Article(id=1148011755416052318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298831252079541, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240208, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1631894400000, receivedDateStr=2021-09-18, revisedDate=1642348800000, revisedDateStr=2022-01-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751636931518, onlineDateStr=2025-07-04, pubDate=1713974400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751636931518, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751636931518, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751636931518, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149298831252079541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2024', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751943794309, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754895895552, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1161680841353552315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298831252079541, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1161680841353552316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298831252079541, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=17, endPage=24, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1148011755759985270, articleId=1148011755416052318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=Development Status and Future Prospects of Trans-media Aircraft, columnId=1154057568293999177, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Launch Vehicle and Missile, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Trans-media aircraft refers to a new concept special aircraft with both air flight capabilities and underwater submarine capabilities, which includes submersible aircraft and submarine-launched drones. Aircraft that can span multiple domains is focused on. Through literature research, this study elaborates on trans-media aircraft and their characteristics and applications, introduces in detail the development status of trans-media aircraft at home and abroad, analyzes the technical difficulties of achieving trans-media flight, and summarizes the key technologies required for trans-media aircraft. Finally, based on the investigation and the current development at home and abroad, the prospects of the trans-media aircraft are prospected and development suggestions are put forward.

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跨介质飞行器是指兼具空中飞行能力和水下潜航能力的新概念特种飞行器,包括潜水飞机、潜射无人机等。聚焦可多次跨域的飞行器,通过文献调研,阐述了跨介质飞行器的特点和应用,详细介绍了国内外跨介质飞行器的发展现状,分析了实现跨介质飞行的技术难点,对跨介质飞行器所需要的关键技术进行归纳总结。最后,结合调研的结果和国内外发展现状,对跨介质飞行器的前景进行展望,提出发展建议。

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赵子懿(1997—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为姿态控制系统设计。

赵长见(1976—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为飞行器总体设计。

马奥家(1988—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为姿态控制系统设计。

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项目水上无人机潜射无人机潜水无人机
水中航行方式水面停泊/滑行水面/水下待机水下航行
作业方式独立作业潜艇搭载/发射独立作业
跨介质能力无跨介质能力单次跨介质能力多次跨介质能力
所需跨域技术无需较简单复杂
所需控制技术水面控制/抗波浪干扰水中空中控制/单次跨介质控制水中空中控制/多次跨介质控制
研究现状成熟较成熟较新
共同点工作环境:水/空气;空中航行方式:飞行;设计均需要考虑:水/气动力学
), ArticleFig(id=1197274147786109286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011755416052318, language=CN, label=表1, caption=3种水空两栖跨介质无人飞行器的比较, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目水上无人机潜射无人机潜水无人机
水中航行方式水面停泊/滑行水面/水下待机水下航行
作业方式独立作业潜艇搭载/发射独立作业
跨介质能力无跨介质能力单次跨介质能力多次跨介质能力
所需跨域技术无需较简单复杂
所需控制技术水面控制/抗波浪干扰水中空中控制/单次跨介质控制水中空中控制/多次跨介质控制
研究现状成熟较成熟较新
共同点工作环境:水/空气;空中航行方式:飞行;设计均需要考虑:水/气动力学
), ArticleFig(id=1197274148335563111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011755416052318, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=The development history of trans-media aircraft prototypes, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型时间国家名称动力方案参数或设计说明
水上无人机2008英国GULL36不需要配套支持的发射和回收设备,采用浮筒式结构
2006美国海上侦察机铝合金制成,翼展5.18m,质量159kg,有效负载为15.9kg
潜射无人机1996美国海上搜索者最早报道的潜射无人机,与潜艇系统配套使用
2005美国鸬鹚计划应用于美军“俄亥俄”级战略潜艇上,采用了变体结构设计
2011美国弹簧刀一次性潜射无人机,有配套水下运载器,不需要回收
潜水无人机2013美国Sea-Robin XFC首次验证了潜水无人机通过潜艇搭载并在水下发射的可能性
2016美国Blackwing可从潜艇的鱼雷发射筒或者AUV母舰发射,也可从水面舰船或陆地车辆发射
2016英国AquaMAV起飞出水采用仿飞乌贼的喷射方式,采用鲣鸟溅落式入水,其质量仅有201g,飞行时间约${14}\mathrm{\;{min}}$
2019英国新型AquaMAV使用化学爆炸喷水,每消耗${0.2}\mathrm{g}$碳酸钙即可为飞行器出水并滑翔约${26}\mathrm{\;m}$提供动力
2007法国埃利乌斯机长$2\mathrm{\;m}$,翼展$4\mathrm{\;m}$,质量${75}\mathrm{{kg}}$,续航能力为空中飞行${360}\mathrm{{km}}$或水下航行${40}\mathrm{{km}}$,最大升限$5\mathrm{{km}}$高空,潜深300m
2018美国鹰鳐固定翼跨介质飞行器,长约1.4m,翼展约1.5m,质量约5.7kg,机身主体由碳纤维和铝合金制成
2021美国NezhaIII轻型气动浮力系统,可折叠电机臂,下潜深度50m,性能出色
2009中国飞鱼翼展约为${3.4}\mathrm{\;m}$,起飞质量约为${12}\mathrm{{kg}}$,通过浮力调节机出入水面,在水面滑跑完成起飞,降落于水面减速
2011中国电动/混动潜水无人机全电驱动和油电混合驱动,均采用${90}^{\circ }$变后掠角机翼
2015中国仿鲣鸟跨介质无人飞行器机翼为中空结构,空中推进器在机身的最前端,水下推进器和姿态调节机构装在尾部
), ArticleFig(id=1197274149023428968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, articleId=1148011755416052318, language=CN, label=表2, caption=跨介质飞行器原理样机发展历程, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型时间国家名称动力方案参数或设计说明
水上无人机2008英国GULL36不需要配套支持的发射和回收设备,采用浮筒式结构
2006美国海上侦察机铝合金制成,翼展5.18m,质量159kg,有效负载为15.9kg
潜射无人机1996美国海上搜索者最早报道的潜射无人机,与潜艇系统配套使用
2005美国鸬鹚计划应用于美军“俄亥俄”级战略潜艇上,采用了变体结构设计
2011美国弹簧刀一次性潜射无人机,有配套水下运载器,不需要回收
潜水无人机2013美国Sea-Robin XFC首次验证了潜水无人机通过潜艇搭载并在水下发射的可能性
2016美国Blackwing可从潜艇的鱼雷发射筒或者AUV母舰发射,也可从水面舰船或陆地车辆发射
2016英国AquaMAV起飞出水采用仿飞乌贼的喷射方式,采用鲣鸟溅落式入水,其质量仅有201g,飞行时间约${14}\mathrm{\;{min}}$
2019英国新型AquaMAV使用化学爆炸喷水,每消耗${0.2}\mathrm{g}$碳酸钙即可为飞行器出水并滑翔约${26}\mathrm{\;m}$提供动力
2007法国埃利乌斯机长$2\mathrm{\;m}$,翼展$4\mathrm{\;m}$,质量${75}\mathrm{{kg}}$,续航能力为空中飞行${360}\mathrm{{km}}$或水下航行${40}\mathrm{{km}}$,最大升限$5\mathrm{{km}}$高空,潜深300m
2018美国鹰鳐固定翼跨介质飞行器,长约1.4m,翼展约1.5m,质量约5.7kg,机身主体由碳纤维和铝合金制成
2021美国NezhaIII轻型气动浮力系统,可折叠电机臂,下潜深度50m,性能出色
2009中国飞鱼翼展约为${3.4}\mathrm{\;m}$,起飞质量约为${12}\mathrm{{kg}}$,通过浮力调节机出入水面,在水面滑跑完成起飞,降落于水面减速
2011中国电动/混动潜水无人机全电驱动和油电混合驱动,均采用${90}^{\circ }$变后掠角机翼
2015中国仿鲣鸟跨介质无人飞行器机翼为中空结构,空中推进器在机身的最前端,水下推进器和姿态调节机构装在尾部
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跨介质飞行器发展现状与未来展望
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赵子懿 , 赵长见 , 马奥家
导弹与航天运载技术 | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2024,47(2): 17-24
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导弹与航天运载技术 | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2024, 47(2): 17-24
跨介质飞行器发展现状与未来展望
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赵子懿, 赵长见, 马奥家
作者信息
  • 中国运载火箭技术研究院,北京,100076
  • 赵子懿(1997—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为姿态控制系统设计。

    赵长见(1976—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为飞行器总体设计。

    马奥家(1988—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为姿态控制系统设计。

Development Status and Future Prospects of Trans-media Aircraft
Ziyi ZHAO, Changjian ZHAO, Aojia MA
Affiliations
  • China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology,Beijing,100076
出版时间: 2024-04-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240208
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跨介质飞行器是指兼具空中飞行能力和水下潜航能力的新概念特种飞行器,包括潜水飞机、潜射无人机等。聚焦可多次跨域的飞行器,通过文献调研,阐述了跨介质飞行器的特点和应用,详细介绍了国内外跨介质飞行器的发展现状,分析了实现跨介质飞行的技术难点,对跨介质飞行器所需要的关键技术进行归纳总结。最后,结合调研的结果和国内外发展现状,对跨介质飞行器的前景进行展望,提出发展建议。

跨介质飞行器  /  飞行器可变体技术  /  潜水飞机  /  潜射无人机  /  关键技术

Trans-media aircraft refers to a new concept special aircraft with both air flight capabilities and underwater submarine capabilities, which includes submersible aircraft and submarine-launched drones. Aircraft that can span multiple domains is focused on. Through literature research, this study elaborates on trans-media aircraft and their characteristics and applications, introduces in detail the development status of trans-media aircraft at home and abroad, analyzes the technical difficulties of achieving trans-media flight, and summarizes the key technologies required for trans-media aircraft. Finally, based on the investigation and the current development at home and abroad, the prospects of the trans-media aircraft are prospected and development suggestions are put forward.

trans-media aircraft  /  aircraft variable body technology  /  submersible aircraft  /  submarine-launched UAV  /  key technologies
赵子懿, 赵长见, 马奥家. 跨介质飞行器发展现状与未来展望. 导弹与航天运载技术, 2024 , 47 (2) : 17 -24 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240208
Ziyi ZHAO, Changjian ZHAO, Aojia MA. Development Status and Future Prospects of Trans-media Aircraft[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2024 , 47 (2) : 17 -24 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240208
跨介质飞行器俗称 “会飞的潜艇”“能潜水的飞机”[1], 经过一段时间的研究和发展, 水上无人机和潜射无人机的研究已经较为成熟, 现阶段的研究热点和难点基本可以概括为 “可重复多次实现空水介质跨越的跨介质飞行器”。跨介质飞行器兼具空中飞行能力和水中潜航能力, 具有较好的机动性和隐蔽性, 因此跨介质飞行器拥有更广的活动范围, 能够获取更多的空中、水下敌我信息。跨介质飞行器作为全新的研究领域, 不仅在军事上有广泛的应用前景, 推进对跨介质飞行器的研究还可促进跨介质的基本原理、能源动力、流体力学和通信导航技术等方面的发展。本文通过调研跨介质飞行器的国内外发展现状以及对跨介质飞行器的研究, 分类归纳总结跨介质飞行器的发展现状, 在此基础上分析实现跨介质飞行的难点和所需要的关键技术, 最后对跨介质飞行器的发展前景进行展望。
根据跨介质飞行器是否载人的特点, 跨介质飞行器被分为跨介质无人飞行器和跨介质载人飞行器, 经调研目前尚没有文献对跨介质载人飞行器进行详细研究,本文介绍的跨介质飞行器均指跨介质无人飞行器。
跨介质飞行器的分类方式有很多, 按起飞质量可划分为${10}\mathrm{t}$以下的小型飞行器、${10}\sim {20}\mathrm{t}$的中型飞行器和${20}\mathrm{t}$以上的大型飞行器平台[2]。按飞行器机翼分类可分为固定翼飞行器、变后掠翼飞行器、扑翼飞行器和旋翼飞行器等。按水体中航行方式的不同可分为水上无人机、潜射无人机和潜水无人机, 其主要区别如表1所示[3]
因为按水体中航行方式分类更具有代表性, 更能体现飞行器航行的任务剖面, 所以本文使用此分类方式进行介绍。
跨介质飞行器的主要优势是跨介质能力, 这种新型飞行器可以在空中飞行也可以在水中潜航, 跨介质能力使它可以实现在空中、水面和水下的作业,其主要特点总结如下:
a)机动性好,突防能力强,隐蔽性好[4],可以多种飞行航行模式进行盲区突防和躲避追踪。
b)环境适应性强[4],扩展了传统飞行器的航行限制,具有极好的任务可达性。
跨介质飞行器主要应用在军事装备和科学研究两方面。
a)在军事装备方面,跨介质飞行器主要起情报侦察作用,也可以挂载武器作攻击机,机动性高、隐蔽性强, 可以在水下机动、在水下或水上发动攻击, 还可以越过侦测盲区输送兵力、通信中继等。
b)在科学研究方面, 跨介质飞行器可以完成采集水样、跟踪洋流等工作, 可以同时完成空中和水下作业。它可以实地探查更广泛的区域, 发展成熟之后还可用于科学研究中的研究人员实地投放等。
经文献调研、归纳总结,本文将国内外发展现状从原理样机、概念设计和总体方案、建模仿真、控制方法4个方面展开介绍。
在原理样机方面, 按地域分类, 包含欧洲、美国和中国, 最后以表格呈现对原理样机发展现状的归纳总结。
2007年,法国波尔多航空技术公司设计的名为埃利乌斯(Aelius)的样机已经投入测试[1]
2008年,英国勇士海空技术研发有限公司成功试验了海鸥系列水上无人机GULL 36, 采用了浮筒式结构以便于机水分离[3],见图1
2016年, 英国帝国理工大学的Siddall等[3]借鉴鲣鸟设计出了桨式推进两栖飞行器AquaMAV。 2019年,其团队设计了新一代跨介质飞行器, 不同的是新样机使用了化学爆炸喷水方式, 机体携带少量碳化钙即可满足多次入水出水过程[5]
1996年,美国海军委托诺斯罗普·格鲁曼公司研制的海上搜索者是最早有报道的潜射无人机[3]
2005年,美国国防部高级研究计划局委托洛克希德·马丁公司研制了鸬鹚无人机[1],见图2
2006年,美国俄勒冈州钢铁厂研制的海上侦察机是第1款成功实现自主导航的水上无人机, 机上有一台激光雷达感应器[3]
2011年,美国海军计划将航空环境公司设计的弹簧刀无人机发展成一次性潜射无人机, 此无人机可进行侦察和巡逻,并且不需要被回收[3]
2013年12月,美国海军宣布成功完成Sea-Robin XFC潜艇潜射无人机的验证试验[3]
2015年, Maia等[6]展示了一个可在空中和水中运行的全功能飞行平台原型机。
2016年, 航空环境公司生产的Blackwing潜射无人机被应用于情报搜集、侦察和中继通信任务[3]
2017年, Hamzeh Alzu’bi等[7]设计了一种具有主动浮力控制的无人水空四轴飞行器, 介绍了该飞行器第1个成功原型机Loon Copter。
2018年2月, 北卡罗莱纳州立大学和特力丹科学与成像公司联合开发了鹰鳐固定翼跨介质飞行器, 机身主体由碳纤维和铝合金制成[5],见图3
2021年, Lu等[8]设计了一种多模式混动水下航行器, 为了平衡飞行有效载荷和水下质量提出了一种创新配置,并制造了名为NezhaIII的原型机。
2009年,北京航空航天大学研制了一款两栖飞行器概念机飞鱼, 见图4。该样机通过浮力调节机出入水面, 采用可变后掠机翼。2015年该课题组又开发了另一款仿鲣鸟跨介质无人飞行器[3]
2011年,南昌航空大学研制了两款潜水无人机样机, 驱动方式分别是全电驱动和油电混合驱动, 两样机均采用${90}^{\circ }$变后掠角机翼。其中,全电驱动样机进行了实地试验[3]
2019年,南京航空航天大学的陈怀远[9]设计了一种仿生环形胸鳍跨介质飞行器并制作了原理样机, 对其进行了流场分析, 基于此做了实机水下相关试验与空中和水面的系留试验。
表2列举了部分原理样机的发展历程。
概念设计是提出一种飞行器的设计理念, 多从理论上论证其可行性; 总体方案设计则多由结构设计、 水动气动仿真等内容组成。
最早提出跨介质飞行器概念设计的国家是苏联, 第二次世界大战前苏联就提出了 “飞行潜艇” 的计划(LPL方案), 但是最终此计划被搁置直到1938年终止[1]。Ralf Bachmayer等[10]提出了一种新型无人潜航器, 结合无人水面艇和水下航行器, 介绍了其不同的模式和对应的转换方式。吴正阳等[11]设计了一种跨介质飞行器仿生外形, 采用了两种生物组合仿生的设计思想, 将翠鸟的头部和龙虱的身体进行结合设计。 刘伟等[12]提出了几种飞行器总体方案,分析选择了低速布局方案并设计了向后收放的中空机翼,通过仿真计算,确定了潜水阻力较小的机身方案。朱莎等[13]设计了采用两套独立动力系统的跨介质飞行器, 设计了一种密封进排气系统, 提出了两套动力系统开启闭合的时序控制方法。Wang等[14]提出了一种旋翼潜水无人机的总体设计方案, 该机通过调节自身密度入水出水,比较了旋翼构型和正常构型的水动性能。
建模仿真部分内容包括跨域建模仿真、近水面建模仿真和运动轨迹建模仿真。
王伟等[15]建立了跨介质飞行器的运动模型并进行了仿真分析, 完成了起飞巡航弹道、贴水滑行弹道和触水滑跳弹道3种典型弹道仿真。Wu等[16]基于空气动力学和规划理论进行了跨介质飞行器气水两相弹道仿真, 研究了介质跨越过程, 分析了飞行器跨域的影响因素。杨海燕等[17]对跨介质飞行器的水空动力学特性进行了仿真研究, 发现跨域过程中的流场存在雷诺数拐点, 水空动力学特性与此雷诺数拐点有关。 田北晨等[18]对跨介质飞行器的近水面滑跳运动进行了数值仿真研究, 分析了飞行器滑跳运动的载荷特性和流场特征。
经过文献调研可以发现, 水空单介质的控制方法已经成熟, 难点在于跨域过程, 控制方法主要致力于解决跨域过程、水面波浪抗扰以及全局控制问题。
Xu等[19]建立了飞行器入水动力学模型以研究入水姿态倾覆现象, 基于此提出了控制初始角速度使得潜航器入水后零迎角航行的方法。Qi等[20]设计了一种双四旋翼结构的新型水空无人飞行器的自抗扰控制器,用以控制飞行器入水时的姿态和高度。Yang等[21]研究了跨介质飞行器入水过程的运动特性以获得飞行器入水最佳条件, 提出了一种单一控制策略。$\mathrm{{Ma}}$[22]解决了混动无人机跨介质控制的问题,基于Lyapunov稳定性理论和自适应滑模动力面控制设计了姿态和高度-深度控制器。
从2011年开始, 中国科学院自动化研究所研究了无人机水面起飞抗波浪干扰控制, 结合模糊识别和广义预测控制算法设计了无人机自主起飞控制器[3]。 Pan等[23]针对自主水下航行器近水面低速航行提出了新的横摇运动控制器设计方法来抑制波浪扰动, 设计了混合灵敏度控制器。杜欢等[24]对跨介质无人飞行器的动力特性和运动稳定性进行了仿真分析, 设计了自主起飞控制系统, 加入波浪预测以提高抗波浪干扰能力。
Neto等[25]提出了一种控制混动水下无人机姿态的方法, 分别控制空水环境下悬停操作点的无人机姿态。Mercado等[26]对一类特殊跨介质飞行器进行建模和轨迹跟踪控制, 提出了一种分层控制器, 用具有恢复力补偿的PID控制器完成轨迹跟踪。Wang等[27]设计了一种跨介质无人飞行器的控制系统, 提出了与USV路径跟随控制相关的数学模型和控制算法。
现阶段跨介质飞行器中, 水上无人机和潜射无人机的研究已经较为成熟, 其部分原理样机已在表2中列举, 参考现阶段研究热点与难点, 跨介质飞行器的发展现状归纳如下:
原理样机中, 美国的样机数量最多, 技术最为成熟; 英国、法国等欧洲国家有用于试验的原理样机; 中国的原理样机目前均为高校研制的试验机。按照飞行器原理样机的规模大小可以分为大、中、小型原理样机,大型原理样机目前仅有美国的飞行器平台, 中、小型原理样机也以美国居多,欧洲各国和中国仅有一些小型原理样机。美国的原理样机已经可以实现多次跨域的目标, 但因为飞行器的质量和体积限制, 飞行器飞行时间和距离有限, 欧洲各国和中国的原理样机目前仅能实现单次或较少次数的跨域, 主要目的以研究为主,还没有可批量生产投入使用的样机。
概念设计和总体方案中, 苏联最早提出了跨介质飞行器的设想;美国从理论上论证了其可能性;中国研究多为结构设计、飞行器布局或外形设计等。目前多采用变体仿生技术实现飞行器跨域, 也有旋翼机通过改变自身密度实现跨域; 仿真大多是对飞行器仿真模型进行了动力分析以验证跨域的可行性, 还设计了诸如密封装置、中空机翼等防水和进排水结构。
对于建模仿真的研究, 主要分为3个部分:
a)跨域建模仿真是对飞行器跨介质过程中复杂受力状况的数字化还原, 通过分析跨域这一复杂受力过程, 建立动力学模型, 目的是得到跨域过程中影响飞行器运动的各种因素及其影响规律, 在此基础上计算飞行器跨域时所需要的各种参数, 比如攻角、入水速度、入水出水角等,对跨域过程的控制非常重要。
b)近水面建模仿真主要是对跨介质飞行器水面运动进行研究分析。水面滑跳是跨介质飞行器近水面的运动方式, 通过建模仿真研究飞行器水面滑跳时的受力,对滑跳运动模式进行分析和设计,使飞行器能够抵抗海流、海浪的干扰。
c)运动轨迹建模仿真是对飞行器的空水和跨域飞行过程进行仿真, 跟踪飞行器的整个运动轨迹, 目的是解决跨域过程的切换问题和全过程控制问题。
对于跨介质飞行器控制方面的研究, 目前主要按飞行区间分为3个部分:
a)跨域过程的控制研究较难,也是最为重要的部分。跨域过程受力情况复杂, 为了确保飞行器在跨域过程中保持运动稳定、结构完整,必须对其速度和姿态角进行严格控制, 跨域过程前的俯冲过程和减速控制是必须的。目前跨域过程的流场分析和运动学建模是难点, 因为无法精确建模而多采用简化模型, 计算最优入水速度、姿态角等参数, 通过鲁棒控制、自抗扰控制、自适应滑模控制、神经网络控制、分层控制和混合控制等方法控制。
b)水面控制多针对飞行器低水面飞行或水上浮停和水上起飞时的控制问题, 包括滑跳运动模式的控制, 其主要目的是抵抗海浪、海风的干扰。水面波浪和海风的干扰是非线性和随机性极强的问题, 如何把它们和运动模型结合来解算飞行器在水面时的受力情况是难点之一。目前多采用线性化方法将非线性系统转化为简单线性系统, 运用自适应控制、模糊控制等控制方法, 对飞行器进行控制。
c)全局控制针对整个飞行周期的总体控制方案和逻辑, 比如变体前后的控制策略转换、气水单介质的控制逻辑、跨域模式转换的逻辑和飞行全周期的路径追踪控制, 主要是为了解决跨介质飞行器控制系统一体化的问题。单介质中的控制方法已经较为成熟, 重点是跨域过程的转换。目前研究采用自适应控制或其他鲁棒性较好的控制方法对运动轨迹进行跟踪, 设计了组合控制策略来控制飞行器的飞行全周期。
因为跨介质飞行器所需要的关键技术都是各领域中较为前沿的新兴技术, 所以其设计、投入使用的难度很高。空气和水这两种介质的物理性质差异很大, 这就对此类飞行器的飞行原理、布局、稳定性、操纵性、结构材料、动力等方面提出了很高的要求。
其中重难点主要体现在兼顾两种飞行状态的转换、质量设计和外形设计, 并且要求两种飞行模式都能在航行过程中保持较好的稳定性, 对跨介质飞行器的续航也有要求, 在跨越介质的过程中必须保证飞行器的稳定性和结构完整。这些技术难点涉及变形机构、气动水动、制导控制等多学科,兼顾所有的要求十分困难。
因为空气和水两种介质的物性差别很大, 跨介质飞行器在不同介质中的外形结构也大不相同, 飞行器一般有3种工作状态:空中飞行、水面航行和水下潜航, 还有两种介质跨越状态: 水-空跨越和空-水跨越, 其外形结构需要兼顾不同工作状态下的要求, 可变体结构设计是解决这一问题的重要途径之一。
可变体结构设计使得飞行器在空中飞行时有展开的机翼提供升力,在水中潜航时保持流线型结构以减小水中阻力, 在跨越介质过程中保持流线型结构并加固冲击面以减小冲击力和保持结构完整, 或是展开机构增加上升浮力,在达到跨域面前减速。
目前主要采用的变体方案[28]有折叠机翼、变后掠机翼、仿生扑翼,新兴的智能变体技术如自适应机翼、主动柔性机翼、主动气动弹性机翼等均可以使得飞行器具有跨介质航行的能力。为了保证机翼和变体结构的强度和稳定性, 机翼需要考虑变翼型厚度、变翼型曲率和变机翼扭转设计。变体结构铰链处需要的驱动力很大[29],变体结构使用的材料要有多次跨越介质的性能, 是需要研发的新型材料, 变形材料对可变体结构设计十分关键, 可以满足飞行器在不同介质中所需要的结构特性[30]。吸能和防水材料可以减少机体冲击和防止进水损坏关键元件, 变体结构的控制方式复杂, 强度和稳定性要求很高, 需要进一步细化研究。为保证整机结构强度, 使跨越过程保持结构完整,变形前后的外形设计需要进行动力学仿真及计算。
要满足飞行器在两种不同介质中的持续运作, 需要合适的动力推进, 然而传统飞机和潜艇的动力结构差别很大, 空气中可以使用燃烧发动机, 水中则需要自带氧化剂。涡轮发动机、喷气发动机等不能在水中工作, 水下螺旋桨、泵喷推进器等也不能在空中运行。部分鱼雷和导弹使用的固体/液体火箭发动机虽然不受介质的限制, 但是工作时间短、比冲小, 不能提供持续充足的动力给远距离长时间航行任务[30]
组合动力系统是一种基础解决方案, 即在飞行器上组合空中和水下的动力系统, 但这样会使得飞行器的质量和体积过大、结构更复杂,可行性很低。还可以从原理上组合两种动力系统, 但是只能满足一般的低速飞行器, 要真正实现较高速的跨介质飞行器, 就要研制新能源、新原理的独有跨介质动力系统, 使其在空气和水中都能提供足够的动力和持久的续航。
目前跨介质飞行器使用的主要动力系统为空气螺旋桨, 能源由电池来提供, 这种推进方式在两种介质中均可使用, 但是提供的推进力有限, 续航也有限。 有些样机使用的是火箭助推、仿生翼等,主流的动力能源包括传统航空燃料、质子交换膜燃料电池和锂电池[30],亟需研发新型电池或发现新的可用能源。未来的跨介质动力系统研究方向主要聚焦于能在水下和空中使用同一套动力系统, 并且动力系统能够提供足够、持久的推力。
飞行器跨越两种不同介质的时候, 必然会产生巨大的冲击力, 处理不当的话会对飞行器机体产生重大影响, 比如机体发生变形、屈曲、断裂、元器件失灵等[30]。在通过结构机构设计保证强度的前提下,还需要对跨域过程进行姿态控制和减速控制, 因为航行器单一介质中的控制系统已经发展成熟, 需要着重考虑的就是跨域过程中的控制。为了避免飞行器跨域时, 由于姿态、迎角或入水速度不当而出现翻转、倾翻等失稳现象, 必须严格设计跨介质飞行器的跨域控制系统。
通过控制飞行器跨域的姿态, 可以显著降低飞行器跨域所受的冲击力和能量损耗, 保证飞行器跨域的状态稳定性, 使得飞行器整个水空跨越流程较为流畅安全。此外, 飞行器跨域减速控制也是降低冲击力、 保护机体结构不受损害的重要途径之一, 能为飞行器调整姿态、转换航行模式提供缓冲时间。
目前多采用简化模型, 通过神经网络控制、多层控制、自适应自抗扰控制、模糊控制等控制方法组合对跨域过程进行控制。对于跨域控制的研究, 需要从受力分析开始, 再到建模和控制, 再通过仿真验证其可行性。跨越介质的受力系统十分复杂, 在入水过程中包含诸如结构体、气体流和液体流3种不同性质对象的相互作用、空泡效应等问题。在出水过程中, 出现所受附连质量力、浮力和阻力迅速下降和速度激变等问题[30]。此外,当飞行器接近水面时会受到海浪的影响, 飞行器受到的干扰力呈现很强的非定常、非线性效应, 建立整个飞行器的跨域非线性模型是比较困难的, 这是跨域控制技术中最大的难点。
跨介质飞行器涉及的技术非常繁杂, 基础的原理技术和新兴技术均有涉及和应用, 其他必须的重要技术有:
a)不同介质中的通信导航技术[28]。传统的空中通信如无线电通信技术、水中通信如水声通信的发展已经较为成熟, 卫星导航也不太适用于水下导航。为了使结构紧凑和控制系统简便, 需要对多介质一体化通信导航技术进行研究。
b)跨介质飞行器的水空传感器技术[31]。跨介质飞行器在跨介质过程中需要精确的姿态、位置和受力数据反馈, 其传感器必须高效、准确地提供实时数据, 这对传感器的体型、能耗和敏感度都有较高的要求。
c)跨介质飞行器多学科设计优化[29]。跨介质飞行器是多学科耦合系统, 其设计过程需要反复迭代, 计算复杂度很高。多学科设计优化方法可以降低计算量, 目前常用梯度优化和进化优化算法。近似优化算法逐渐成为研究热点并投入应用。
跨介质飞行器逐渐从概念和方案的设计构想走向了原理样机的试验, 在不久的将来即将真正实现多次跨介质飞行。本文通过文献调研对跨介质飞行器进行分类介绍, 从原理样机、总体方案和概念设计、建模仿真和控制方法4个方面归纳了其发展现状, 在此基础上总结了跨介质飞行器的技术难点和关键技术。关键技术中,结构与机构设计以机械结构变形直翼和可变多旋翼等变体技术为主;动力方面,结构以空气螺旋桨和仿生机翼为主,能源以电池为主;控制方面致力于解决跨介质过程中的姿态控制和减速控制问题、 变体问题以及形态切换问题, 一些新兴控制方法如神经网络、自适应控制等方法将用于解决非线性强、情况复杂的跨越介质过程控制问题; 其他相关技术也在不断发展。
未来跨介质飞行器的重要发展方向应该是仿生可变体技术, 在这个方面也会有较大的突破。通过仿生技术研究选取合理的跨介质运动模式, 通过可变体技术实现物理层面上的介质跨越。现有原理样机大多通过仿生设计方法来实现。两栖动物们都有着巨大的参考价值, 包括但不限于飞鱼、鲣鸟、鹰鳐、飞乌贼、 海鸥、鸬鹚等,如果能详尽地分析这些动物们的运动模式、出入水的方式, 结合生物学和力学两大学科, 以机械结构代替骨骼关节或采用软体结构, 辅以合理的运作模式, 可制造出符合要求的样机。越来越多原理样机的出现也会推动控制方法的发展, 当跨介质飞行器在硬件和软件上都得到长远的发展之后, 跨介质飞行器将引发军事和民用领域的飞行器大变革。
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2024年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240208
  • 接收时间:2021-09-18
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2024-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2021-09-18
  • 修回日期:2022-01-17
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    中国运载火箭技术研究院,北京,100076
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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