时间越来越短, 列车运行速度越来越高, 火箭铁路运输安全性成为不容忽视的问题。满载固体火箭的铁路车在承受敌方武器打击、其他铁道车辆侧向撞击、横向大风侧吹、列车追尾等情况下,可能会出现侧翻事故。为保护发射筒内的火箭不被侵入, 可在车厢内设置缓冲吸能系统, 确保铁路列车在车辆侧翻、车体变形时, 发射筒及火箭不会被挤压、损坏。
以某型号固体运载火箭为例进行铁路车侧翻吸能系统技术研究。某型固体火箭箭体长度约为${20}\mathrm{\;m}$,直径约为$2\mathrm{\;m}$,总质量约为${50}\mathrm{t}$。发射筒外形直径尺寸约为${2.4}\mathrm{\;m}$,长度约为${20}\mathrm{\;m}$,满载质量约为${65}\mathrm{t}$。发射筒底部通过两根销轴与车架实现刚性连接, 前托座为发射筒提供刚性支撑和锁筒装置。发射筒在车厢内的布置见图1
该特种铁路车采用四轴转向架, 主要组成部分为车架和车厢。车厢采用高强度耐候钢焊接而成, 骨架采用${30}\mathrm{\;b}$型工字钢对接焊后冷弯得到,并在局部增加筋板, 外表面铆有蒙皮。车架主要由纵梁、横梁和辅助小横梁等组成。特种铁路车的基本参数如表1所示。
特种铁路车侧翻情况下,为避免车厢变形挤压发射筒从而破坏火箭, 在车厢内、发射筒外部周边设置侧翻吸能系统, 该系统应满足以下要求:
a)具有足够的承载能力,避免车厢与发射筒产生碰撞接触;
b)由于车厢内已布置了大量测试设备, 空间有限,该系统应分散安装;
c)在特种铁路车出现侧翻时, 该系统能快速响应, 可靠性高;
d)在车厢出现变形时,该系统能起到缓解车厢挤压力的作用;
e)该系统不影响发射筒吊装装车;
f)该系统在完成侧翻吸能后,应方便拆除,自身不对发射筒造成次生伤害。
结合特种铁路车侧翻吸能系统应具备的特点, 下文对3种可能的侧翻吸能系统方案进行论证分析。
蜂窝金属结构在吸能领域, 尤其在高铁和地铁中有普遍应用[3-4],见图2。当动车组正面撞击时,车前端的蜂窝金属结构会发生变形吸能, 减少对驾驶室中人员和设备的伤害。
在正常工况下, 蜂窝金属结构与发射筒之间不接触, 并存在着一定的间隙, 此时蜂窝金属结构不起吸能作用;当发生侧翻时,蜂窝金属结构与发射筒接触, 蜂窝金属结构会比发射筒先出现变形并吸收能量。
该方案有吸能效果明显、技术成熟度高、可靠性高的优点; 最大的缺点是蜂窝金属结构占用太多的车厢内部空间, 而少量的蜂窝金属结构承受较少的载荷即被压溃,起不到应有的吸能作用。
气囊吸能系统在航天领域有诸多应用, 如2003年美国发射的火星探测器猎兔犬2号和勇气号都采用了缓冲气囊实现探测器的平稳着陆;美国民兵导弹曾采用气囊作为减震方案, 在导弹的上、下、左、右安装气囊来减震,见图3。气囊有反应速度快、缓冲效果好的优点。当发生碰撞时, 气囊内化学气体迅速反应使气囊充气展开,从而能有效缓和冲击[5]
该方案最大的优点是气囊可任意布置在车厢内部的承载骨架、发射筒凸起区域和其他需要保护的区域。 在铁路车未侧翻时, 气囊收缩在车厢内壁上, 占用较少的空间,同时不阻碍发射筒的吊装等;当铁路车出现猛烈撞击时,气囊快速充气,填充在发射筒和车厢之间, 起到避免发射筒和车厢直接碰撞接触的作用。
缓冲气囊具有质量轻、可折叠、缓冲性能优越、 触发速度快等优点; 蜂窝金属具有良好的压缩性能、 高屈服强度、良好的抗冲击和吸能性能。两者相结合的侧翻吸能方案能更好地满足车辆异常侧翻工况时对发射筒的保护需求。
蜂窝金属和气囊采用串、并联的形式进行组合安装, 方案原理见图4。蜂窝金属结构安装在车厢骨架外侧, 分块安装, 不同区域的厚度不同。当车辆出现侧翻时, 蜂窝II作为侧翻吸能的第1阶段, 首先缓和车厢与地面之间接触力的峰值, 避免大的接触力直接压溃气囊, 同时蜂窝II吸收掉一部分侧翻能量, 将不超过其屈服应力的冲击转递给第2个阶段的气囊, 当气囊被压缩到与蜂窝I高度一致时, 气囊将与蜂窝金属同时承载。气囊和蜂窝I起到隔绝发射筒与车厢内壁、吸收剩余侧翻能量的作用, 车体钢骨架起到了均载地面冲击力的作用。
根据发射筒的长度和车厢承载骨架的分布位置, 复合侧翻吸能系统沿车长方向共布置9组,全部位于发射筒对应的区域。在车厢内骨架处分3处安装气囊,主要分布在左、右侧墙和顶盖上,见图5~6。3处气囊的大小、形状和承载能力可根据不同安装位置分别设置, 遵循车厢中间区域气囊布置密度大、单个气囊承载能力强的原则进行设计。
气囊单元主要由气囊囊体、化学爆炸物质、气体触发装置、控制系统等组成。气囊单元由加速度传感器感应铁路车的冲击加速度, 由倾角传感器检测铁路车绕纵轴的倾斜角度。当冲击加速度或倾角角度到达边界值时, 由中央处理器发出点爆气囊的指令, 通过点爆多个单元的气囊来达到缓冲吸能作用。充满气囊的时间不超过${0.05}{\mathrm{\;s}}$[6]。同时气囊设有安全阀,当充气过量或囊内气压超过一定值时会自动泄放部分气体。经计算,1个${90}\mathrm{\;L}$的气囊可吸收${1000}\mathrm{\;{kJ}}$的能量。
通过传感器识别铁路车前、后、左、右的碰撞并判断碰撞强度和车辆侧翻角度, 当碰撞强度或侧翻角度达到设定值时, 发出点火指令点爆气囊, 并发出碰撞输出信号,使系统进入急停状态。
控制器可通过CAN总线和硬线两种方式发出碰撞输出信号, 硬线PWM信号格式见图7
蜂窝单元具有高比强度、良好的抗冲击性能、阻燃、无毒等特性。蜂窝金属结构通过螺栓连接的方式进行安装。
以某品牌蜂窝金属结构为例,屈服区宽度$\left({{\varepsilon }_{0}- {\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{y}}}\right)$约为0.5 ,见图8
根据冲击能量${1600}\mathrm{\;{kJ}}$计算出不同厚度的蜂窝金属结构所需要的承载面积, 具体如表2所示。
综合分析, 可得到以下结论:
a)当蜂窝金属结构的厚度不超过${150}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$时,蜂窝单元的累计有效面积约为${8.5}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}$,铁路车内侧墙面积远大于该接触面积;
b)发射筒与车厢之间的空间可以进一步利用, 增加蜂窝厚度, 吸能效果更好。
侧翻吸能系统在进行仿真分析时可等效为图9所示的侧翻吸能模型。
分别对工况一(无侧翻吸能系统)和工况二(有侧翻吸能系统)进行仿真计算。
图10所示, 假设侧翻吸能等效系统分布在发射筒周围, 每个界面上的数量为4 , 沿长度方向上布置9组。
从车辆的失稳位置开始, 从初始速度为0至侧翻到地面,车辆侧面以${15}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$速度撞击刚性地面[7-8], 见图11
使用Hypermesh软件进行几何处理和单元网格划分, 使用LS-DYNA动力学分析软件进行冲击仿真计算,使用HyperView软件完成后处理分析。
碰撞过程中瞬时产生大塑形变形, 其物理过程非常复杂, 既包含了以大位移、大转动和大应变为特征的几何非线性, 又包含了以材料弹塑性变形为特征的材料非线性和以接触摩擦为特性的状态非线性, 但都遵循质量守恒、能量守恒定律, 满足物体的运动方程和边界条件。碰撞过程的求解仿真分析都基于如下基本控制方程。
质量守恒方程:
$ m ={\int }_{V}\rho \cdot \mathrm{d}V ={\int }_{{V}_{0}}{\rho }_{0}\cdot \mathrm{d}{V}_{0}$
式中$\mathrm{d}{V}_{0}$为初始微元体的体积;${\rho }_{0}$为初始密度;$\mathrm{d}V$为任意$t$时刻微元体的体积;$\rho$为任意$t$时刻密度。
能量守恒方程:
$\frac{\mathrm{d}k}{\mathrm{\;d}t}+ \frac{\mathrm{d}w}{\mathrm{\;d}t}= {\int }_{V}\rho \cdot {b}_{i}\frac{\partial {x}_{i}}{\partial t}\mathrm{\;d}V +{\int }_{S}{T}_{i}\cdot \frac{\partial {x}_{i}}{\partial t}\mathrm{\;d}S $
式中$w$为单位势能;$k$为单位动能;$S$为单元的边界;${b}_{i}$为单位质量的体力;${T}_{i}$为单元的面力载荷;${x}_{i}$$t$时刻质点的空间坐标。
运动方程:
$\frac{\partial {\sigma }_{ij}}{\partial {x}_{j}}+ \rho {b}_{i}= \rho \frac{{\partial }^{2}{x}_{i}}{\partial {t}^{2}}\left({i, j = 1,2,3}\right)$
式中${\sigma }_{ij}$为单元柯西应力。
边界条件: 在铁路车的碰撞中, 一般有3类边界条件, 分别是面力边界条件、位移边界条件和接触边界条件。
面力边界条件:
${\sigma }_{ij}\cdot {n}_{j}= {T}_{i}\left( t\right)$
式中${n}_{j}$为车体面力边界$S$的外法线方向余弦;${T}_{i}\left( t\right)$为面力载荷。
位移边界条件:
${x}_{i}= {K}_{i}\left( t\right)$
式中${K}_{i}\left( t\right)$为位移边界$S$上给定的位移函数。
接触边界条件: 两物体碰撞时, 接触边界应不接触。如果从节点${n}_{s}$穿透主片${S}_{i}$,则在从节点${n}_{s}$和接触点$c\left({{\xi }_{c},{\eta }_{c}}\right)$之间附加一个法向接触力矢量${\mathbf{f}}_{s}$
${\mathbf{f}}_{s}= - l{k}_{i}{n}_{i}$
式中${k}_{i}$为主片${S}_{i}$的刚度因子,按下式计算:
${k}_{i}= \frac{f{k}_{i}{A}_{i}^{2}}{{V}_{i}}$
式中${k}_{i},{A}_{i},{V}_{i}$分别为主片${S}_{i}$所在单元的体积模量、 主片面积和体积,$f$为接触刚度比例因子。
得到车辆的碰撞动力学方程为
$\mathbf{M}a +\mathbf{C}v +\mathbf{K}d ={\mathbf{F}}^{\text{ext }}$
式中$M$为结构的质量矩阵;$C$为结构的阻尼矩阵;$K$为结构的刚度矩阵;${\mathbf{F}}^{\text{ext }}$为外界作用力矢量;$a$为加速度;$v$为速度;$d$为位移。
材料的本构关系模型是影响碰撞仿真结果准确性的关键因素之一, 本次仿真分析中材料模型采用钢的弹塑性本构关系。本次计算采用LS-DYNA3D软件提供的各向同性弹塑性材料模型, 计算中不考虑车体材质的应变率效应。
${\sigma }_{\mathrm{y}}= \beta \left({{\sigma }_{0}+ {E}_{\rho }{\varepsilon }_{\rho }^{\text{eff }}}\right)$
式中${\sigma }_{0}$为初始屈服应力;$\beta$为应变率效应;${\varepsilon }_{\rho }^{\text{eff }}$为有效塑性应变;${E}_{\rho }$是由${E}_{\rho }= {E}_{\tan }E/\left({E -{E}_{\tan }}\right)$给出的塑性硬化模量;$E$为弹性模量;${E}_{\text{tan }}$为塑性变形切线模量。
车辆碰撞力学模型的建立:
a)建立车辆的车体结构,转向架构架、轮对等模型,设置各部件的质量。
b)车体各型材及板材在厚度方向上的尺寸远小于在长度和宽度方向上的尺寸,所以采用板壳单元进行模拟, 在建立车体模型时, 一般以板结构的中性层选取模型尺寸,通过实常数定义不同板壳的厚度。部分结构采用实体单元进行模拟, 如发射筒和外部钢板。
c)建立固定的刚性墙模型。
d)整个模型施加重力加速度,$g ={9810}\mathrm{\;{mm}}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$
e)模型中采用了通用的自动单面接触和自动面面接触模型。采用自动单面接触类型来定义车体在碰撞过程中的自身内部接触, 接触摩擦系数取0.05;发射筒与车厢内壁的碰撞冲击采用自动面面接触类型, 接触摩擦系数取0.05;车辆与刚性墙之间接触摩擦系数取0.2 。
车辆模型包括车顶、侧墙、底架、端墙及转向架等结构, 有限元模型单元数如表3所示。综合考虑计算资源、计算精度, 分别采用不同的网格尺寸, 碰撞区域网格尺寸较小, 非碰撞区域网格尺寸较大。
铁路车侧翻吸能等效系统如图12所示, 设定阻尼器的阻尼系数为${10}\mathrm{{kN}}\cdot \mathrm{s}/\mathrm{m}$,弹簧刚度为${500}\mathrm{{kN}}/\mathrm{m}$
车体结构型材主要使用高强度耐候钢和Q345材料, 具体参数如表4所示。
车辆结构变形的主要顺序见图13
碰撞过程中总能量、动能和内能随时间变化见图14。碰撞总能量约为${1575.8}\mathrm{\;{kJ}}$。内能由0增大到${1424.43}\mathrm{\;{kJ}}$,动能减少到${98.5}\mathrm{\;{kJ}}$。沙漏能${52.91}\mathrm{\;{kJ}}$,占总能量的3.4%,能量分布情况如表5所示。
发射筒与车厢之间的刚性接触力-时间曲线见图15。在${56.5}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$时,发射筒与车厢内壁接触。在${66.5}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$时,接触力达到最大值${390.06}\mathrm{{kN}}$。在${75}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$时, 接触力降为0 。
火箭中心的加速度曲线见图16,平均加速度为
车辆结构变形的主要顺序见图17
碰撞过程中总能量、动能和内能随时间变化见图18。碰撞总能量约为${1602.58}\mathrm{\;{kJ}}$。内能由0增大到1 437.3 kJ,动能减少到101.74 kJ。沙漏能${63.54}\mathrm{\;{kJ}}$, 占总能量的4.0%,能量分布情况如表6所示。
发射筒与车厢骨架接触力-时间曲线见图19。发射筒未与车厢内壁发生接触。
火箭中心的加速度曲线如图20所示, 平均加速度为${8.91}\mathrm{g}$
在无侧翻吸能系统的工况下, 碰撞总能量约为1 575.8 kJ,碰撞过程中内能由0增大到1 424.43 kJ, 动能减少到${98.5}\mathrm{\;{kJ}}$。沙漏能${52.91}\mathrm{\;{kJ}}$,占总能量的3.4%。发射筒与车厢内壁在${56.5}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$时接触,${66.5}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$时接触力达到最大值${390.06}\mathrm{{kN}},{75}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$时接触力降为零。火箭中心的平均加速度为${27.0}\mathrm{g}$
在有侧翻吸能系统的工况下, 碰撞总能量约为${1602.58}\mathrm{\;{kJ}}$,碰撞过程中内能由0增大到${1437.3}\mathrm{\;{kJ}}$, 动能减少到${101.74}\mathrm{\;{kJ}}$。沙漏能${63.54}\mathrm{\;{kJ}}$,占总能量的4.0%。发射筒与车厢内壁未发生接触。火箭中心的平均加速度为${8.91}\mathrm{g}$
为提高固体运载火箭在铁路运输过程中的安全性, 本文综合分析了多种技术方案后提出了缓冲气囊和蜂窝金属组合的侧翻吸能系统技术方案。为验证该方案的减振效果, 本文对有、无侧翻吸能系统两种工况分别进行了仿真分析。结果表明侧翻吸能系统方案具有良好的减振吸能效果,可将火箭的加速度由${27}\mathrm{\;g}$降为${8.91g}$,发射筒与车厢的碰撞接触力由${382.59}\mathrm{{kN}}$降为无接触。本方案可明显提高固体运载火箭在铁路运输侧翻等异常工况下的生存能力。
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2024年第47卷第3期
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240310
  • 接收时间:2022-02-27
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2024-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2022-02-27
  • 修回日期:2023-11-21
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    1北京航天发射技术研究所,北京,100076
    2中南大学交通运输工程学院,长沙,410075
    3中国人民解放军96921部队,北京,100015
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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