Article(id=1148011749065880325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298831252079541, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240209, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1612108800000, receivedDateStr=2021-02-01, revisedDate=1629993600000, revisedDateStr=2021-08-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751636930004, onlineDateStr=2025-07-04, pubDate=1713974400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751636930004, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751636930004, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751636930004, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149298831252079541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2024', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751943794309, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754895895552, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1161680841353552315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298831252079541, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1161680841353552316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298831252079541, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=59, endPage=62, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1148011749300761366, articleId=1148011749065880325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=Research and Design of Airborne Surge Suppression Circuit, columnId=1154057567841014343, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Guidance, Navigation and Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

There are many capacitive loads in airborne equipment, the safety and stability of power supply are negatively affected by the surge at the moment of switch closing of power distribution facility. The causes and hazards of surge are analyzed, and the scheme of surge restrain is introduced. The parameters of transistor scheme are studied. The experiments of high and low ambient temperature and wide input voltage range are carried out, simulated and tested to verify the function and effectiveness of the design.

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机载机电伺服设备中,母线挂载较大容性负载,为了抑制机载配电设备开关闭合瞬间的浪涌,提高机载供配电系统安全性、稳定性,对几种供电母线浪涌抑制方案进行研究,着重就晶体管浪涌抑制方案进行原理分析和参数研究,进行了高低环境温度以及宽输入电压范围的试验,验证了晶体管浪涌抑制电路参数匹配的有效性。

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张益齐(1985—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为伺服供配电管理。

耿海龙(1991-),女,工程师,主要研究方向为机电伺服控制驱动。

徐秀华(1991-),女,工程师,主要研究方向为伺服系统供电管理、机电伺服控制驱动。

赵絮(1985—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为伺服供电研究、电源变换,机电伺服控制驱动。

岳长路(1991—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为机电伺服控制驱动,电池管理。

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张益齐(1985—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为伺服供配电管理。

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张益齐(1985—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为伺服供配电管理。

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徐秀华(1991-),女,工程师,主要研究方向为伺服系统供电管理、机电伺服控制驱动。

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figureFileSmall=x+jgwtsbejCtxtsyTTe/0A==, figureFileBig=n7kgiEKWya9/fu/ti+EbQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197274359317447345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011749065880325, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Current value of surge restrain scheme of MOSFET, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
条件80V120V160V200V
$-{40}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$5.116.130.645.2
$-{20}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$4.815.728.341.8
${0}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$4.714.627.140.2
${25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$5.014.827.240.4
${75}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$5.715.627.440.6
${125}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$6.716.828.641.4
), ArticleFig(id=1197274360181473971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011749065880325, language=CN, label=表1, caption=晶体管浪涌抑制效果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
条件80V120V160V200V
$-{40}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$5.116.130.645.2
$-{20}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$4.815.728.341.8
${0}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$4.714.627.140.2
${25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$5.014.827.240.4
${75}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$5.715.627.440.6
${125}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$6.716.828.641.4
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机载浪涌抑制电路研究与设计
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张益齐 1 , 耿海龙 1 , 徐秀华 2 , 赵絮 1 , 岳长路 1
导弹与航天运载技术 | 导航、制导与控制 2024,47(2): 59-62
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导弹与航天运载技术 | 导航、制导与控制 2024, 47(2): 59-62
机载浪涌抑制电路研究与设计
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张益齐1, 耿海龙1, 徐秀华2, 赵絮1, 岳长路1
作者信息
  • 1北京精密机电控制设备研究所,北京,100076
  • 2航天伺服驱动与传动技术实验室,北京,100076
  • 张益齐(1985—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为伺服供配电管理。

    耿海龙(1991-),女,工程师,主要研究方向为机电伺服控制驱动。

    徐秀华(1991-),女,工程师,主要研究方向为伺服系统供电管理、机电伺服控制驱动。

    赵絮(1985—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为伺服供电研究、电源变换,机电伺服控制驱动。

    岳长路(1991—),男,工程师,主要研究方向为机电伺服控制驱动,电池管理。

Research and Design of Airborne Surge Suppression Circuit
Yiqi ZHANG1, Hailong GENG1, Xiuhua XU2, Xu ZHAO1, Changlu YUE1
Affiliations
  • 1Beijing Institute of Precision Mechatronics and Controls,Beijing,100076
  • 2Laboratory of Aerospace Servo Actuation and Transmission,Beijing,100076
出版时间: 2024-04-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240209
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机载机电伺服设备中,母线挂载较大容性负载,为了抑制机载配电设备开关闭合瞬间的浪涌,提高机载供配电系统安全性、稳定性,对几种供电母线浪涌抑制方案进行研究,着重就晶体管浪涌抑制方案进行原理分析和参数研究,进行了高低环境温度以及宽输入电压范围的试验,验证了晶体管浪涌抑制电路参数匹配的有效性。

浪涌  /  机载  /  抑制  /  参数匹配  /  电源

There are many capacitive loads in airborne equipment, the safety and stability of power supply are negatively affected by the surge at the moment of switch closing of power distribution facility. The causes and hazards of surge are analyzed, and the scheme of surge restrain is introduced. The parameters of transistor scheme are studied. The experiments of high and low ambient temperature and wide input voltage range are carried out, simulated and tested to verify the function and effectiveness of the design.

surge  /  airborne  /  restrain  /  parameter matching  /  power
张益齐, 耿海龙, 徐秀华, 赵絮, 岳长路. 机载浪涌抑制电路研究与设计. 导弹与航天运载技术, 2024 , 47 (2) : 59 -62 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240209
Yiqi ZHANG, Hailong GENG, Xiuhua XU, Xu ZHAO, Changlu YUE. Research and Design of Airborne Surge Suppression Circuit[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2024 , 47 (2) : 59 -62 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240209
机载用电设备为了增加自身用电稳定性, 采用电源管理器对母线供电电能实现补偿, 设置较多容性负载[1],但由于较多容性负载挂在供电母线上,在设备配电开关闭合瞬间会有较大的浪涌电流, 会出现对周围用电设备产生干扰、熔断器熔断、电源电压输出值瞬间下跌、配电设备开关触点粘连等故障,严重影响供配电系统的安全性和可靠性。本文介绍了常见的浪涌抑制电路, 就晶体管浪涌抑制方案的器件参数进行了研究和分析。
在用电设备开机瞬间, 电源对用电设备的容性负载突然充电, 由于电容在上电瞬间的电荷为空, 此时电容可以视为短路, 故而产生较大的充电浪涌电流。
图1所示,由于电源内阻${R}_{\mathrm{B}}$、导线内阻${R}_{\mathrm{w}}$、容性负载等效串联电阻${R}_{\mathrm{{ESR}}}$均为数十至数百毫欧数量级, 在供配电开关闭合瞬间, 电源回路相当于瞬间短路, 出现几十至几百安的浪涌电流。
浪涌电流的峰值${I}_{\text{peak }}$的大小由式(1)进行估算:
${I}_{\text{peak }}= \frac{{U}_{\mathrm{B}}}{\left({R}_{\mathrm{B}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{w}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{{ESR}}}\right)} $
式中${U}_{\mathrm{B}}$为母线电源供电电压。
浪涌电流的本质是大量电荷的瞬间移动, 而该部分电荷来源于电源, 传导于导线, 作用于沿线功能电路及设备, 故会产生以下危害:
a)瞬时抽走电源极板电荷, 造成电源瞬时电压跌落, 同时产生局部高温, 改变电源内局部化学、 物理特性, 造成电源供电的供配电稳定性和可靠性下降。
b)瞬间转移大量电荷会导致配电设备内的接触器、继电器触点拉弧, 产生瞬间高温, 瞬间高温融化金属触点, 导致接触器、继电器等配电设施产生烧蚀、粘接、失效等故障[2]
c)对于沿线用电设备,熔断器会造成误熔断, 导致供电失效;瞬间的尖峰浪涌感生出的电、磁场, 对沿线用电设备造成干扰; 容性器件遭受较大电能冲击,产生局部高温,有极大烧蚀、短路失效风险。
增加温敏电阻后, 开关闭合瞬间温敏电阻的阻值较大, 可以对浪涌电流进行较好的约束[3], 流过温敏电阻的电流引起温敏电阻的温度增加, 阻值开始下降, 当温敏电阻的阻值与温升达到平衡时, 此阶段完成了容性负载的充电。
该方案对电路变动小, 考虑温敏电阻的特性, 适合于伺服控制电机中小功率供配电电路的电流浪涌抑制。
电阻开关浪涌抑制方案见图3,供电母线增加电阻开关限制浪涌电流,电容通过电阻$R$完成充电后,用开关将电阻$R$短路,电源开始为用电单元正常供电。该方法限流效果明显, 通过调节电阻阻值、功率、开关可适合各种功率等级、容性等级的电路。实际设计上, 本方案的开关可以视情况选用接触器或者晶体管, 接触器的优点是电损耗小、不发热,但体积和质量大,晶体管则体积小、重量轻,由于有电损耗,需要贴壁散热处理。
原方案不能完全切断负载与电源的电气连接[4], 改进电路见图4,在限流电阻上串联了开关2 ,当开关1和开关2均断开时, 电源与负载实现了完全的电气隔离,供电时, 先闭合开关2 , 电容充电完毕后闭合开关1。鉴于机载机电伺服系统对强电弱电有供电时序要求, 该方案可用于时序调整电路。
图5为某型晶体管的电压-电流特性曲线, 即流过晶体管的电流${I}_{\mathrm{D}}$大小受控于晶体管的驱动电压${V}_{\mathrm{{GS}}}$。利用该特性对起动瞬间的浪涌电流进行抑制[5],即控制晶体管的驱动电压, 使得流经的电流得到约束。
晶体管浪涌抑制方案如图6所示, 虚线框内为晶体管限流电路,${C}_{\mathrm{L}}$为母线挂靠的容性负载。由于晶体管能流过的电流${I}_{\mathrm{D}}$(图6${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$的3脚到2脚的电流)受控于驱动电压${V}_{\mathrm{{GS}}}$(图6${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$的1脚到2脚的电压)。
该电路工作原理如下[6]: 电源供电瞬间,母线电压突然泵升,但是综合${\mathrm{R}}_{2}$的限流作用、${\mathrm{R}}_{2}/{\mathrm{R}}_{3}$的分压作用、${\mathrm{C}}_{1}$的储能作用,使${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$的驱动电压呈现$\mathrm{{RC}}$充电的缓慢上升特性, 利用该缓慢上升的驱动电压, 达到控制晶体管流过电流的目的, 从而约束电容充电电流。 待${\mathrm{C}}_{1}$充电到一定程度,晶体管${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$的驱动电压足够高时,晶体管${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$的流过电流能力达到额定值,此时电路完成浪涌抑制, 进入正常的工作状态。
该方案可实现自驱动, 不需要外界提供给开关的驱动信号, 利用母线电压即可完成开关的限流-导通过程, 所需要的元器件少、占用空间小、质量轻。
利用晶体管的限流作用需要综合考虑晶体管限流区域电参数特性,匹配图6中的${\mathrm{R}}_{2}/{\mathrm{R}}_{3}$值、${\mathrm{R}}_{2}$电阻值、${\mathrm{C}}_{1}$电容值、${\mathrm{D}}_{1}$稳压值。其中${\mathrm{R}}_{2}/{\mathrm{R}}_{3}$值需要确保晶体管完成浪涌抑制后的可靠导通, 将分压设置在晶体管可靠导通驱动电压阈值范围内;而${\mathrm{R}}_{2}$电阻值、${\mathrm{C}}_{1}$电容值需要参考晶体管的参数, 以保证预充的能量、时间、电流峰值, 以下就晶体管特性进行分析。
由电容在一定电压条件下储存电荷公式为
${Q}_{\mathrm{C}}= {C}_{\mathrm{L}}\cdot {U}_{\mathrm{C}}$
式中${U}_{\mathrm{C}}$为电容电压;${Q}_{\mathrm{C}}$为容性负载储存电荷量;${C}_{\mathrm{L}}$为容性负载电容值。通过式(2)可知, 想要为容性负载进行浪涌抑制充电, 那么该过程流过晶体管的电荷量不得低于该容性负载储存电荷${Q}_{\mathrm{c}}$
图5所示,以某晶体管的${25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$曲线为例,将动力电供电电流约束在${45}\mathrm{\;A}$以内,主要利用驱动电压进行浪涌电流抑制控制,驱动电压${V}_{\mathrm{{GS}}}= {5.0}\sim {5.65}\mathrm{\;V}$。由于驱动电压在上述驱动电压区间内可被视为二次曲线, 因此在该区域内进行局部估算, 抽取3个点进行拟合[7],设一元二次方程的二次项、一次项、常数项系数分别为$a\text{、}b\text{、}c$,有:
${I}_{\mathrm{D}}= a \cdot {V}_{\mathrm{{GS}}}{}^{2}+ b \cdot {V}_{\mathrm{{GS}}}+ c $
式中${I}_{\mathrm{D}}$为晶体管可流过的电流;${V}_{\mathrm{{GS}}}$为晶体管驱动电压。将拟合的电特性曲线(见图7)与实际特性(见图5)进行对比,可知在选用的充电区间内,拟合曲线与晶体管特性有较好的一致性。
${V}_{\mathrm{{GS}}}$呈现$\mathrm{{RC}}$特性的电压上升曲线中,截取${V}_{\mathrm{{GS}}}=$${5.0}\sim {5.65}\mathrm{\;V}$的电压区间,标记${V}_{\mathrm{{GS}}}= 5\mathrm{\;V}$时刻为${t}_{1}$,标记${V}_{\mathrm{{GS}}}= {5.65}\mathrm{\;V}$时刻为${t}_{2}$,由于该区间范围较小,可视为一个段线性上升曲线, 设该方程一次项和常数项系数分别为$m\text{、}n$,该曲线拟合为
${V}_{\mathrm{{GS}}}= m \cdot t + n $
式中${V}_{\mathrm{{GS}}}$为晶体管驱动电压;$t$为时间。将式(3)和式(4)联合有:
${I}_{\mathrm{D}}= a \cdot {\left( m \cdot t + n\right)}^{2}+ b \cdot \left({m \cdot t + n}\right)+ c\text{,记为}{I}_{\mathrm{D}}= {I}_{\mathrm{D}}\left( t\right)\text{。}$
电流在时间上进行积分可以得到电荷量, 则有:
$ Q ={\int }_{t1}^{t2}{I}_{\mathrm{D}}\left( t\right)\mathrm{d}t $
式中$Q$为流过晶体管的电荷量。通过对比式(2)中的${Q}_{\mathrm{c}}$值和式(5)的$Q$值的大小,即可核算出设计电路参数, 或者核算相应设计参数匹配是否合适, 通常认为$Q \geq {1.5}\cdot {Q}_{\mathrm{c}}$即可满足晶体管浪涌电流抑制条件。
${100}\mathrm{\;V}/3\mathrm{\;{mF}}$电容进行电阻开关方案的浪涌抑制, 搭建完成后进行了电压和电流曲线的测试, 测试结果如图8所示。由图8可知, 对母线电压和电流的建立过程进行了约束,实现了强电${100}\mathrm{\;V}$的电气隔离,同时对弱电${28}\mathrm{\;V}$和强电${100}\mathrm{\;V}$供电的先后顺序进行控制。
为了研究某型晶体管特性, 结合实际工况需求, 对晶体管浪涌电路进行参数分析和设计, 搭建完成后进行了宽供电电压-温度范围的测试, 测试约束后浪涌电流曲线及峰值如图9表1所示。该方案在较大的电压区间、宽温度范围条件下实现了较好的浪涌电流抑制。
本文阐述了机载浪涌电流的产生原因和危害, 介绍了3种浪涌电流抑制的方案, 就晶体管浪涌电路进行了详细分析, 本研究提出相关参数的研究依据和设计方案,为简化详细设计提供了思路和方法,为工程应用提供了理论支撑和铺垫, 研究内容可为机载供配电系统的安全性、可靠性提供有力保障。
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2024年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240209
  • 接收时间:2021-02-01
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2024-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2021-02-01
  • 修回日期:2021-08-27
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    1北京精密机电控制设备研究所,北京,100076
    2航天伺服驱动与传动技术实验室,北京,100076
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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