Article(id=1148011784092512842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298830442578865, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240301, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1673452800000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-12, revisedDate=1704643200000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751636938355, onlineDateStr=2025-07-04, pubDate=1719244800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751636938355, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751636938355, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751636938355, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149298830442578865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2024', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751943794116, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754895897628, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1161680850048344508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298830442578865, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1161680850048344509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298830442578865, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=8, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1148011784289645147, articleId=1148011784092512842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=A Modelling Method of High-altitude Wind Uncertainty based on Non-stationary Gaussian Process, columnId=1154057568293999177, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Launch Vehicle and Missile, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Modelling methods of the high-altitude wind uncertainty have significant influence on aerodynamic loads and the overall performance optimization of launch vehicles. The commonly used methods in engineering do not consider the correlation between wind speeds at different altitudes, and the simulated wind samples are inconsistent with actual wind characteristics, therefore disable to accurately predict the aerodynamic loads. A modelling method using $U/V$ wind speed components as non-stationary Gaussian processes about the height is proposed. The statistical distribution parameters of massive actual historical wind samples are analyzed, and the expansion optimal linear estimation (EOLE) method is adopted to generate wind samples with the same distribution as actual wind samples. Results indicate that the proposed method can simulate the actual wind profile more precisely than traditional methods. The simulation program of real launch vehicle is used to calculate the wind loads, and the results show that the wind loads predicted by the proposed method is far more accurate than traditional methods, which is of great significance to improve the launch efficiency and launch probability of launch vehicles.

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高空风场偏差建模方法对运载火箭气动载荷计算和总体性能优化具有显著影响。目前工程常用方法未考虑不同高度层风速相关性,所得样本与实际风场特征存在差异,难以精确预示火箭气动载荷。提出将$U/V$风速分量建模为关于高度的非平稳高斯过程,基于大量历史风场样本统计分析实际风场在不同高度层的特征参数,利用扩展最优线性估计方法生成与实际风场具有相同分布的子样。结果表明提出的方法相比传统手段能够从形态上更加准确表征真实风场剖面。基于真实飞行器仿真程序对风致载荷进行计算,结果显示该方法对气动载荷裕度的预示误差远小于目前工程方法,对提升火箭运载效率和放行概率具有重要意义。

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张云伟(1991—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为飞行器设计、弹轨道设计、体系工程。

张博戎(1991—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭飞行动力学与控制、弹轨道设计。

李静琳(1991—),女,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭飞行动力学与控制、弹轨道设计。

赵小平(1984—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为航天气象保障。

赵永志(1990—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为液体运载火箭姿态控制总体设计。

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张云伟(1991—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为飞行器设计、弹轨道设计、体系工程。

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张云伟(1991—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为飞行器设计、弹轨道设计、体系工程。

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张博戎(1991—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭飞行动力学与控制、弹轨道设计。

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李静琳(1991—),女,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭飞行动力学与控制、弹轨道设计。

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赵永志(1990—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为液体运载火箭姿态控制总体设计。

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statistical parameters between three methods and the real wind samples, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据来源$\lambda$均值$\lambda$标准差
实测风场0.52530.0729
方法一0.5446 (3.67%)0.0690 (-5.35%)
方法二0.4130 (-21.38%)${0.0466}\left({-{36.08}\%}\right)$
本文方法${0.5179}\left({-{1.41}\%}\right)$0.0720 (-1.23%)
), ArticleFig(id=1197273143346769956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011784092512842, language=CN, label=表1, caption=3种方法得到的$\lambda$值统计参数与实测风场打靶结果对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据来源$\lambda$均值$\lambda$标准差
实测风场0.52530.0729
方法一0.5446 (3.67%)0.0690 (-5.35%)
方法二0.4130 (-21.38%)${0.0466}\left({-{36.08}\%}\right)$
本文方法${0.5179}\left({-{1.41}\%}\right)$0.0720 (-1.23%)
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基于非平稳高斯过程的高空风场偏差建模方法
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张云伟 1 , 张博戎 1 , 李静琳 1 , 赵小平 2 , 赵永志 1
导弹与航天运载技术 | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2024,47(3): 1-8
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导弹与航天运载技术 | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2024, 47(3): 1-8
基于非平稳高斯过程的高空风场偏差建模方法
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张云伟1, 张博戎1, 李静琳1, 赵小平2, 赵永志1
作者信息
  • 1北京宇航系统工程研究所,北京,100076
  • 2西昌卫星发射中心,西昌,615000
  • 张云伟(1991—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为飞行器设计、弹轨道设计、体系工程。

    张博戎(1991—),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭飞行动力学与控制、弹轨道设计。

    李静琳(1991—),女,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为运载火箭飞行动力学与控制、弹轨道设计。

    赵小平(1984—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为航天气象保障。

    赵永志(1990—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为液体运载火箭姿态控制总体设计。

A Modelling Method of High-altitude Wind Uncertainty based on Non-stationary Gaussian Process
Yunwei ZHANG1, Borong ZHANG1, Jinglin LI1, Xiaoping ZHAO2, Yongzhi ZHAO1
Affiliations
  • 1Beijing Institute of Astronautical Systems Engineering,Beijing,100076
  • 2Xichang Satellite Launch Center,Xichang,615000
出版时间: 2024-06-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240301
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高空风场偏差建模方法对运载火箭气动载荷计算和总体性能优化具有显著影响。目前工程常用方法未考虑不同高度层风速相关性,所得样本与实际风场特征存在差异,难以精确预示火箭气动载荷。提出将$U/V$风速分量建模为关于高度的非平稳高斯过程,基于大量历史风场样本统计分析实际风场在不同高度层的特征参数,利用扩展最优线性估计方法生成与实际风场具有相同分布的子样。结果表明提出的方法相比传统手段能够从形态上更加准确表征真实风场剖面。基于真实飞行器仿真程序对风致载荷进行计算,结果显示该方法对气动载荷裕度的预示误差远小于目前工程方法,对提升火箭运载效率和放行概率具有重要意义。

高空风  /  偏差建模  /  高斯过程  /  运载火箭  /  风载荷

Modelling methods of the high-altitude wind uncertainty have significant influence on aerodynamic loads and the overall performance optimization of launch vehicles. The commonly used methods in engineering do not consider the correlation between wind speeds at different altitudes, and the simulated wind samples are inconsistent with actual wind characteristics, therefore disable to accurately predict the aerodynamic loads. A modelling method using $U/V$ wind speed components as non-stationary Gaussian processes about the height is proposed. The statistical distribution parameters of massive actual historical wind samples are analyzed, and the expansion optimal linear estimation (EOLE) method is adopted to generate wind samples with the same distribution as actual wind samples. Results indicate that the proposed method can simulate the actual wind profile more precisely than traditional methods. The simulation program of real launch vehicle is used to calculate the wind loads, and the results show that the wind loads predicted by the proposed method is far more accurate than traditional methods, which is of great significance to improve the launch efficiency and launch probability of launch vehicles.

high-altitude wind  /  uncertainty modelling  /  Gaussian process  /  launch vehicle  /  wind load
张云伟, 张博戎, 李静琳, 赵小平, 赵永志. 基于非平稳高斯过程的高空风场偏差建模方法. 导弹与航天运载技术, 2024 , 47 (3) : 1 -8 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240301
Yunwei ZHANG, Borong ZHANG, Jinglin LI, Xiaoping ZHAO, Yongzhi ZHAO. A Modelling Method of High-altitude Wind Uncertainty based on Non-stationary Gaussian Process[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2024 , 47 (3) : 1 -8 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240301
运载火箭穿越稠密大气时, 高空风导致的附加气动攻角使作用在箭体结构上的气动载荷增加[1-2],极端情况下会造成火箭结构被破坏, 导致飞行失败[3]。 工程中常用运载火箭的动压$q$与总气流攻角${\eta }_{\mathrm{a}}$的乘积来表征气动载荷的大小。在火箭上升的特定阶段, 附加气流攻角引起的气动载荷可占总气动载荷的80% 以上。对气动载荷进行精细化控制[3-5]是新一代运载火箭提升运载效率和发射放行概率的迫切需求。
高空风载荷的精确预示是实施载荷精细化控制的前提。不同时间、位置的风场数据存在不确定性, 现有高空风测量或预报方法[6]难以精确获得实际飞行时的风场数据。所以需对风场进行拉偏, 以评估偏差情况下的高空风载荷$q{\eta }_{\mathrm{a}}$是否在火箭可承受范围之内。 文献[7]表明, 不同的风场偏差施加方式, 对高空风载荷的仿真结果有显著影响。目前实际工程仿真中, 或将不同高度层的风场参数整体增大或减小一个随机项, 或将不同高度层的风场参数视为相互独立的随机数分别生成, 所得风场样本均与实际风场分布特征存在差异,因此影响了高空风载荷的预示精度。
本文基于大量历史高空风场样本数据, 在分析目前高空风场偏差建模方法及实际风场特征的基础上,将高空风的东、北向风速分量$U/V$建模为非平稳高斯过程, 通过对实际风场数据的随机扰动特性进行统计分析, 获得不同高度层风速的相关系数矩阵, 再利用谱分解方法生成与实际风场同分布的风场样本, 对提高风场偏差建模精度和高空风载荷预示精度具有重要意义。
设某地某时的风速矢量在当地东向和北向的分量分别为$U$$V$,在风致载荷较大的飞行阶段,风速的垂直分量可忽略不计。将风速矢量${V}_{\mathrm{w}}$由当地北天东坐标系转换至发射系, 如式(1)所示。
${\mathbf{V}}_{\mathrm{w}}= \mathbf{M}\cdot {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{lll} V & 0 & U \end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}$
式中$M$为北天东坐标系到发射坐标系的转换矩阵。
高空风干扰下,运载火箭地速、空速和风速构成一个空间矢量三角形。由风速${V}_{\mathrm{w}}$和火箭地速${V}_{\mathrm{d}}$可计算其空速${V}_{\mathrm{a}}$
${\mathbf{V}}_{\mathrm{a}}= {\mathbf{V}}_{\mathrm{d}}- {\mathbf{V}}_{\mathrm{w}}= {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{lll}{v}_{\mathrm{a}x}& {v}_{\mathrm{a}y}& {v}_{\mathrm{a}z}\end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}$
由空速矢量${V}_{\mathrm{a}}$可计算弹道倾角${\theta }_{\mathrm{a}}$、弹道偏角${\sigma }_{\mathrm{a}}$:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\theta }_{\mathrm{a}}= \mathrm{a}\tan \left({{v}_{\mathrm{{ay}}}/{v}_{\mathrm{{ax}}}}\right)\\{\sigma }_{\mathrm{a}}= -\mathrm{a}\sin \left({{v}_{\mathrm{{az}}}/\begin{Vmatrix}{\mathbf{V}}_{\mathrm{a}}\end{Vmatrix}}\right)\end{array}\right.$
已知火箭的俯仰角$\phi$、偏航角$\psi$、滚转角$\gamma$、空速弹道倾角${\theta }_{\mathrm{a}}$和弹道偏角${\sigma }_{\mathrm{a}}5$个欧拉角后,可用下式计算风干扰下的气流攻角${\alpha }_{\mathrm{a}}$和气流侧滑角${\beta }_{\mathrm{a}}{}$[8-9]:
$\begin{cases}\sin {\beta }_{\mathrm{a}}= &\cos \left({\phi -{\theta }_{\mathrm{a}}}\right)\cos {\sigma }_{\mathrm{a}}\sin \psi \cos \gamma +\\& \sin \left({\phi -{\theta }_{\mathrm{a}}}\right)\cos {\sigma }_{\mathrm{a}}\sin \gamma -\sin {\sigma }_{\mathrm{a}}\cos \psi \cos \gamma \\\sin {\alpha }_{\mathrm{a}}\cos {\beta }_{\mathrm{a}}= &- \cos \left({\phi -{\theta }_{\mathrm{a}}}\right)\cos {\sigma }_{\mathrm{a}}\sin \psi \cos \gamma +\\& \sin \left({\phi -{\theta }_{\mathrm{a}}}\right)\cos {\sigma }_{\mathrm{a}}\cos \gamma +\sin {\sigma }_{\mathrm{a}}\cos \psi \operatorname{si}\end{cases}$
将无风干扰时的攻角$\alpha$(或侧滑角$\beta$)与气流攻角${\alpha }_{\mathrm{a}}$(或气流侧滑角${\beta }_{\mathrm{a}}$)求差,可得附加风攻角(或侧滑角), 即:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\alpha }_{\mathrm{w}}= \alpha -{\alpha }_{\mathrm{a}}\\{\beta }_{\mathrm{w}}= \beta -{\beta }_{\mathrm{a}}\end{array}\right.$
由气流攻角${\alpha }_{\mathrm{a}}$和气流侧滑角${\beta }_{\mathrm{a}}$可计算总气流攻角${\eta }_{\mathrm{a}}$:
${\eta }_{\mathrm{a}}= \operatorname{acos}\left({\cos \left({\alpha }_{\mathrm{a}}\right)\cos \left({\beta }_{\mathrm{a}}\right)}\right)$
运载火箭的动压与总气流攻角的乘积$q{\eta }_{\mathrm{a}}$可用来衡量火箭受到的气动载荷大小, 如下式所示:
$ q{\eta }_{\mathrm{a}}= \frac{1}{2}\rho {\begin{Vmatrix}{\mathbf{V}}_{\mathrm{a}}\end{Vmatrix}}^{2}{\eta }_{\mathrm{a}}$
式中$\rho$为大气密度。
在跨声速段和最大动压段, 风干扰产生的附加风攻角和侧滑角使火箭的高空风载荷显著增加。但由于实际飞行时的风场数据难以精确预示, 因此如何对高空风场的随机偏差进行建模成为影响运载火箭气动载荷计算精度的关键因素。
目前实际工程采用的风场偏差建模方法包含以下两种。
方法一:不同高度层的风场参数视为同一个随机数, 以等比例方式整体增大或减小一个随机偏差项;
方法二: 采用$M$个相互独立的随机数$(M$为高度层数), 分别对每个高度层的风场参数单独进行拉偏。
其中, 方法一的本质是假设不同高度层的风场参数相关性均为1 , 相关系数矩阵云图如图1所示; 方法二的本质是假设不同高度层的风场参数相关性均为0 ,相关系数矩阵云图如图2所示。
两种方法的偏差假设均与实际风场的分布特征存在差异,难以准确预示风场偏差对高空风载荷$q{\eta }_{\mathrm{a}}$的影响。因此, 有必要对实际风场数据进行特征分析, 并按照实际风场特征生成相同分布的随机风场子样, 进行蒙特卡洛打靶, 从而得到随机风场下的高空风载荷分布。
以某地2019年12月的实测风场数据为例, 研究实际风场的分布特性。图3给出这组风场数据中的东向风速剖面,图4图5分别给出了${10}\mathrm{\;{km}}$${11}\mathrm{\;{km}}$${10}\mathrm{\;{km}}$${20}\mathrm{\;{km}}$高度处的东向风速散点图。
图45可以看出,由于${10}\mathrm{\;{km}}$${11}\mathrm{\;{km}}$高度接近,当${10}\mathrm{\;{km}}$处风速偏大时,${11}\mathrm{\;{km}}$处风速同样倾向于偏大, 两者相关系数为0.949 , 因此图4风速散点呈右上至左下的带状分布; 而${10}\mathrm{\;{km}}$${20}\mathrm{\;{km}}$高度差较大, 两个高度层的风速无明显相关性, 相关系数仅为0.010 ,因此图5中的散点呈近圆形分布。
由任意两个高度层间风场的相关系数可组成一个对称的相关系数矩阵, 基于该地历史高空风场样本数据,图6给出了由不同高度层的东向风速计算得到的相关系数矩阵图。相关系数矩阵对角线元素均为1 , 即同一高度层的风速完全线性相关。任意两个高度层的风速分布均具有相关性, 且高度差越小, 相关系数越大,反之则越小。
在随机过程理论中, 一般将均值函数或标准差函数随自变量变化的随机过程称为非平稳过程[10]。本文提出将风速建模为关于高度$h$的非平稳高斯过程, 每一高度层上的风速均为一个正态变量, 不同高度层的风速均值和标准差随高度变化,每两个高度层的风速分布存在相关性, 其大小与高度差有关。通过对实际风场数据进行统计分析, 获得不同高度层风速的相关性信息, 再利用高斯过程分解方法, 生成符合实际风场分布特征的风场样本。
设有某个时间段内的$N$套实测风场样本数据,测量时间为${t}_{i}\left({i = 1,2,\cdots , N}\right)$。将${t}_{i}$时刻$h$高度处的风速矢量分解为东向和北向风速分量,分别记为$U\left({{t}_{i}, h}\right)$$V\left({{t}_{i}, h}\right)$,则不同高度$h$处的东向风速均值${\mu }_{U}\left( h\right)$和标准差${\sigma }_{U}\left( h\right)$可由式(8)、式(9)计算:
${\mu }_{U}\left( h\right)= \frac{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{N}U\left({{t}_{i}, h}\right)}{N}$
${\sigma }_{U}\left( h\right)= \sqrt{\frac{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{N}{\left( U\left({t}_{i}, h\right)- {\mu }_{U}\left( h\right)\right)}^{2}}{N}}$
任意两个高度层${h}_{j}$${h}_{k}$处的东向风速间的协方差${\Omega }_{U}\left({{h}_{j},{h}_{k}}\right)$
${\Omega }_{U}\left({{h}_{j},{h}_{k}}\right)= \frac{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{N}\left({U\left({{t}_{i},{h}_{j}}\right)- {\mu }_{U}\left({h}_{j}\right)}\right)\left({U\left({{t}_{i},{h}_{k}}\right)- {\mu }_{U}\left({h}_{k}\right)}\right)}{N}$
由式(9)和式(10)可得,${h}_{j}$${h}_{k}$高度处东向风速分量间的相关系数${\rho }_{U}\left({{h}_{j},{h}_{k}}\right)$
${\rho }_{U}\left({{h}_{j},{h}_{k}}\right)= \frac{{\Omega }_{U}\left({{h}_{j},{h}_{k}}\right)}{{\sigma }_{U}\left({h}_{j}\right){\sigma }_{U}\left({h}_{k}\right)} $
相关系数${\rho }_{U}\left({{h}_{j},{h}_{k}}\right)$的取值范围为$\left\lbrack {-1,1}\right\rbrack$。当${\rho }_{U}\left({{h}_{j},{h}_{k}}\right)> 0$时,$X$$Y$呈线性正相关关系;${\rho }_{U}\left({{h}_{j},{h}_{k}}\right)< 0$时,$X$$Y$呈线性负相关关系;${\rho }_{U}\left({{h}_{j},{h}_{k}}\right)= 0$时,$X$$Y$线性不相关。
将高度范围$\left\lbrack {0,{H}_{\max }}\right\rbrack$按等间距离散为$M$个高度层,第$j$层的高度记为${h}_{j}\left({j = 1,2,\cdots , M}\right)$。将${h}_{j}$分别代入式(8)至式(11), 则可得到东向风速在不同高度层的均值向量${\mathbf{\mu }}_{U}$、标准差向量${\mathbf{\sigma }}_{U}$、协方差矩阵${\mathbf{\sum }}_{U}$和相关系数矩阵${\mathbf{\rho }}_{U}$,如式(12)所示,其中,${\mathbf{\mu }}_{U}$${\mathbf{\sigma }}_{U}$$M$维列向量,${\sum }_{U}$${\mathbf{\rho }}_{U}$$M \times M$维方阵。
$\begin{array}{l}= {\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{\rho }_{U}\left({{h}_{1},{h}_{1}}\right)& {Q}_{U}\left({h}_{2}\right)& \cdots &{Q}_{U}\left({h}_{M}\right)\end{matrix}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}\\\end{array}$
同理可计算北向风速分量的均值向量${\mathbf{\mu }}_{V}$、标准差向量${\mathbf{\sigma }}_{v}$、协方差矩阵${\mathbf{\sum }}_{v}$和相关系数矩阵${\mathbf{\rho }}_{v}$等特征参数, 其表达式不再赘述。
除了不同高度层的东向或北向风速存在自相关性外, 不同高度层的东向风速与北向风速之间同样存在互相关性。${h}_{j}$高度处东向风速和${h}_{k}$高度处北向风速之间的协方差${\Omega }_{UV}\left({{h}_{j},{h}_{k}}\right)$可由下式计算:
${\Omega }_{UV}\left({{h}_{j},{h}_{k}}\right)= \frac{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{N}\left({U\left({{t}_{i},{h}_{j}}\right)- {\mu }_{U}\left({h}_{j}\right)}\right)\left({V\left({{t}_{i},{h}_{k}}\right)- {\mu }_{V}\left({h}_{k}\right)}\right)}{N}$
两者的相关系数${\rho }_{UV}\left({{h}_{j},{h}_{k}}\right)$
${\rho }_{UV}\left({{h}_{j},{h}_{k}}\right)= \frac{{\Omega }_{UV}\left({{h}_{j},{h}_{k}}\right)}{{\sigma }_{U}\left({h}_{j}\right){\sigma }_{V}\left({h}_{k}\right)} $
由式(13)和式(14)可建立不同高度层东向与北向风速的互协方差矩阵${\sum }_{UV}$和互相关系数矩阵${\mathbf{\rho }}_{UV}$:
$\left\{\begin{matrix}{\mathbf{\sum }}_{UV}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{\sum }_{UV}\left({{h}_{1},{h}_{1}}\right)& {\sum }_{UV}\left({{h}_{1},{h}_{2}}\right)& \cdots &{\sum }_{UV}\left({{h}_{1},{h}_{M}}\right)& \\{\sum }_{UV}\left({{h}_{2},{h}_{1}}\right)& {\sum }_{UV}\left({{h}_{2},{h}_{2}}\right)& \cdots &{\sum }_{UV}\left({{h}_{2},{h}_{M}}\right)& \\\vdots && \vdots && \vdots \\{\sum }_{UV}\left({{h}_{M},{h}_{1}}\right)& {\sum }_{UV}\left({{h}_{M},{h}_{2}}\right)& \cdots &{\sum }_{UV}\left({{h}_{M},{h}_{M}}\right)& \end{matrix}\right\rbrack {h}_{M \times M}\\{\mathbf{\rho }}_{UV}= \left\{\begin{matrix}{\rho }_{UV}\left({{h}_{1},{h}_{1}}\right)& {\rho }_{UV}\left({{h}_{1},{h}_{2}}\right)& \cdots &{\rho }_{UV}\left({{h}_{1},{h}_{M}}\right)& \\{\rho }_{UV}\left({{h}_{2},{h}_{1}}\right)& {\rho }_{UV}\left({{h}_{2},{h}_{2}}\right)& \cdots &{\rho }_{UV}\left({{h}_{2},{h}_{M}}\right)& \\\vdots && \vdots && \vdots \\{\rho }_{UV}\left({{h}_{M},{h}_{M}}\right)& \cdots &{\rho }_{UV}\left({{h}_{M},{h}_{M}}\right)\cdots &{\rho }_{UV}\left({{h}_{M},{h}_{M}}\right)& \end{matrix}\right\}. \end{matrix}\right.$
计算一组实测风场的随机过程特征参数后, 即可根据其分布特征生成风场样本。谱分解是根据随机过程的特征参数, 将其分解为独立标准正态随机变量的方法。本文使用Sudret和Kiureghian[11]提出的扩展最优线性估计(Expansion Optimal Linear Estimation, EOLE)法, 将东、北向风速非平稳高斯过程进行分解。
利用式(12)和(15), 计算东向和北向风速在不同高度层的全部特征参数,并代入式(16)计算$\mathbf{\mu }$$\mathbf{\sigma }$两个${2M}$维列向量和$\mathbf{\sum }$$\mathbf{\rho }$两个${2M}\times {2M}$维方阵。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\mathbf{\mu }= {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{lll}{\mathbf{\mu }}_{U}& {}^{\mathrm{T}}& {\mathbf{\mu }}_{V}\end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}\\\mathbf{\sigma }= {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{llll}{\mathbf{\sigma }}_{U}& {}^{\mathrm{T}}& {\mathbf{\sigma }}_{V}& {}^{\mathrm{T}}\end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}\\\mathbf{\sum }= {\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{\mathbf{\sum }}_{U}& {\mathbf{\sum }}_{UV}& \\{\mathbf{\sum }}_{UV}& {}^{\mathrm{T}}& {\mathbf{\sum }}_{V}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack }_{{2M}\times {2M}}\\\mathbf{\rho }= {\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{\mathbf{\rho }}_{U}& {\mathbf{\rho }}_{UV}& \\{\mathbf{\rho }}_{UV}& {}^{\mathrm{T}}& {\mathbf{\rho }}_{UV}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}\end{array}\right.$
求解协方差矩阵$\sum$的全部特征值,按从大到小排序,记为${\lambda }_{k}\left({k = 1,2,\cdots ,{2M}}\right)$,对应的特征向量依次为${\mathbf{Q}}_{k}\left({k = 1,2,\cdots ,{2M}}\right)$。矩阵的特征值和特征向量计算方法请参考相关文献。则高度层${h}_{j}\left({j = 1,2,\cdots , M}\right)$的东向和北向风速可以分解[11]
$ U\left({h}_{j}\right)\approx {\mathbf{\mu }}_{j}+ {\mathbf{\sigma }}_{j}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{p}\frac{{\xi }_{k}}{\sqrt{{\lambda }_{k}}}{\mathbf{Q}}_{k}^{\mathrm{T}}{\mathbf{\rho }}_{j}$
$ V\left({h}_{j}\right)\approx {\mathbf{\mu }}_{j + M}+ {\mathbf{\sigma }}_{j + M}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{p}\frac{{\xi }_{k}}{\sqrt{{\lambda }_{k}}}{\mathbf{Q}}_{k}^{\mathrm{T}}{\mathbf{\rho }}_{j + M}$
式中${\mathbf{\mu }}_{j}$${\mathbf{\sigma }}_{j}$分别为向量$\mathbf{\mu }$$\mathbf{\sigma }$的第$j$个元素;${\mathbf{\rho }}_{j}$为相关系数矩阵$\rho$的第$j$列元素组成的向量;${\xi }_{k}(k =$$1,2,\cdots , p)$为独立标准正态随机变量;$p$为EOLE展开项的个数,且$p \leq {2M}, p$取值越大计算精度越高,计算量也相应越大。
通过将不同取值的标准正态随机变量${\xi }_{k}(k =$$1,2,\cdots , p)$代入式(17)和(18),即可得到与实测风场具有相同分布特征的风速$U\left({h}_{j}\right)$$V\left({h}_{j}\right)(j =$$1,2,\cdots , M)$子样。
本节以2019年12月某地实测风场数据为基础, 采用目前仿真中常用的两种风场建模方法及本文方法, 分别生成风场样本, 通过蒙特卡洛仿真计算某火箭的高空风载荷$q{\eta }_{\mathrm{a}}$,利用$q{\eta }_{\mathrm{a}}$计算结果对比验证本文方法的风场偏差建模精度。
首先, 定性分析3种不同的风场偏差建模方法生成的风场样本的差异。图7给出2019年12月某地实际风场(46个样本)及采用3种风场偏差建模方法得到的风场(各1 000个样本)在不同高度处的东向、 北向风速剖面。
图7可见, 相较基准实测风场, 方法一生成的偏差风场子样在不同高度层上的风速过于平滑, 而方法二生成的风场子样则过于粗糙, 均与实测风场特征存在较大差异, 本文方法生成的风场子样与实测风场的剖面形态更为接近。
分别利用实际风场和3种风场偏差建模方法得到的风场子样进行风干扰弹道打靶仿真, 得到的高空风载荷$q{\eta }_{\mathrm{a}}$的无量纲裕度$\lambda$随时间变化曲线,如图8所示。 其中,载荷无量纲裕度$\lambda$的计算公式为
$\lambda =\frac{q{\eta }_{\max }- q{\eta }_{\mathrm{a}}}{q{\eta }_{\max }}$
式中$q{\eta }_{\max }$为运载火箭结构允许的最大气动载荷值。
进一步分析3种风场样本打靶得到的气动载荷无量纲裕度$\lambda$的极小值分布,并将其与利用实际风场打靶仿真所得的结果进行对比。图9~图11分别给出了3种风场样本与实际风场打靶仿真结果对比, 图中的红色直线为利用实际风场打靶仿真得到的$\lambda$均值与正负1倍$\sigma$分布带,黑色虚线为各风场样本打靶仿真得到的$\lambda$均值与正负1倍$\sigma$分布带。表1列出了实测风场与3种方法得到的$\lambda$统计结果对比。
由以上结果可以看出:
a)方法一计算得到的气动载荷无量纲裕度$\lambda$相比实测风场打靶结果偏大, 这是由于方法一生成的风场参数在不同高度层上整体增大或缩小, 减小了切变风出现的概率, 因此, 若采用方法一进行风干扰下的气动载荷裕度仿真, 将可能引起设计不包络的风险;
b)方法二计算得到的$\lambda$值相比实测风场打靶结果显著偏小, 这是由于方法二忽略了不同高度层上风场参数的相关性, 各高度层的风速完全独立, 大幅增加了切变风出现的概率,使得$\lambda$打靶仿真结果与实际值相比裕度偏大, 这会导致火箭结构设计过于保守或发射放行概率低于实际可承受能力;
c)本文提出的方法由于考虑了实际风场参数在不同高度层的相关性,偏差打靶得到的$\lambda$值与实际风场结果误差在$2\%$以内,对高空风载荷的预示精度远高于另两种方法, 验证了本文方法对高空风载荷裕度的预示精度优势。
本文提出的高空风场偏差建模方法, 将不同高度层的东、北向风速考虑为非平稳高斯过程。通过对实际风场样本的统计分析, 获取其均值、标准差向量、 协方差矩阵和相关系数矩阵等特征参数, 再利用EOLE方法将东、北向风速分解为独立标准正态随机变量, 从而得到符合实际风场特征的样本。蒙特卡洛仿真结果表明, 本文方法对气动载荷裕度的预示误差远小于目前工程方法, 对于火箭运载效率和放行概率提升具有重要意义。
本文按照东、北向对风速矢量进行了分解, 在后续工作中, 还可将不同高度层的风速大小和风向建模为随机过程, 并深入研究风场的季节变化特性及北向风速受西风带风向变化的影响, 从而进一步提高高空风载荷预示精度。同时,在此基础上深入研究优化运载火箭结构的载荷门限,实现运载系数和发射放行概率的提升。
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2024年第47卷第3期
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240301
  • 接收时间:2023-01-12
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2024-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-12
  • 修回日期:2024-01-08
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    1北京宇航系统工程研究所,北京,100076
    2西昌卫星发射中心,西昌,615000
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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