Article(id=1148011782578368971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298830442578865, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240303, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1617897600000, receivedDateStr=2021-04-09, revisedDate=1652371200000, revisedDateStr=2022-05-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751636937994, onlineDateStr=2025-07-04, pubDate=1719244800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751636937994, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751636937994, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751636937994, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149298830442578865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2024', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751943794116, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754895897628, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1161680850048344508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298830442578865, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1161680850048344509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298830442578865, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=14, endPage=20, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1148011782754529756, articleId=1148011782578368971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=Research on Simulation of Expansion and Locking Process of Aircraft Folding Rudder, columnId=1154057568293999177, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Launch Vehicle and Missile, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The expansion and locking process of aircraft folding rudder is a dynamic process of multi-load synthesis. The dynamic process is studied by simulation. The dynamic simulation model is established, considering aerodynamic load and friction action in the whole dynamic process. The influence of different aerodynamic load on dynamic process is analyzed by dynamically simulating the condition of obstruction, no-load and promoting aerodynamic load. By comparing the result of no-load expansion test with the simulation result of no-load condition, the accuracy of the dynamic simulation model is verified. Based on this dynamic simulation model, the friction work under different aerodynamic load condition is identified by using angular acceleration method and angular velocity method respectively from load and energy dimensions. The result of the study shows that the friction torque is affected by aerodynamic load. The friction work increases with the increase of aerodynamic promotion. The angular acceleration method and angular velocity method are both reasonable to identify the friction work. The research provides theoretical reference for engineering design and analysis of aircraft folding rudder.

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飞行器折叠舵的展开及锁紧过程是多载荷综合作用的动态过程。对该动态过程进行仿真研究,建立了考虑气动载荷和摩擦作用的动力学仿真模型,通过对不同气动载荷工况下的模型进行动力学仿真,分析了气动载荷作用对展开及锁紧过程的影响;并通过空载展开试验,验证了动力学仿真模型的准确性。基于该模型,从载荷和能量维度分别应用角加速度法和角速度法,对不同气动载荷工况下摩擦做功进行了辨识。研究结果表明,摩擦力矩受气动载荷影响;摩擦做功随气动促进作用的增大而增大;角加速度法和角速度法辨识摩擦做功均合理。此次研究为飞行器折叠舵的设计与分析提供了理论参考。

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陈克(1994—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为导弹、运载火箭结构总体设计。

吴佳奕(1996—),女,工程师,主要研究方向为测控通信、数据链系统设计。

金玲(1986—),女,高级工程师,主要研究方向为导弹、运载火箭结构总体设计。

卞亚东(1989—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为导弹、运载火箭结构总体设计。

徐倩(1985—),女,高级工程师,主要研究方向为导弹、运载火箭结构总体设计。

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吴佳奕(1996—),女,工程师,主要研究方向为测控通信、数据链系统设计。

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展开环境展开动压/kPa气动力做功/J时间约束/ms
地面极低速$\approx 0$$\approx 0$<200
高空低速~低空高速5~20010~200<40
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展开环境展开动压/kPa气动力做功/J时间约束/ms
地面极低速$\approx 0$$\approx 0$<200
高空低速~低空高速5~20010~200<40
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气动载荷工况气动载荷做功/J摩擦载荷做功/J
极限阻碍+85.522.2
阻碍+7224.3
空载027.3
促进-70.934.9
极限促进-11737.6
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气动载荷工况气动载荷做功/J摩擦载荷做功/J
极限阻碍+85.522.2
阻碍+7224.3
空载027.3
促进-70.934.9
极限促进-11737.6
), ArticleFig(id=1197273104088085432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011782578368971, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=The kinetic energy when expanding in place for the first time and work of frictional moment under each aerodynamic condition, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
气动载荷工况气动载荷做功/J首次展开到位能/J摩擦载荷做/J
极限阻碍+85.511.322.1
阻碍+7225.722.7
空载0103.624.8
促进-70.9178.428.8
极限促进-117226.631.8
), ArticleFig(id=1197273104260051897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011782578368971, language=CN, label=表3, caption=各气动工况首次展开到位动能和摩擦做功, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
气动载荷工况气动载荷做功/J首次展开到位能/J摩擦载荷做/J
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阻碍+7225.722.7
空载0103.624.8
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飞行器折叠舵展开及锁紧过程动力学仿真研究
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陈克 1, 2 , 吴佳奕 1 , 金玲 2 , 卞亚东 2 , 徐倩 1
导弹与航天运载技术 | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2024,47(3): 14-20
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导弹与航天运载技术 | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2024, 47(3): 14-20
飞行器折叠舵展开及锁紧过程动力学仿真研究
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陈克1, 2, 吴佳奕1, 金玲2, 卞亚东2, 徐倩1
作者信息
  • 1北京宇航系统工程研究所,北京,100076
  • 2中国运载火箭技术研究院,北京,100076
  • 陈克(1994—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为导弹、运载火箭结构总体设计。

    吴佳奕(1996—),女,工程师,主要研究方向为测控通信、数据链系统设计。

    金玲(1986—),女,高级工程师,主要研究方向为导弹、运载火箭结构总体设计。

    卞亚东(1989—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为导弹、运载火箭结构总体设计。

    徐倩(1985—),女,高级工程师,主要研究方向为导弹、运载火箭结构总体设计。

Research on Simulation of Expansion and Locking Process of Aircraft Folding Rudder
Ke CHEN1, 2, Jiayi WU1, Ling JIN2, Yadong BIAN2, Qian XU1
Affiliations
  • 1Beijing Institute of Astronautical Systems Engineering,Beijing,100076
  • 2China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology,Beijing,100076
出版时间: 2024-06-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240303
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飞行器折叠舵的展开及锁紧过程是多载荷综合作用的动态过程。对该动态过程进行仿真研究,建立了考虑气动载荷和摩擦作用的动力学仿真模型,通过对不同气动载荷工况下的模型进行动力学仿真,分析了气动载荷作用对展开及锁紧过程的影响;并通过空载展开试验,验证了动力学仿真模型的准确性。基于该模型,从载荷和能量维度分别应用角加速度法和角速度法,对不同气动载荷工况下摩擦做功进行了辨识。研究结果表明,摩擦力矩受气动载荷影响;摩擦做功随气动促进作用的增大而增大;角加速度法和角速度法辨识摩擦做功均合理。此次研究为飞行器折叠舵的设计与分析提供了理论参考。

飞行器折叠舵  /  展开及锁紧过程  /  动力学仿真  /  气动载荷  /  摩擦做功辨识

The expansion and locking process of aircraft folding rudder is a dynamic process of multi-load synthesis. The dynamic process is studied by simulation. The dynamic simulation model is established, considering aerodynamic load and friction action in the whole dynamic process. The influence of different aerodynamic load on dynamic process is analyzed by dynamically simulating the condition of obstruction, no-load and promoting aerodynamic load. By comparing the result of no-load expansion test with the simulation result of no-load condition, the accuracy of the dynamic simulation model is verified. Based on this dynamic simulation model, the friction work under different aerodynamic load condition is identified by using angular acceleration method and angular velocity method respectively from load and energy dimensions. The result of the study shows that the friction torque is affected by aerodynamic load. The friction work increases with the increase of aerodynamic promotion. The angular acceleration method and angular velocity method are both reasonable to identify the friction work. The research provides theoretical reference for engineering design and analysis of aircraft folding rudder.

aircraft folding rudder  /  the process of expansion and locking  /  dynamic simulation  /  aerodynamic load  /  identification of friction work
陈克, 吴佳奕, 金玲, 卞亚东, 徐倩. 飞行器折叠舵展开及锁紧过程动力学仿真研究. 导弹与航天运载技术, 2024 , 47 (3) : 14 -20 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240303
Ke CHEN, Jiayi WU, Ling JIN, Yadong BIAN, Qian XU. Research on Simulation of Expansion and Locking Process of Aircraft Folding Rudder[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2024 , 47 (3) : 14 -20 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240303
发射平台和装置对飞行器的尺寸存在严格约束, 要求飞行器具备小型化的基本技术要求, 而采用折叠舵是实现小型化合理有效的途径[1-2]。折叠舵即在空气舵面中部沿飞行器轴向设置一分离面, 安装折叠转轴[3],一般以扭力元件为动力源,在飞行器发射后, 可活动的动舵绕折叠转轴自动快速展开并和固定的定舵可靠锁紧成一个整体, 控制飞行器稳定飞行。折叠舵不占用飞行器内部空间,展开及锁紧机构紧凑[4]。 折叠舵从折叠状态至展开状态是一个动态的解锁、展开及锁紧过程。图1给出了飞行器折叠舵动态过程中的初始折叠锁紧状态, 解锁、展开及锁紧过程, 以及到位展开锁紧状态。
学术界对折叠翼/舵的展开及锁紧过程开展了一定研究。曾清香[5]构建了地面发射飞行器折叠翼系统多刚体动力学和特殊力元模型, 对折叠翼展开过程进行了运动特性仿真分析, 得到了角速度、展开时间、转轴和前后锁销载荷曲线, 为折叠翼工程试验提供依据; 蔡德咏等[6]建立了飞行器折叠翼动力学模型, 得到了展开运动规律和冲击载荷, 为优化扭簧参数设计减小冲击载荷奠定基础;李双江[7]通过数学模型对飞行器折叠翼进行了展开时间、角运动参数的分析,验证设计方案可行; 雷歌等[8]针对水下航行器折叠翼,建立了展开过程动力学模型,通过数值仿真讨论了扭转展开机构设计参数和发射动力学参数对展开动力学特性的影响, 验证了机构设计可行性与可靠性; 冀功祥等[9]针对水下航行器折叠鳍,开展了试装动作试验,验证了折展和锁紧机构动作可靠;甄文强等[10-12]针对地面发射飞行器双锁紧装置折叠翼,考虑折叠翼展开过程中气动阻力和摩擦力的作用,建立了飞行器发射及地面试验时折叠翼展开过程的数学模型和相应的动力学仿真模型, 对展开锁紧过程进行了动力学仿真分析, 并开展地面试验加以验证, 得到了展开角度、角速度、动能曲线及锁紧销动作位移随时间变化的曲线, 根据试验结果给出了摩擦力矩的具体取值范围, 为折叠翼工程设计和应用提供参考。
综上所述, 该领域研究多集中于传统的地面发射飞行器折叠翼/舵。表1中所列为地面发射和非地面发射两种发射方式折叠翼/舵展开工况对比,不同于前者的展开环境和工作原理,后者在大动压高负载环境中快速解锁、展开和锁紧,少有学者对此开展研究, 特别是对不可忽略的气动载荷和摩擦作用进行考虑并将它们加入动力学仿真模型中进行分析的研究, 且缺乏对折叠舵展开能量设计具有重要指导作用的摩擦做功辨识的探索。
本文对非地面发射飞行器折叠舵展开及锁紧过程进行研究, 建立了涉及气动载荷与摩擦作用的折叠舵展开及锁紧过程动力学仿真模型, 针对阻碍、空载、 促进共5种不同气动载荷工况, 通过对折叠舵运动参数及能量进行仿真, 分析了不同气动载荷作用对动态过程的具体影响, 分别应用基于载荷方程的角加速度法和基于能量方程的角速度法, 对不同气动载荷工况下摩擦做功进行了辨识。研究结果表明, 动力学仿真模型符合工程实际, 摩擦力矩受气动载荷影响, 摩擦做功随气动促进作用的增大而增大, 角加速度法和角速度法预示摩擦做功均合理、后者比前者更直接和准确。
a)结构组成。
折叠舵结构主要包括动舵、定舵、折展机构、初始锁紧/解锁机构、轴向和法向锁紧机构。
b)工作原理。
飞行器发射前, 折叠舵处于初始折叠锁紧状态, 由初始锁紧/解锁机构进行止动锁紧,折展机构处于蓄能状态, 固定于定舵内的轴向和法向锁紧机构受到结构限位,与动舵相抵住;飞行器发射后,初始锁紧/解锁机构被解锁, 动舵在折展机构积蓄势能被释放的作用下绕折叠转轴旋转, 在临近到位展开状态时, 轴向和法向锁紧机构作动并插入相应的动舵槽孔内(如图2所示), 最终将动舵与定舵锁紧成一体。
将折叠舵三维模型导入至动力学仿真软件中, 建立折叠舵展开及锁紧过程的动力学仿真模型, 模型主要由动舵、定舵、解锁/锁紧机构组成。
根据折叠舵结构和工作原理,在各部件之间添加约束[13]。定舵施加固定约束,动舵与定舵之间施加扭簧、旋转副、接触, 解锁机构与动舵之间施加接触, 锁紧机构作动之处施加弹簧、滑移副, 锁紧机构与定动舵之间施加接触, 并对动力源设置参数, 在运动副上施加摩擦。
折叠舵在展开及锁紧过程中受到与展开能量量级相当的气动载荷作用和摩擦力矩作用。气动载荷表现为作用在折叠转轴处的气动力矩、以气动力矩总做功表征, 根据展开环境不同可分为阻碍作用和促进作用, 以阻碍为正、以促进为负, 分为极限气动阻碍 +85.5 J、气动阻碍+72 J、空载$0\mathrm{\;J}$、气动促进-70.9 J、 极限气动促进$-{117}\mathrm{\;J}$共5种工况。动力学仿真模型中在折叠转轴处施加气动力矩随展开角度变化的样条函数如图3所示, 对摩擦力矩的模拟通过在各运动副上添加摩擦系数和两体之间施加接触实现。
空载条件下,折叠舵展开角度与理论上的首次展开到位时间的关系[14]
$\varphi ={\varphi }_{\mathrm{m}}\left({1 -\cos {\omega t}}\right)$
式中$\varphi$为折叠舵已经展开的角度;${\varphi }_{\mathrm{m}}$为折展机构初始状态预扭角度;$\omega$为折叠舵回转运动频率($\omega$的平方为扭转刚度与转动惯量之比);$t$为时间。代入折叠到位的扭转角度, 解得空载条件下折叠舵的理论首次展开到位时间为${18.56}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$
对式(1)进行求导, 得到折叠舵展开角速度与理论首次展开到位时间关系为
$\dot{\varphi }= {\varphi }_{\mathrm{m}}\omega \sin {\omega t}$
代入折叠到位的扭转角度和理论首次展开到位时间, 解得空载条件下折叠舵理论首次展开到位时的展开角速度为175.3 rad/s。
通过对动力学仿真模型进行求解, 可以得到5种气动载荷工况下折叠舵角位移、角速度、动能随时间变化曲线和理论情况下折叠舵角位移、角速度随时间变化曲线,如图4~图6所示。
图4给出了折叠舵角位移随时间变化规律。随着气动载荷从极限阻碍、阻碍向空载再向促进、极限促进的变化, 折叠舵展开及锁紧过程总时间逐渐减小, 从${28.1}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$${27.0}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$减小至${26.2}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$再减小至${24.2}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$${23.4}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$,均满足展开时间小于${40}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$的展开性能要求。相较于理论首次展开到位时间${18.56}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$,由于考虑了气动、摩擦的影响, 且涵盖了轴向和法向锁紧机构进行锁紧作动所占用的时间, 因此各工况展开及锁紧总时间均大于理论首次展开到位时间,符合物理规律。
图5给出了折叠舵角速度随时间变化规律。随着气动载荷从极限阻碍、阻碍向空载再向促进、极限促进的变化, 折叠舵角速度从首先初始解锁阶段加速, 而后行程中段匀速, 最后接近到位阶段减速, 向首先加速, 而后基本匀速, 再向基本一直加速过渡, 角速度峰值逐渐增大,从54.6 rad/s、81.7 rad/s增大至164.3 rad/s再增大至212.9 rad/s、240.7 rad/s;角速度峰值对应时间逐渐前移,从${19.0}\mathrm{\;{ms}}\text{、}{18.3}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$前移至${17.9}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$,再前移至${16.6}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$${16.0}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$;角速度峰值对应角度逐渐前移,从${119.8}^{\circ }$${119.6}^{\circ }$前移至${119.4}^{\circ }$,再前移至${119.3}^{\circ }$;首次展开到位角速度逐渐增大,从${53.3}\mathrm{{rad}}/\mathrm{s}$、 80.4 rad/s增大至161.5 rad/s,再增大至211.9 rad/s、${238.8}\mathrm{{rad}}/\mathrm{s}$,相较于理论首次展开到位时的展开角速度${175.3}\mathrm{{rad}}/\mathrm{s}$,由于考虑了气动、摩擦的影响,空载和气动阻碍的结果小于理论结果, 气动促进的结果大于理论结果, 符合物理规律; 首次展开到位阶段, 轴向和法向双重锁紧机构先后作用将折叠舵快速锁紧和准确定位, 保证了角速度振荡幅度较小、振荡时间较短。
图6给出了折叠舵动能随时间变化规律。随着气动载荷从极限阻碍、阻碍向空载再向促进、极限促进的变化, 折叠舵动能从首先初始解锁阶段增大, 而后行程中段不变, 最后接近到位阶段减小, 向首先增大, 而后不变, 再向基本一直增大过渡, 动能峰值逐渐增大,从${11.8}\mathrm{\;J}$${26.5}\mathrm{\;J}$增大至${107.3}\mathrm{\;J}$,再增大至${180.1}\mathrm{\;J}$${230.2}\mathrm{\;J}$;首次展开到位动能逐渐增大、从11.3 J增大至${25.7}\mathrm{\;J}$、103.6 J,再增大至${178.4}\mathrm{\;J}$${226.6}\mathrm{\;J}$; 首次展开到位阶段,定动舵面之间的冲击碰撞以及轴向和法向双重锁紧机构先后作用对折叠舵能量进行快速减小、抑制和稳定。
为验证动力学仿真模型的准确性, 对折叠舵进行地面空载展开试验, 如图7所示。试验主要由折叠舵、伺服舱、试验基座、吊块配重组成。将折叠舵固定于试验基座上伺服舱的上方, 伺服舱中安置绳索搭接在滑轮上连接吊块配重, 通过释放吊块配重带来的动能拉动绳索对折叠舵初始锁紧状态进行解锁, 失去初始锁紧约束的折叠舵迅速展开并锁紧,利用高速摄像机拍摄整个动态过程并进行离散数据采集, 拟合角位移曲线。
在对折叠舵空载展开试验中摩擦特性进行辨识时, 仅考察角位移从初始折叠锁紧至首次展开到位过程, 通过对折叠舵角位移曲线求一次导数得到角速度曲线进而得到首次展开到位动能, 结合已知的折展机构做功得到折叠舵展开过程中的摩擦力矩做功, 但本方法由于要对作为离散采集数据的角位移进行一次求导, 而动能与角速度成平方关系, 因此存在一定误差。
试验结果显示, 折叠舵展开顺畅、锁紧可靠、无卡死现象、结构无损坏。整个展开及锁紧过程时间为${27.1}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$,对比仿真结果${26.2}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$,相对误差为${3.3}\%$。 从初始折叠锁紧至首次展开到位过程的摩擦做功为${26.7}\mathrm{\;J}$,对比动力学仿真结果${24.8}\mathrm{\;J}$,相对误差为7.1%。结果一致性较好,在可接受范围内,验证了动力学仿真模型的正确性, 接触和摩擦相关参数设置合理, 因此在涉及气动载荷作用的仿真中, 辨识摩擦做功时, 延续使用此相关参数设置的动力学仿真模型。
折叠舵展开及锁紧过程始终伴随不可忽略的摩擦作用。对于折叠舵这类形面较复杂结构的摩擦力矩大小及摩擦做功一般难以测量, 因此缺乏对折叠舵展开能量设计及优化具有重要指导作用的摩擦变化规律的辨识, 无法判断摩擦对动态过程的具体影响, 会导致设计阶段对动态过程缺少把握。只能通过在方案设计后对折叠舵试件进行空载/风洞展开试验,验证动态过程是否满足预期, 以进行定性判断, 试验中摩擦做功过大则折叠舵不能满足展开性能要求, 过小则说明展开能量存在较大冗余,均反映出结构方案设计的不足, 会导致设计成本浪费和设计周期延长。
在空载展开试验中, 仅能得到无气动载荷工况下的摩擦做功;在风洞展开试验中,由于风洞实际吹风做功与CFD模拟气动载荷做功存在不确定性误差[13], 所以气动载荷实际做功未知,导致摩擦做功难以测量, 因此存在两个不能完全剥离开的未知量, 只能假设摩擦特性在风洞展开试验中与空载展开试验中完全相同, 人为消除摩擦做功这一未知量, 从而计算风洞实际吹风做功与CFD模拟气动载荷做功之间的误差, 或通过假设风洞实际吹风做功与CFD模拟气动载荷做功误差在一定值范围内, 从而计算摩擦做功, 但由于以上两种方法均建立在一定假设基础之上, 因此均不准确。
实际上有无气动载荷、气动载荷起促进还是阻碍作用都对摩擦做功存在着影响, 不同工况下折叠舵运动参数不同决定摩擦特性的不同,默认空载/风洞展开试验的摩擦特性完全相同不符合物理规律。因此若在试验阶段前的方案设计阶段即通过仿真预先开展摩擦做功辨识, 预示摩擦做功和变化规律, 则对结构方案设计及优化、空载/风洞展开试验均具有重要参考和指导意义。
折叠舵展开及锁紧过程是一个时间极短暂的动态过程, 期间折叠舵主要受到折展机构的促进力矩、气动载荷的阻碍或促进力矩、自身解锁/锁紧机构作动产生的阻碍力矩。动舵重力对折叠舵运动做功极小, 故在研究中忽略重力影响。折叠舵展开及锁紧过程如图8所示。摩擦力矩做功可以应用基于载荷方程的角加速度法和基于能量方程的角速度法两种方法进行辨识, 前者从角加速度入手通过载荷方程反计算得到, 后者从角速度入手通过能量方程反计算得到。
折叠舵展开及锁紧过程的载荷方程[15]
$ J\ddot{\theta }= {M}_{\text{合力 }}$
式中$J$为动舵相对于折叠转轴的转动惯量;$\theta$为动舵展开角度;$\ddot{\theta }$为角加速度,即对动舵展开角度的二次求导,由仿真得到;${M}_{合力}$为合力矩,包括折展机构力矩${M}_{\text{动力 }}$,阻碍、空载和促进作用的气动力矩${M}_{\text{气动 }}$,由离散数据最小二乘拟合得到,摩擦力矩${M}_{\text{摩擦 }}$,待求得。${M}_{合力}$的表达式为
${M}_{\text{合力 }}= {M}_{\text{动力 }}- {M}_{\text{气动 }}- {M}_{\text{摩擦 }}$
基于载荷方程的角加速度法即为
${W}_{\text{摩擦 }}= {\int }_{0}^{{\theta }_{\mathrm{d}}}{M}_{\text{摩擦 }}\mathrm{d}\theta $
式中${\theta }_{\mathrm{d}}$为动舵展开到位角度; 摩擦力矩的表达式为
${M}_{\text{摩擦 }}= {M}_{\text{动力 }}- {M}_{\text{气动 }}- J\ddot{\theta }$
对仿真结果中各气动载荷工况的角加速度随角位移变化曲线去除明显波动、进行平滑处理, 根据牛顿第二定律, 可得到相应的呈单调递减趋势的合力矩随角位移变化曲线。辨识时仅考察从初始折叠锁紧至首次展开到位过程。通过求得的合力矩曲线和已知的折展机构力矩、气动力矩曲线,和式(5)、式(6)求得摩擦力矩曲线和摩擦做功。5种气动载荷工况下的摩擦力矩随角位移变化规律和摩擦做功如图9表2所示。
折叠舵展开及锁紧过程的能量方程为
${W}_{\text{动力 }}= {W}_{\text{到位 }}+ {W}_{\text{气动 }}+ {W}_{\text{摩擦 }}$
式中${W}_{\text{动力 }}$为折展机构做功;${W}_{\text{气动 }}$为气动载荷做功,包括阻碍、空载和促进作用;${W}_{\text{摩擦 }}$为摩擦力矩做功,待求得;${W}_{\text{到位 }}$为动舵首次展开到位动能。${W}_{\text{到位 }}$的表达式为
${W}_{\text{到位 }}= \frac{1}{2}J{\left(\dot{\theta }\right)}^{2}$
式中$J$为动舵相对于折叠转轴的转动惯量;$\dot{\theta }$为角速度, 即对动舵展开角度的一次求导, 由仿真得到。
基于能量方程的角速度法即为
${W}_{\text{摩擦 }}= {W}_{\text{动力 }}- {W}_{\text{气动 }}- \frac{1}{2}J{\left(\dot{\theta }\right)}^{2}$
通过仿真结果中各气动载荷工况的首次展开到位角速度求得首次展开到位动能。辨识时仅考察从初始折叠锁紧至首次展开到位过程。通过式(9)求得摩擦做功, 如表3所示。
图9显示,气动阻碍和空载状态下摩擦力矩在初始解锁阶段较大, 在行程中段逐渐减小, 接近首次展开到位时再次增大。该现象表明,气动阻碍和空载状态下, 初始解锁时摩擦力矩起较大阻碍作用, 静摩擦占据主导地位, 主要体现为动舵与初始锁紧/解锁机构之间相对运动、动舵与轴向锁紧机构相对运动产生摩擦; 行程中段摩擦力矩较小, 仅动舵与轴向锁紧机构相对运动产生摩擦; 接近首次展开到位阶段摩擦力矩仅缓慢增大, 这是因为气动阻碍作用使动舵转动速度减小,动舵接近到位时轴向和法向锁紧机构插入动舵相应槽孔较为顺畅, 相互挤压力较小; 气动促进状态下摩擦力矩载荷在初始解锁阶段较小, 在行程中段逐渐增大, 接近首次展开到位阶段快速增大。该现象表明, 气动促进状态下, 初始解锁阶段由于气动促进作用摩擦力矩不再起较大阻碍作用, 动摩擦占据主导地位, 行程中段受气动促进作用影响, 动舵转动速度增大, 与轴向锁紧机构之间相互挤压增大, 导致摩擦力矩逐渐增大,接近首次展开到位阶段摩擦力矩增大较快,这是因为气动促进作用的积累使动舵转动速度大幅增大,动舵接近到位时轴向和法向锁紧机构插入动舵相应槽孔的作动受到较大挤压和阻滞。表2表3显示,随着气动载荷从极限阻碍、阻碍向空载再向促进、极限促进的变化, 摩擦做功逐渐增大, 这主要是由于气动促进作用增大使动舵角速度和角加速度增大, 进而使与动摩擦力成正比的正压力增大。综上所述, 摩擦力矩及摩擦做功随气动载荷作用的变化而不尽相同,符合物理规律。
角加速度法和角速度法对各气动载荷工况下摩擦做功占比进行辨识的结果如图10所示。由于角加速度随角位移变化曲线在气动阻碍时较气动促进时波动幅度较小, 且角加速度法基于将角加速度曲线平滑处理, 进而得到合力矩曲线, 而角速度法基于直接测量角速度, 进而得到首次展开到位动能, 从而预示摩擦做功, 因此角速度法相比角加速度法更直接、更准确。该现象反映两种方法在气动阻碍作用时结果更接近,在极限气动阻碍$+{85.5}\mathrm{\;J}$时相对误差仅${0.5}\%$,在气动促进作用时差值被放大,在极限气动促进-117 J时相对误差达到21.2%。总体而言, 在动力学仿真模型较为准确的基础之上, 应用角加速度法和角速度法辨识摩擦做功对于折叠舵设计、试验和优化均具有一定理论参考意义, 工程应用前景较好。
本文针对飞行器折叠舵展开及锁紧过程, 基于经地面试验校验、涵盖气动载荷和摩擦作用的动力学仿真模型, 分析了不同气动载荷作用对动态过程的影响, 应用角加速度法和角速度法对动态过程中摩擦做功进行了辨识。研究为飞行器折叠舵的工程设计、试验及应用提供了理论支撑与参考。通过研究, 得出的主要结论如下:
a)结合空载展开试验,拟合接触和摩擦参数, 校准动力学仿真模型, 对于模拟风洞展开试验和优化折叠舵结构设计具有重要指导意义;
b)摩擦力矩的变化规律受气动载荷作用影响较大, 摩擦力矩做功随气动载荷促进作用的增大而快速增大;
c)基于准确的动力学仿真模型, 应用角加速度法和角速度法预示摩擦做功, 理论上结果一致, 因此两种方法对于摩擦做功辨识均具备工程应用前景;
d)在工程应用中, 由于涉及到差分处理放大误差, 因此基于准确的动力学仿真模型, 应用角速度法预示摩擦做功具有更高精度。
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240303
  • 接收时间:2021-04-09
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2024-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2021-04-09
  • 修回日期:2022-05-13
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    1北京宇航系统工程研究所,北京,100076
    2中国运载火箭技术研究院,北京,100076
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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