Article(id=1148011762030474125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298831252079541, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240215, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1620748800000, receivedDateStr=2021-05-12, revisedDate=1648569600000, revisedDateStr=2022-03-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751636933095, onlineDateStr=2025-07-04, pubDate=1713974400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751636933095, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751636933095, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751636933095, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149298831252079541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2024', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751943794309, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754895895552, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1161680841353552315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298831252079541, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1161680841353552316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298831252079541, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=91, endPage=99, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1148011762223412123, articleId=1148011762030474125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=An UAV Capability Evaluation Method based on Differential Entropy Weighting, columnId=1154067057713861201, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Test Control and Communication, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the aspect of evaluating UAV performance, in order to improve the disadvantages, such as strong subjectivity from the experts, too sensitive to data, the UAV capability modeling is proposed. It not only shields the heterogeneity and resource diversity of UAV from the upper layer, but also retains the important characteristics of UAV, which can present the UAV's capability to support the design of upper layer model and algorithm, and reduce the prior workload of the upper-level research and promote the development of related research. Furthermore, the differential entropy weighting method based on UAV capability is also proposed to evaluate the capabilities and comprehensive performance of UAV effectively. This method determines relative weight of each feature according to the feature vector corresponding to the maximum eigenvalue of the judgment matrix, and the final evaluation result is obtained through weighted calculation. Experimental results show that the method overcomes subjective bias from experts and increases the horizontal comparison among indicators to improve the stability of calculation.

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在评估无人机性能方面,为有效克服主观性强、对数据过于敏感、计算复杂度高等缺陷,提出无人机“能力”建模方法。该方法在向上层研究屏蔽无人机异构性和资源多样性的同时保留无人机的个性化重要特征,呈现无人机“能力”以支持上层模型设计和算法设计,从而减轻了上层研究的先验工作量,推进了相关研究的开展。进一步提出基于无人机“能力”的差异熵赋权法,该方法依据判断矩阵最大特征值所对应的特征向量确定各个特性的相对权重,加权计算得到最终的评估结果,从而有效地对无人机各能力以及综合性能进行相对评估。试验结果表明:差异熵赋权法在克服主观偏差的同时,增加了指标间横向对比,提升了计算稳定性。

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王岚清(1998-),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为无人集群自组织管理。

杨刚(1974—),男,博士,教授,硕士生导师,主要研究方向为嵌入式分布计算系统建模技术、CPS系统协同设计技术以及服务计算及其中间件技术。

原郭文(1994—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为异构智能无人集群资源管理。

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王岚清(1998-),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为无人集群自组织管理。

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王岚清(1998-),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为无人集群自组织管理。

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杨刚(1974—),男,博士,教授,硕士生导师,主要研究方向为嵌入式分布计算系统建模技术、CPS系统协同设计技术以及服务计算及其中间件技术。

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原郭文(1994—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为异构智能无人集群资源管理。

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原郭文(1994—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为异构智能无人集群资源管理。

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Beijing: Aviation Industry Press, 2006., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1197274103896916381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011762030474125, awardId=2017YFB1001900, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2017YFB1001900), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1197274080580780396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011762030474125, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197274080589169005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011762030474125, companyId=1197274080580780396, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Computer Science and Engineering,Northwestern Polytechnical University,Xi'an,710129), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197274080610140526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011762030474125, companyId=1197274080580780396, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=西北工业大学计算机学院,西安,710129)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1197274091548885385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011762030474125, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=The relationship of component, capability and behavior, figureFileSmall=vAxR5fBtqQxbUg6WNg2Cpw==, figureFileBig=HYBC/l+ogN+YBHxkNPtLSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197274091997675914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011762030474125, language=CN, label=图1, caption=组件、能力和行为关系, figureFileSmall=vAxR5fBtqQxbUg6WNg2Cpw==, figureFileBig=HYBC/l+ogN+YBHxkNPtLSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197274095453782411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011762030474125, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=The evaluation indexes of UAV reconnaissance capability, figureFileSmall=8f+LFDT2gWjWKjg3tJeY5g==, figureFileBig=Jrdu0JQSm4L8UCyCFxJi3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197274095567028620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011762030474125, language=CN, label=图2, caption=无人机侦察能力评估指标集, figureFileSmall=8f+LFDT2gWjWKjg3tJeY5g==, figureFileBig=Jrdu0JQSm4L8UCyCFxJi3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197274095692857741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011762030474125, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Evaluation value of reconnaissance capability of 10 types of aircraft in 6 environments, figureFileSmall=60k7/GvSPWGOKbuQmlPKzA==, figureFileBig=ECVGj2jzd+hYFvxoG3IgWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197274096003236238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011762030474125, language=CN, label=图3, caption=10种无人机在6种环境下的侦察能力评估值, figureFileSmall=60k7/GvSPWGOKbuQmlPKzA==, figureFileBig=ECVGj2jzd+hYFvxoG3IgWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197274096103899535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011762030474125, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Relationship between importance language description and scale value, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
语言描述1~9标度指数标度
同等重要1${a}_{0}$
~2${a}_{1}$
稍微重要3${a}_{2}$
~4${a}_{3}$
明显重要5${a}_{4}$
~6${a}_{5}$
强烈重要7${a}_{6}$
~8${a}_{7}$
极端重要9${a}_{8}$
), ArticleFig(id=1197274096296837520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011762030474125, language=CN, label=表1, caption=重要度语言描述与标度值的对应关系, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
语言描述1~9标度指数标度
同等重要1${a}_{0}$
~2${a}_{1}$
稍微重要3${a}_{2}$
~4${a}_{3}$
明显重要5${a}_{4}$
~6${a}_{5}$
强烈重要7${a}_{6}$
~8${a}_{7}$
极端重要9${a}_{8}$
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名称AHP赋权法熵权法
优点层次分明,结构清晰,计算过程简单易懂;通过指标相对重要度的两两比较确定指标权值,不受指标表现参数的影响全面反映指标信息熵的效用价值;通过指标信息熵进行客观赋权,避免人为因素带来偏差, 具有较高的可信度与准确度
缺点主观人为偏好导致评估偏差;指标过多时,一致性检验可能无法通过缺乏指标之间的横向比较, 某一指标值的离散度过大时导致该指标的权重偏差过大, 使单一指标影响整体评估结果; 忽略指标本身的重要程度, 确定的指标权重与预期结果相差甚远
标准化处理不需要需要
非负化处理不需要需要
一致性检验需要不需要
), ArticleFig(id=1197274096774988178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011762030474125, language=CN, label=表2, caption=AHP赋权法与熵权法的比较, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称AHP赋权法熵权法
优点层次分明,结构清晰,计算过程简单易懂;通过指标相对重要度的两两比较确定指标权值,不受指标表现参数的影响全面反映指标信息熵的效用价值;通过指标信息熵进行客观赋权,避免人为因素带来偏差, 具有较高的可信度与准确度
缺点主观人为偏好导致评估偏差;指标过多时,一致性检验可能无法通过缺乏指标之间的横向比较, 某一指标值的离散度过大时导致该指标的权重偏差过大, 使单一指标影响整体评估结果; 忽略指标本身的重要程度, 确定的指标权重与预期结果相差甚远
标准化处理不需要需要
非负化处理不需要需要
一致性检验需要不需要
), ArticleFig(id=1197274097253138835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011762030474125, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=UAV reconnaissance capability-evaluation indicators and data of 10 types of aircraft indicator, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
无人机侦察能力评估指标机型及参数
能力指标RQGNPRSAHUSIHECLSRMQ
生存能力巡航高度/m13509001500165013001400170080011001520
巡航速度/(m·min ${}^{-1}$)2333166720003500213325003000180021001920
抗毁伤能力85759180956996807565
最小转弯半径/m780560850640500890620750920660
最大爬升率/(m·min ${}^{-1}$)457335440445232245274234412345
最大续航时间/min90012601200720720960120011001000970
实用升限/m4600660061006700457554855480600046205100
感知能力信息处理与传输能力92876071779883857690
抗干扰能力77899869618493857671
发现目标能力87797265609389856671
识别目标能力89827568629794888581
侦察高度/m1100100013501400115012009509801000960
巡航时间/min480600600420450420600490510550
机载电子设备可靠性85627897857291829079
稳定能力平均无故障时间/min7000910097007600980081006200650072008000
平均修复时间/min63729486809197907283
环境适应能力82649187769670889279
数据链路可靠性77728396889369727890
有效载荷可靠性82858191727195908971
起降控制系统可靠性70868276859290877991
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无人机侦察能力评估指标机型及参数
能力指标RQGNPRSAHUSIHECLSRMQ
生存能力巡航高度/m13509001500165013001400170080011001520
巡航速度/(m·min ${}^{-1}$)2333166720003500213325003000180021001920
抗毁伤能力85759180956996807565
最小转弯半径/m780560850640500890620750920660
最大爬升率/(m·min ${}^{-1}$)457335440445232245274234412345
最大续航时间/min90012601200720720960120011001000970
实用升限/m4600660061006700457554855480600046205100
感知能力信息处理与传输能力92876071779883857690
抗干扰能力77899869618493857671
发现目标能力87797265609389856671
识别目标能力89827568629794888581
侦察高度/m1100100013501400115012009509801000960
巡航时间/min480600600420450420600490510550
机载电子设备可靠性85627897857291829079
稳定能力平均无故障时间/min7000910097007600980081006200650072008000
平均修复时间/min63729486809197907283
环境适应能力82649187769670889279
数据链路可靠性77728396889369727890
有效载荷可靠性82858191727195908971
起降控制系统可靠性70868276859290877991
), ArticleFig(id=1197274099153158549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011762030474125, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=Relative weight of UAV reconnaissance capability-evaluation indicators, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
能力(权重)指标相对权重能力(权重)指标相对权重能力(权重)指标相对权重
生存能力(0.3969)巡航高度/m0.0802感知能力(0.3012)信息处理与传输能力0.0935稳定能力(0.3012)平均无故障时间/min0.1487
巡航速度/$\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot {\mathrm{{min}}}^{-1}}\right)$0.1443抗干扰能力0.1130平均修复时间/min0.3390
抗毁伤能力0.0900发现目标能力0.1433环境适应能力0.0902
最小转弯半径/m0.2593识别目标能力0.1138数据链路可靠性0.1487
最大爬升率/(m·min ${}^{-1}$)0.1497侦察高度/m0.2576有效载荷可靠性0.1875
最大续航时间/min0.1138巡航时间/min0.1958起降控制系统可靠性0.0859
实用升限/m0.1625机载电子设备可靠性0.0830--
), ArticleFig(id=1197274099421594006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011762030474125, language=CN, label=表4, caption=无人机侦察能力评估指标集相对权重, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
能力(权重)指标相对权重能力(权重)指标相对权重能力(权重)指标相对权重
生存能力(0.3969)巡航高度/m0.0802感知能力(0.3012)信息处理与传输能力0.0935稳定能力(0.3012)平均无故障时间/min0.1487
巡航速度/$\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot {\mathrm{{min}}}^{-1}}\right)$0.1443抗干扰能力0.1130平均修复时间/min0.3390
抗毁伤能力0.0900发现目标能力0.1433环境适应能力0.0902
最小转弯半径/m0.2593识别目标能力0.1138数据链路可靠性0.1487
最大爬升率/(m·min ${}^{-1}$)0.1497侦察高度/m0.2576有效载荷可靠性0.1875
最大续航时间/min0.1138巡航时间/min0.1958起降控制系统可靠性0.0859
实用升限/m0.1625机载电子设备可靠性0.0830--
), ArticleFig(id=1197274099866190231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011762030474125, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=Evaluation value of each capability of 10 types of aircraft, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
能力RQGNPRSAHUSIHECLSRMQ
生存能力0.0910.1230.1160.1650.0350.0610.1410.0730.0570.085
感知能力0.1080.1020.1490.1040.0560.1220.1220.0890.0730.075
稳定能力0.0430.1210.0900.1170.1110.0880.0540.0760.1270.094
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能力RQGNPRSAHUSIHECLSRMQ
生存能力0.0910.1230.1160.1650.0350.0610.1410.0730.0570.085
感知能力0.1080.1020.1490.1040.0560.1220.1220.0890.0730.075
稳定能力0.0430.1210.0900.1170.1110.0880.0540.0760.1270.094
), ArticleFig(id=1197274100977680793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011762030474125, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=Evaluation value of reconnaissance capability of 10 types of aircraft, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法RQGNPRSAHUSIHECLSRMQ
AHP赋权法0.0670.1310.1620.1640.0270.0850.1260.0800.0770.083
熵权法0.0710.1520.1550.1590.0250.0890.1270.0760.0820.080
差异熵赋权法0.0730.1400.1480.1670.0290.0920.1230.0690.0800.079
), ArticleFig(id=1197274101510357402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011762030474125, language=CN, label=表6, caption=10种机型侦察能力评估值, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法RQGNPRSAHUSIHECLSRMQ
AHP赋权法0.0670.1310.1620.1640.0270.0850.1260.0800.0770.083
熵权法0.0710.1520.1550.1590.0250.0890.1270.0760.0820.080
差异熵赋权法0.0730.1400.1480.1670.0290.0920.1230.0690.0800.079
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机型差异熵赋权法评估值熵权法评估值
F-15E0.0537090.053617
幻影2000-50.0531670.053201
米格-310.0508570.050781
F-16C0.0504560.050421
幻影2000C0.0480990.048177
F/A-18C0.0469230.046349
米格-290.0461810.046841
F-16A0.0414660.041589
F-14A0.0452820.045237
F-200.0412670.041353
狂风ADV0.0408160.040852
幻影F-1C0.0386290.038532
F-15C0.0400760.040064
F-4E0.0346730.034538
米格-23C0.0300190.029884
F-104G0.0292490.029194
幻影IIIC0.0285850.028480
鹞式0.0281180.027995
F-5E0.0270190.026910
F-111E0.0233630.023477
F-8D0.0211370.021222
P-1闪电0.0185340.018577
F-105D0.0167250.016736
米格-21MΦ0.0166670.016752
苏-200.0142400.014175
F-100D0.0132980.013291
米格-21Φ130.0115250.011562
米格-19C0.0115250.010773
米格-19πΦ0.0109800.011605
苏-7B0.0107480.011000
米格-15比斯0.0098570.009860
米格-17Φ0.0097910.009928
F-86F0.0096060.009695
F-80C0.0063140.006302
P-51D0.0052660.005238
拉-90.0043610.004339
FW1900.0039090.003892
米格-90.0038610.003756
零式0.0037390.003836
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机型差异熵赋权法评估值熵权法评估值
F-15E0.0537090.053617
幻影2000-50.0531670.053201
米格-310.0508570.050781
F-16C0.0504560.050421
幻影2000C0.0480990.048177
F/A-18C0.0469230.046349
米格-290.0461810.046841
F-16A0.0414660.041589
F-14A0.0452820.045237
F-200.0412670.041353
狂风ADV0.0408160.040852
幻影F-1C0.0386290.038532
F-15C0.0400760.040064
F-4E0.0346730.034538
米格-23C0.0300190.029884
F-104G0.0292490.029194
幻影IIIC0.0285850.028480
鹞式0.0281180.027995
F-5E0.0270190.026910
F-111E0.0233630.023477
F-8D0.0211370.021222
P-1闪电0.0185340.018577
F-105D0.0167250.016736
米格-21MΦ0.0166670.016752
苏-200.0142400.014175
F-100D0.0132980.013291
米格-21Φ130.0115250.011562
米格-19C0.0115250.010773
米格-19πΦ0.0109800.011605
苏-7B0.0107480.011000
米格-15比斯0.0098570.009860
米格-17Φ0.0097910.009928
F-86F0.0096060.009695
F-80C0.0063140.006302
P-51D0.0052660.005238
拉-90.0043610.004339
FW1900.0039090.003892
米格-90.0038610.003756
零式0.0037390.003836
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一种基于差异熵赋权法的无人机能力评估方法
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王岚清 , 杨刚 , 原郭文
导弹与航天运载技术 | 测控通信技术 2024,47(2): 91-99
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导弹与航天运载技术 | 测控通信技术 2024, 47(2): 91-99
一种基于差异熵赋权法的无人机能力评估方法
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王岚清, 杨刚, 原郭文
作者信息
  • 西北工业大学计算机学院,西安,710129
  • 王岚清(1998-),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为无人集群自组织管理。

    杨刚(1974—),男,博士,教授,硕士生导师,主要研究方向为嵌入式分布计算系统建模技术、CPS系统协同设计技术以及服务计算及其中间件技术。

    原郭文(1994—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为异构智能无人集群资源管理。

An UAV Capability Evaluation Method based on Differential Entropy Weighting
Lanqing WANG, Gang YANG, Guowen YUAN
Affiliations
  • School of Computer Science and Engineering,Northwestern Polytechnical University,Xi'an,710129
出版时间: 2024-04-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240215
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在评估无人机性能方面,为有效克服主观性强、对数据过于敏感、计算复杂度高等缺陷,提出无人机“能力”建模方法。该方法在向上层研究屏蔽无人机异构性和资源多样性的同时保留无人机的个性化重要特征,呈现无人机“能力”以支持上层模型设计和算法设计,从而减轻了上层研究的先验工作量,推进了相关研究的开展。进一步提出基于无人机“能力”的差异熵赋权法,该方法依据判断矩阵最大特征值所对应的特征向量确定各个特性的相对权重,加权计算得到最终的评估结果,从而有效地对无人机各能力以及综合性能进行相对评估。试验结果表明:差异熵赋权法在克服主观偏差的同时,增加了指标间横向对比,提升了计算稳定性。

无人机  /  能力建模  /  差异熵赋权  /  层次分析法  /  熵权法

In the aspect of evaluating UAV performance, in order to improve the disadvantages, such as strong subjectivity from the experts, too sensitive to data, the UAV capability modeling is proposed. It not only shields the heterogeneity and resource diversity of UAV from the upper layer, but also retains the important characteristics of UAV, which can present the UAV's capability to support the design of upper layer model and algorithm, and reduce the prior workload of the upper-level research and promote the development of related research. Furthermore, the differential entropy weighting method based on UAV capability is also proposed to evaluate the capabilities and comprehensive performance of UAV effectively. This method determines relative weight of each feature according to the feature vector corresponding to the maximum eigenvalue of the judgment matrix, and the final evaluation result is obtained through weighted calculation. Experimental results show that the method overcomes subjective bias from experts and increases the horizontal comparison among indicators to improve the stability of calculation.

UAV  /  capability modeling  /  differential entropy weighting  /  AHP  /  entropy weighting
王岚清, 杨刚, 原郭文. 一种基于差异熵赋权法的无人机能力评估方法. 导弹与航天运载技术, 2024 , 47 (2) : 91 -99 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240215
Lanqing WANG, Gang YANG, Guowen YUAN. An UAV Capability Evaluation Method based on Differential Entropy Weighting[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2024 , 47 (2) : 91 -99 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240215
多无人机协同任务规划[1-2]、分布式动作控制[3-5]、动态环境下的自组织[6-7]等实际应用任务的有效执行依赖于无人机自身属性, 包括飞行控制、传感敏感度等。无人机组成系统结构复杂, 重要硬件指标多样化, 因此基于无人机的上层研究开发人员需要学习大量的无人机组成原理才能设计更符合无人机特性的算法和平台,这增加了上层研究的难度, 降低了研究推进速度。中国正积极推进无人机相关研究[8],这样的负影响需要尽可能被解决或避免。
目前国内外研究人员提出较多评测无人机任务执行效能的算法和模型, 经典算法包括层次分析法(又称AHP赋权法)[9-11]与熵权法[12-13]。这两种方法均存在明显的缺点。AHP依赖于专家的偏好程度给定无人机特性的权重,但是无人机结构复杂,特性繁多,专家不可能就每一项特性给定偏好值, 且该方式主观意识太强, 存在主观偏差。熵权法则对数据敏感, 且计算复杂度随着无人机特性的增加急剧增长。现有许多基于$\mathrm{{AHP}}$赋权法和熵权法的改进算法,尽管取得了一些成就, 但是仍然未能为上层研究提供更好的支撑, 还是保留着AHP赋权法和熵权法固有的缺陷。 Morgenthal等[14]研究分析了无人机飞行系统的性能和影响无人机运动的诸多因素。Fan等[15]建立和分析了无人机协同作战系统的网络节点和边缘模型。王光辉等[16]研究了一种基于任务最终完成情况和飞行代价函数的无人机侦察效能评估模型。高强、王晨等[9-10]基于AHP对无人机侦察效能建立评估模型,该模型受主观人为偏好因素影响, 并不能一直保证评估结果的客观性。邓海飞等[11]基于模糊综合评价法对无人机系统效能进行了综合评估。罗贺等[12]基于改进的熵权法对无人机侦察效能进行了综合评估。黄国庆等[13]对指标原始数据进行标准化处理时使用了线性比例法。崔建国等[17]提出一种基于模糊灰色聚类和组合赋权相结合的健康状态综合评估新方法。以上的文献存在一些不足之处, 例如主观性强、对数据过于敏感、计算复杂度高、向上屏蔽了所有特性、未做针对性性能评估, 因此, 对推动上层研究作用十分有限。
为应对当前的困境, 本文做了以下工作:
a)提出了无人机“能力”建模的思路和方法。“能力” 可以向研究人员屏蔽无人机内部细节特点, 使得研究人员能够直观地理解无人机具有怎样的能力和特性, 而无须调研和理解无人机的硬件参数类型, 无须熟知和掌握无人机的系统结构。从而在忽略无人机细节组成的同时保留了个性化特征, 减轻了上层研究的先验工作量, 推进了相关研究的开展。
b)在 “能力” 建模无人机特性的基础上, 进一步提出了差异熵赋权法。首先确定各特性间的最大差异性系数比, 然后构造出基于特性信息熵的判断矩阵, 依据判断矩阵最大特征值所对应的特征向量确定各个特性的相对权重,加权计算得到最终的评估结果。以此对无人机各项能力以及综合性能做出相对评估。
c)通过实例验证了“能力”模型以及评估算法。
本文提出的无人机 “能力” 模型, 其价值意义在于 “能力” 将无人机的内部细节特点封装起来, 形成一个可以向研究人员直观展现无人机能力和特性的概念, 它能够使得研究人员无须深入理解和熟知无人机的硬件具体参数类型和内部系统结构, 即 “能力” 在保留无人机的个性化重要特征的同时, 屏蔽了无人机内部的细节特点, 使得无人机性能这个抽象的概念在一定程度上有所具象, 便于进行数学计算。这些会使得人们对无人机性能的差异拥有更直观具象的理解与认识, 适用于推进上层研究。无人机 “能力” 是指由无人机利用其内部软硬件系统、发挥自身特征所表现出的能够有效完成特定行为的综合素质。无人机能够完成不同类型的任务, 就是无人机 “能力” 的体现。“能力”是为无人机分配任务时需要考虑的重要因素, 是一个涵盖内容丰富的重要概念。
无人机能力可以分为基础能力和应用能力。基础能力是指无人机支持自身生存、适应环境变化、作出基本反应的固有能力。无人机的基础能力可以分为飞行能力、感知能力、通信能力、载重能力、续航能力、生存能力、稳定能力等。应用能力是指无人机具有某一特定角色或者在具体应用环境下执行特定任务的能力。比如将无人机应用于国防安全所需要具备的侦察能力、农业生产所需要的植保能力、电力维护任务涉及的巡检能力、生态环保所需要的环境监测能力以及灾难搜救中所需要的生命探测能力。无人机能力之间相互依赖, 基础能力可以组合成复杂应用能力, 能力由无人机内部相应的硬件和软件组件支撑, 外部特征属性描述。通过对无人机能力的综合分析, 可以发现无人机能力特性表现在以下几个方面:
a)无人机能力较为复杂, 差异性较大, 涉及本身的个性特征;
b)能力之间存在相互依赖的关系;
c)能力之间存在分层关系,简单能力可以组合成复杂能力;
d)能力依赖组件, 需要相应的硬件与软件组件支撑;
e)无人机的动作或者行为依赖能力, 同时也能体现能力。其中, 无人机的组件、能力和行为之间的关系如图1所示。
“能力” 解释了无人机自身所涵盖的所有功能和性能, 是评估无人机综合性能的重要指标, 是执行复杂多任务时选择特定无人机的关键因素,“能力” 可以适应任务场景的实际需求, 为可靠且高效地完成任务创造了先决条件。
无人机 “能力” 的构建必须要科学合理地反映无人机的特定功能和性能特征。首先需要对某项能力进行全面综合地分析, 进而拟定 “能力” 所包含特性的评估草案,再广泛征求专家意见,反复交换信息,统计处理和综合归纳, 最后确定 “能力” 的特性集合。
全面综合分析无人机某项能力需要经过功能分析、特性属性分析及结构分析3个方面[9]。功能分析即对无人机所要完成的目标、任务或行为及期望状态进行分析; 特性属性分析是对支撑该项能力的外部描述属性进行分析, 建立与之相适应的特性指标; 结构分析是对该项能力的复杂性进行分析, 确定该项能力是否存在分层结构, 是否由简单能力组合形成。特定的指标选取需要遵循有效性、独立性、确定性等原则。指标可分为定性指标和定量指标, 定性指标具有不同的描述方式, 定量指标具有不同的量纲, 所以需要对定性指标进行科学的量化, 对定量指标进行无量纲化处理。因此, 要构建 “能力” 所包含的特性集合的指标集, 需要进行权衡分析、反复检验, 深入优化之后,才能最终确定。
无人机被期望能够广泛应用在维护国家边防安全以及城市公共安全中, 其重要作用包括侦察地形、追踪特定危险人物等。本文以无人机侦察应用场景为例, 经过功能分析、特性属性分析及结构分析后构建其能力指标评估集。在侦察应用中, 无人机的侦察能力占首要地位, 但是侦察能力并不是单一的简单能力, 对无人机而言, 侦察能力是由多个简单且重要的能力组合而成的复杂能力。如图2所示, 侦察能力由生存能力、感知能力和稳定能力聚合形成,从而向上层研究表现出无人机侦察能力。图2中实线框代表定量指标, 虚线框代表定性指标(定性指标值由专家经验给出)。
无人机的内部基本系统结构差异并不大, 但是无人机会根据其主要用途的需要而拥有不同的性能参数, 从而使得无人机更加适合执行主要用途方面的任务。因此, 由于主要用途的不同, 无人机也被划分出不同的类别用途。对于不同类别用途无人机 “能力” 的评估, 首先需要确定该用途涉及到的无人机能力是单一的简单能力还是复杂能力;其次, 在能力确定后, 就可以确定出能力对应的指标; 最后, 通过定量和定性指标, 利用本文提出的差异熵赋权法, 计算得到无人机在该用途下的能力评估值。
建立无人机的 “能力” 模型之后,可以依据 “能力”模型来评估无人机各“能力”和综合性能。为了改进AHP赋权法和熵权法的不足, 本文提出了差异熵赋权法。
无人机 “能力” 聚集了多项无人机特性, 为评估 “能力”,需要考量 “能力” 所包含的所有特性,每一项特性都有其评估指标。科学合理地确定每一项指标权重直接决定了无人机 “能力” 评估的正确性与可信性。
待评估指标之间存在相对重要度差异, 这反映的是指标相对于能力的贡献度或重要性区别。指标的重要度一般分为9级, 如果精度不高, 也可以分为3级、 5级或7级。重要度按照9级划分时的语言描述主要分为同等重要、稍微重要、明显重要、强烈重要、极端重要以及介于两两之间的重要度描述。在实际的指标权重计算中, 重要度会量化为实际的标度值, 刻画标度值的方法有$1 \sim 9$标度和指数标度[18-19],如表1所示, 1~9标度由数字1~9与重要度语言描述相对应,指数标度由底数$a$确定的指数值与重要度语言描述相对应。
重要度语言描述与标度值的对应关系如表1所示。相比于$1 \sim 9$标度,指数标度更符合客观排序,具有良好的数学结构, 符合人们的思维一致性, 在效果上更优于$1 \sim 9$标度。因此选择指数标度作为指标重要度的衡量。
指数标度的底数$a$符合$a =\sqrt[{K - 1}]{M}, K$为划分重要度的级数,$M$为重要度上限所对应的标度值,即极端重要对应的标度值。本文取$K = 9, M = 9$,则$a =\sqrt[8]{9}\approx$1.316。
为评估无人机 “能力”,需要对 “能力” 所涵盖的各指标赋予权重。主要的赋权方法包括主观赋权法和客观赋权法。AHP赋权法是典型的主观赋权法, 该方法根据专家对指标的偏好程度计算权重, 即通过专家对指标的相对重要度进行两两比较进而得到判断矩阵, 求出满足一致性要求的判断矩阵的最大特征值所对应的特征向量,进行归一化后得到指标权重[20-21]。熵权法是典型的客观赋权法, 该方法根据指标的整体数据信息计算权重,由于评估指标所包含的信息熵不同,导致其对评估结果的影响不同, 某一指标在评估对象中的差异越大, 则说明其包含的信息熵越大, 对最终评估结果的影响越大,所以应该对该指标赋予较大权重[22-24]。 AHP赋权法与熵权法的比较如表2所示。
从上述对AHP赋权法与熵权法的优缺点分析可以看出,两者互补性强,因此,本文将AHP赋权法和熵权法结合, 提出差异熵赋权法, 其核心思想为: 通过熵值计算得到各个指标的差异性系数, 对差异性系数进行两两比较, 将比较结果映射到指数标度中, 进而得到基于指标信息熵的判断矩阵, 将判断矩阵最大特征值对应的特征向量进行归一化处理后得到各个指标的权重,将各个指标加权计算,最终获得无人机相应能力的评估结果。具体计算过程如下。
假设对$N$架无人机的$X$能力进行综合评估,$X$能力有$m$项评估指标,第$i$架无人机第$j$个指标的值为${x}_{ij}$, 其中,$i \geq 0, j > 0$。其评估方法具体实现如下:
a)数据标准化处理。该步骤主要用于消除指标之间普遍存在的量纲不同、变换范围不同、对抗性不同等问题,本文采用极值法对数据做标准化处理[25]
${y}_{ij}= \left\{\begin{matrix}\frac{{x}_{ij}- \mathop{\min }\limits_{{i \in N}}{x}_{ij}}{\mathop{\min }\limits_{{i \in N}}- {x}_{ij}}\\\frac{\mathop{\max }\limits_{{i \in N}}- {x}_{ij}}{\mathop{\max }\limits_{{i \in N}}- \mathop{\min }\limits_{{i \in N}}{x}_{ij}}\end{matrix}\right.$
${y}_{ij}= \left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{{x}_{ij}- \mathop{\min }\limits_{{i \in N}}{x}_{ij}}{\mathop{\min }\limits_{{i \in N}}- \mathop{\min }\limits_{{i \in N}}{x}_{ij}}+ 1 \\\frac{\mathop{\max }\limits_{{i \in N}}- {x}_{ij}}{\mathop{\max }\limits_{{i \in N}}- \mathop{\min }\limits_{{i \in N}}{x}_{ij}}+ 1 \end{array}\right.$
若指标值中不存在负数, 则采用式(1)处理, 若存在负数, 采用式(2)进行非负化处理, 从而避免熵权计算时数值无意义。式(1)、(2)中的第1式用于处理正向指标(越大越好的指标), 第2式用于处理负向指标(越小越好的指标),其中${y}_{ij}$为处理后的数据。
b)指标差异性系数计算。根据指标整体数据信息,利用客观信息熵反映指标的重要度。
1)计算第$i$架无人机第$j$个指标的指标值所占比重${p}_{ij}$(当${y}_{ij}= 0$时,${p}_{ij}$近似处理为0.000 01)。
${p}_{ij}= {y}_{ij}/\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{N}{y}_{ij}$
2)计算第$j$个指标的熵值${e}_{j}$
${e}_{j}= \frac{1}{\ln N}\left({{p}_{ij}\cdot \ln \frac{1}{{p}_{ij}}}\right)$
3)计算第$j$个指标的差异性系数${g}_{j}$
${g}_{j}= 1 -{e}_{j}$
c)指数标度映射值计算。增加指标之间的横向对比,需要将指标差异性系数的两两比较结果映射到指数标度中。
1)计算指标间的最大差异性系数比$C$
$ C =\frac{\mathop{\max }\limits_{{j \in m}}{g}_{j}}{\mathop{\min }\limits_{{j \in m}}{g}_{j}}$
2)计算指数标度的映射系数$R$
$ R =\frac{C}{{a}^{k}}$
其中,$a$为指数标度的底数,$k$取使${a}^{k}$最接近$C$的整数,$k \in \{ 0,1,\cdots , K - 1\}, K$为2.1节提到的划分重要度的级数。每个指数标度的映射值为$R \cdot {a}^{t}, t$分别从0取到$K - 1$
d)基于层次分析法构造判断矩阵, 进而获得指标权重。
计算指标$j$与指标$q$之间的差异性系数比${r}_{jq}= {g}_{j}/{g}_{q}$,$j \neq q$,若${r}_{jq}< 1$,计算${r}_{jq}= {g}_{q}/{g}_{j}$,取${r}_{jq}$与指数标度映射值的差值绝对值最小时所对应的标度值为这两个指标重要度的比较结果。假设${r}_{jq}$最接近$R \cdot {a}^{3}$,则指标$j$与指标$q$的相对重要性为${a}^{3}$,指标$q$与指标$j$的相对重要性为$1/{a}^{3}$。构造出基于指标信息熵的判断矩阵$\mathbf{A}$,计算出该判断矩阵的最大特征值${\lambda }_{\max }$所对应的特征向量$\mathbf{W}$, 进行归一化处理后得到第$j$个指标相对于$X$能力的相对权重${w}_{j}$。从整个计算过程可知,无须进行一致性检验。至此, 根据指标信息熵的判断矩阵可以得到所有指标的相对权重。
e)确定最终评估结果。通过加权计算$X$能力下各个指标的相对权重,确定出$X$能力的最终评估结果。
计算第$i$架无人机$X$能力的综合评估值${s}_{i}$
${s}_{i}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{m}\left({{w}_{j}\cdot {p}_{ij}}\right)$
综上, 差异熵赋权法可以确定出无人机某项能力的综合评估结果。若对由简单能力组合而成的复杂能力进行综合评估, 则需要构建分层的能力评估指标集, 如表3所示的无人机侦察能力评估指标集。首先根据差异熵赋权法的评估过程确定每一项简单能力的综合评估值, 然后再根据该方法确定复杂能力的最终评估结果。
本章节通过两个案例来验证上述评估算法。第1个案例评估了10种满足任务所需的无人机的侦察能力。各种无人机的各种特性的具体数据如表3所示[12]表4为采用差异熵赋权法计算出的各个指标的相对权重。各种无人机的基础能力, 即生存能力、 感知能力、稳定能力的评估结果如表5所示。使用AHP赋权法、熵权法和差异熵赋权法对各种无人机的复杂能力, 即侦察能力的评估结果如表6所示。
通过计算差异熵, 可以得出生存能力的权重为0.396 9, 感知能力的权重为0.3012 , 稳定能力的权重为0.3012 , 其中生存能力的权重相对较大, 这是因为生存能力是无人机能够有效执行任务的关键前提,生存能力的强弱直接影响无人机综合效能的优良[26]。 基于此, 可以发现差异熵权重计算的合理性。另外, 无人机的最小转弯半径、实用升限、巡航速度、侦察高度、巡航时间、平均修复时间、有效载荷可靠性等特性指标的权重相对较大, 因为这些都是决定无人机能否高效执行侦察任务的重要衡量指标。根据表6, 使用AHP赋权法、熵权法以及差异熵赋权法对10种机型的侦察能力进行评估。第2个案例是在6种不同环境条件下, 使用差异熵赋权法对10种无人机的侦察能力进行评估, 评估结果如图3所示。两个案例的评估结果均为$\mathrm{{SA}}$型无人机的侦察能力在10种机型里最强。这是由于$\mathrm{{SA}}$型无人机的生存能力占有绝对优势, 其感知能力与稳定能力也优于大部分机型。由此, 进一步显示了差异熵赋权法的合理性与可靠性。 另外, 在上述衡量侦察能力的重要特性指标中, SA型无人机也具有较大的优势。因此, 根据最终评估结果, 可认定SA型无人机更适合执行侦察任务。
另外,朱宝鎏等[27]提供了作战飞机的空空作战能力评估指标参数及权威排名, 针对机动性指数、火力指数、探测能力指数、操作效能系数、生存力系数、 航程系数6个指标, 本文分别利用差异熵赋权法和传统的熵权法对39种作战飞机的空空作战能力进行评估, 评估结果如表7所示, 其中机型已按文献[27]提供的权威排名排序。评估结果显示, 利用差异熵赋权法得到的评估排名与上述排名中提供的排名整体一致, 其中35种机型的排名完全相同,其余4种机型因为综合评估值相近, 所以导致上下相邻的两种机型之间的排名颠倒。而利用传统熵权法得到的评估排名只有23种与上述排名相同, 并且涉及到连续3种以上机型排名的变化。因此, 可以发现利用差异熵赋权法评估的结果比黄国庆等[13]的评估结果有更明显的准确度,从而验证了差异熵赋权法的精确性和稳定性。
本文的研究得出如下结论:
a)无人机利用其内部软硬件系统并发挥自身特征, 表现出一种能有效完成特定行为的综合素质, 这种综合素质被抽象定义为 “能力”,“能力” 向研究人员屏蔽了无人机内部细节特点,同时保留了无人机的个性化重要特征, 推进了基于无人机的上层研究。
b)基于差异熵赋权法的无人机 “能力” 评估方法弥补了主观人为偏好带来的评估偏差, 增加了指标间的横向对比, 在多层评估指标体系中, 自底向上逐层递进, 最终确定目标层的评估结果, 从而避免因某一指标值离散度过大造成该指标权重偏差过大, 影响最终的评估结果。
c)基于差异熵赋权的无人机“能力”评估能够明确无人机在复杂任务需求中的实用价值, 为任务可靠高效地执行提供了有力保障。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2017YFB1001900)
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2024年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240215
  • 接收时间:2021-05-12
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2024-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2021-05-12
  • 修回日期:2022-03-30
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国家重点研发计划(2017YFB1001900)
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    西北工业大学计算机学院,西安,710129
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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