Article(id=1148011752857526721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298831252079541, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240203, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1627401600000, receivedDateStr=2021-07-28, revisedDate=1634918400000, revisedDateStr=2021-10-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751636930908, onlineDateStr=2025-07-04, pubDate=1713974400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751636930908, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751636930908, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751636930908, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149298831252079541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, year='2024', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751943794309, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754895895552, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1161680841353552315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298831252079541, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1161680841353552316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, issueId=1149298831252079541, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=11, endPage=16, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1148011753071436233, articleId=1148011752857526721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146119989267898375, language=EN, title=The Hanging Scheme and Simulation Analysis for the Tail Cabin of Launch Vehicle based on Aerial Recovery, columnId=1154057568293999177, journalTitle=Missiles and Space Vehicles, columnName=Launch Vehicle and Missile, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The hanging process is one of the key links in the Mid-Air retrieval of launch vehicle. According to the whole process of the launch vehicle tail cabin hanging in the air, the design of the hanging device based on the helicopter as the recovery platform is carried out. The hanging device includes tension sensor, load shedding device, overload protection device and the actuator in the end of the hanging device. Parafoil and parachute eject from the bottom of the tail cabin of launch vehicle. The hanging device can realize the hanging operation of the retrieval by hanging attached apex drogue on the top of parafoil. Through the simulation analysis of the hanging process, it can be seen that when the weight of the retrieval increases, the overload increases significantly. When the parachute retraction time increases, the load reduction effect is obvious

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运载火箭空中回收的挂取过程是整个回收过程中最关键的环节之一。针对运载火箭尾舱空中挂取的全流程,开展了将直升机作为回收平台的钩取装置设计,主要包括拉力传感器、过载保护装置、减载装置以及末端的执行机构。翼伞和减速伞从火箭尾舱的底部弹出,挂取装置可通过挂取翼伞顶部的牵顶伞实现对回收体的挂取操作。通过对挂取过程的仿真分析可以看出,回收体的质量增大时,过载显著增加,而当翼伞的收伞时间增加时,减载效果明显。

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郑正路(1985—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为航天运输领域结构总体设计。

汪小卫(1983—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为航天运输领域总体设计。

吴琼(1980—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为数字化仿真。

隋毅(1985—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为翼伞总体设计。

徐振亮(1984—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为力学环境设计。

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郑正路(1985—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为航天运输领域结构总体设计。

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基于空中回收的运载火箭尾舱挂取方案设计及仿真分析
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郑正路 1 , 汪小卫 1 , 吴琼 2 , 隋毅 3 , 徐振亮 1
导弹与航天运载技术 | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2024,47(2): 11-16
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导弹与航天运载技术 | 运载器及导弹总体技术 2024, 47(2): 11-16
基于空中回收的运载火箭尾舱挂取方案设计及仿真分析
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郑正路1, 汪小卫1, 吴琼2, 隋毅3, 徐振亮1
作者信息
  • 1中国运载火箭技术研究院,北京,100076
  • 2北京航空航天大学,北京,100191
  • 3北京空间机电研究所,北京,100094
  • 郑正路(1985—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为航天运输领域结构总体设计。

    汪小卫(1983—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为航天运输领域总体设计。

    吴琼(1980—),男,研究员,主要研究方向为数字化仿真。

    隋毅(1985—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为翼伞总体设计。

    徐振亮(1984—),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为力学环境设计。

The Hanging Scheme and Simulation Analysis for the Tail Cabin of Launch Vehicle based on Aerial Recovery
Zhenglu ZHENG1, Xiaowei WANG1, Qiong WU2, Yi SUI3, Zhenliang XU1
Affiliations
  • 1China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology,Beijing,100076
  • 2Beihang University,Beijing,100191
  • 3Beijing Institute of Space Mechanics & Electricity,Beijing,100094
出版时间: 2024-04-25 doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240203
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运载火箭空中回收的挂取过程是整个回收过程中最关键的环节之一。针对运载火箭尾舱空中挂取的全流程,开展了将直升机作为回收平台的钩取装置设计,主要包括拉力传感器、过载保护装置、减载装置以及末端的执行机构。翼伞和减速伞从火箭尾舱的底部弹出,挂取装置可通过挂取翼伞顶部的牵顶伞实现对回收体的挂取操作。通过对挂取过程的仿真分析可以看出,回收体的质量增大时,过载显著增加,而当翼伞的收伞时间增加时,减载效果明显。

运载火箭  /  空中回收  /  挂钩装置  /  翼伞  /  减载

The hanging process is one of the key links in the Mid-Air retrieval of launch vehicle. According to the whole process of the launch vehicle tail cabin hanging in the air, the design of the hanging device based on the helicopter as the recovery platform is carried out. The hanging device includes tension sensor, load shedding device, overload protection device and the actuator in the end of the hanging device. Parafoil and parachute eject from the bottom of the tail cabin of launch vehicle. The hanging device can realize the hanging operation of the retrieval by hanging attached apex drogue on the top of parafoil. Through the simulation analysis of the hanging process, it can be seen that when the weight of the retrieval increases, the overload increases significantly. When the parachute retraction time increases, the load reduction effect is obvious

launch vehicle  /  aerial recovery  /  hanging device  /  parafoil  /  load shedding
郑正路, 汪小卫, 吴琼, 隋毅, 徐振亮. 基于空中回收的运载火箭尾舱挂取方案设计及仿真分析. 导弹与航天运载技术, 2024 , 47 (2) : 11 -16 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240203
Zhenglu ZHENG, Xiaowei WANG, Qiong WU, Yi SUI, Zhenliang XU. The Hanging Scheme and Simulation Analysis for the Tail Cabin of Launch Vehicle based on Aerial Recovery[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2024 , 47 (2) : 11 -16 . DOI: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240203
空中回收是运载火箭回收的主要途径之一[1]。空中回收继承了伞降回收技术成熟度高、对运载系统总体设计影响小、运载能力损失小、对发动机技术要求低等优势, 同时其利用空中飞行平台在空中对回收体进行直接钩取操作, 避免了降落伞回收落点精度不高的问题,具有定点回收优势[2]。其中空中的挂取过程是空中回收最关健的动作之一。这一过程风险较大, 除了需要回收平台人员的正确操作、有利的气象条件、较好的回收策略以外, 挂取装置设计的可靠性也是影响挂取成功与否的关键因素。
目前国外针对运载火箭及相关回收体的空中挂取过程已经开展了相关研究工作及试验验证[3-7],采用较多的方法是利用减速伞进行减速, 然后打开翼伞进行捕获。本文在此基础上针对运载火箭具有较高回收价值的尾舱的空中回收挂取过程开展了详细设计, 结合挂取流程设计了挂取装置以及与之适应的降落伞系统, 通过开展挂取过程的仿真分析, 得到了过载的影响因素。相关结论和研究成果对于后续开展运载火箭空中回收方案设计具有借鉴意义。
国外空中回收的方案[3-7]主要是通过直升机对运载火箭进行空中回收, 其工作过程如下:
a)初始时, 挂取系统在直升机的作用下逐渐靠近正在下落的回收体, 当直升机开始挂取回收体时, 挂取系统中的挂钩至减载装置之间的缆绳在直升机的作用下逐渐与回收体与尾伞之间的缆绳形成 “十” 字交错的状态,两个缆绳之间产生作用力,如图1[7]中的第2步。
b)形成 “十” 字交错的状态之后, 直升机在与回收体保持水平速度相同的状态下缓慢拉升, 回收体与尾伞之间的缆绳落到挂钩的触发杆上, 缆绳与触发杆之间的作用力逐渐增加,当到达挂钩闭合的触发值时, 挂钩闭合并锁紧。通过挂钩底部的行程开关告知系统挂钩已经闭合, 相应的指示灯亮起或者蜂鸣器响起, 驾驶员开始加速拉升, 直至挂钩滑至回收体与尾伞之间缆绳的末端止动限位块处, 如图1中的第3 、 4步所示。
c)在挂钩沿回收体与尾伞之间缆绳滑动到末端之后, 若因为翼伞的收伞使得回收体的质量直接施加在系统上, 则系统的减载装置工作, 通过其中的缓冲装置使得整个系统中的冲击载荷快速减小, 进而保证整个系统的稳定。如果因为意外导致系统中的挂取载荷严重超过了装置的额定载荷, 系统会向过载保护装置中的舵机发送控制指令, 使其开始工作, 进而过载保护装置的两端连接断开, 放弃挂取的目标, 保护直升机部分。
d)如果在挂钩沿回收体与尾伞之间的缆绳滑动的过程中没有产生冲击(或者冲击很小)和超载现象, 并且挂钩已经滑动至缆绳末端, 翼伞收伞, 如图1中的第5步所示, 完成捕获回收过程, 回收体与挂取系统在直升机的作用下直接飞回目的地即可。
挂取装置主要由两部分构成:挂取平台(即直升机端)上主挂装置以及回收体上的受挂装置(降落伞)。
直升机本身不需要进行改进设计, 仅需要在直升机的底部安装挂取装置, 该装置由拉力传感器、过载保护装置、减载装置、挂钩4个主要装置串联组成。 考虑到直升机飞行过程中螺旋桨气流的影响, 总长度设计为${30}\mathrm{\;m}$,如图2所示。
拉力传感器的作用在于实时检测两端受到的力(这里所受的为拉力),当这个力超过阀值${F}_{1}$时,靠近上部的过载保护工作, 断开减载装置以下部分与直升机部分的连接, 达到保护直升机的目的。这个过程既可以由程序执行自动完成,也可以由直升机驾驶员根据相应显示仪器上显示的拉力读数手动执行。
起初过载保护装置的状态如图3a所示, 中央旋转块处于水平位置, 连杆处于死点状态, 弹簧处于拉伸状态, 两端连接的缆绳分别从上面和下面的孔通过, 连接两侧的其他部分。舵机的状态如图3b所示,舵臂处于${0}^{\circ }$位置,此时过载保护装置不工作。
当从下方通过的缆绳上的载荷超过预定载荷时舵机臂转动,打破连杆的死点位置,如图3c所示,在弹簧的回复力与下方缆绳的拉力作用下,中央旋转块开始向竖直位置转动,如图3d所示,缆绳连接轴会脱离轨道, 从中央旋转块落到限位套上, 由于限位套竖直方向上的强度较小, 在过载荷的负载下会产生变形, 从壳体上落下, 从而缆绳连接轴、缆绳均与过载保护装置分离, 断开连接, 起到保护装置以上部分的作用[8]
减载装置主要由顶板、缓冲装置、缆绳和底板4部分组成。每组减载装置中的缓冲装置共有3个, 呈${120}^{\circ }$周向均匀分布,与减载装置中的3段缆绳交错均匀分布, 以使装置受载均匀。其作用为在回收过程中吸收挂取过程中产生的冲击能量, 相当于弹簧阻尼器, 使得整个系统保持稳定。
挂钩主要包括吊钩杆、触发杆、钩抓、摩擦杆以及摩擦钩[9]。吊钩开启状态下(见图5),触发杆左侧铰链只能上下运动, 当线缆绳索触碰钩爪时, 触发杆处在死点位置, 不会引起触发杆左侧位移, 因此不会合爪。只有当线缆沿吊钩杆向下压触发杆时, 触发杆左侧铰链才会向下运动。
当触发杆受力引起挂钩闭合时, 若缆绳位于挂钩旁瓣上, 则会沿着挂钩旁瓣的斜面逐渐滑下; 若缆绳直接落在了触发杆上, 则由于挂钩闭合时靠近内侧的触发杆向下运动, 触发杆发生倾斜, 缆绳同样会沿着触发杆的斜面滑下,如图6a所示, 最终挂钩闭合, 缆绳则被挂钩旁瓣夹紧,如图6b所示。同时,当摩擦杆到达挂钩底部时, 单向止动锁开始工作, 锁住摩擦杆进入止动锁内部的部分, 使得挂钩闭合后不会再打开, 自此完成钩取任务。
当摩擦杆到达挂钩底部,挂钩闭合时,为了能够给直升机驾驶员一定的信息反馈, 设置了3个机械触发式的行程开关,它们呈${120}^{\circ }$周向分布在挂钩的底部。当摩擦杆到达挂钩底部时, 上面的齿顶会压迫行程开关的触发头, 继而行程开关会以电信号的形式进行反馈, 通知驾驶员挂钩已经闭合, 可以进行下一步操作。
空中回收运载火箭降落伞系统包括减速伞和翼伞, 减速伞组件的功能是稳定回收体姿态, 降低回收体的速度, 为翼伞开伞创造条件; 翼伞组件的功能是降低一子级的速度, 提供机动能力, 在归航控制分系统的控制下,实现一子级的定点回收[10]
减速伞、翼伞及相关控制装置安装在箭体尾段侧壁的安装平台上(如图7所示)。伞舱舱口和弹伞筒弹射口均指向发动机喷管喷射方向, 工作时减速伞和翼伞依次从箭体尾段侧壁和发动机喷管之间的空间拉出从而开伞。减速伞呈单点吊挂,吊点位于弹伞筒附近,翼伞吊挂呈4点吊挂,间隔90° 均匀分布在箭体尾段的后端面上, 两个翼伞伺服机构控制点位于安装平台两侧的承力结构上。相关布局示意如图8所示。
为便于直升机钩取操作, 用于空中钩取的降落伞伞形不同于普通的回收伞, 需要进行合理的改进设计, 除考虑稳定性和便于钩取等特性外, 还需要尽量降低钩取后对直升机飞行的影响。主要的适应性设计为:在翼伞上翼面连接一个牵顶伞,牵顶伞只需要在翼伞滑翔时保持充满状态, 便于直升机钩取即可。牵顶伞连接在翼伞收拢带上,如图9所示。收拢带通过扣袢安装在上下翼面和侧翼肋上。由于需要钩取牵顶伞, 钩取时牵顶伞的径向带和伞绳可能存在部分受力的情况, 因此牵顶伞选取十字伞较为有利。十字伞径向带为交叉结构, 钩取一端即可使径向带对称受力。
当直升机钩取到牵顶伞后, 收拢带承受比较大的拉力, 收拢带收紧, 挤压气室, 使气室内气体排出, 从而使翼伞失去气动翼型,丧失滑翔能力,随直升机飞行。
针对直升机挂取回收体的过程开展多体动力学仿真分析。利用ADAMS软件建立回收挂钩模型、直升机模型和子回收体模型, 如图10所示。其中, 回收挂钩模型采用刚性杆与柔性弹簧进行建模。飞机模型按多刚体进行处理, 子回收系统模型伞的升力在捕获开始后以时间为变量进行线性衰减。
假定直升机的质量为${14}\mathrm{t}$,回收体的质量为$3\mathrm{t}$。 回收对象在降落伞的作用下, 以一定的竖直速度和横向速度下降, 飞机则以相同方向、不同竖直速度和横向速度进行追随飞行, 直到飞机上安装的挂钩钩取降落伞, 得到如图11所示的过载曲线, 可以看出飞机在加入弹簧阻尼器后, 完成对回收物的捕获, 所受过载有一个震荡收敛的过程。
本文对不同的回收体质量、不同的收伞时间的挂取过程进行了仿真分析, 结果见图12, 可以看出, 回收体质量增大, 回收时的过载会明显增大。当增加收伞时间后, 回收时的过载随速度的变化较为平缓, 过载明显减小。因此, 在回收体的质量无法改变且回收时回收体与平台相对速度控制较困难的情况下,可通过增加收伞时间来改善回收过程中直升机的过载。
另外, 从图12可以看出, 相较于速度的增加, 加速度增加幅度并不大, 主要是因为直升机钩取回收物瞬间,会受到一个转动弯矩作用,使飞机出现绕(直升机-回收体)系统质心的旋转运动,使得飞机在原横向运动方向上增加一个速度增量, 造成直升机横向速度减小过程缓慢,即横向加速度偏小,旋转造成的横向速度增量会随着初始横向相对速度的增加而增加, 因此出现横向速度增加的情形下, 直升机横向加速度增加幅度依然较小。
本文对运载火箭尾舱的空中挂取过程进行了分析, 通过在直升机尾部安装主挂装置的方式进行挂取操作, 该装置具备过载测量、过载保护、减载、防误触、自动触发、单向锁紧等功能。降落伞系统布局在运载火箭尾舱底部,并从发动机喷管和尾段侧壁的空间中拉出。回收体通过减速伞减速, 通过翼伞实现回收体的定点。挂取装置挂取翼伞顶部的牵顶伞并将翼伞内的气体排出, 使翼伞失去滑翔能力, 最后随直升机飞行从而完成整个挂取过程。
从挂取过程的仿真分析中可以看出, 直升机对回收物进行捕获后加速度为震荡收敛的过程。随着回收体质量的增大, 回收时过载显著增加, 各方向的加速度与加速度幅值增加。随着伞升力撤销时间增加,减载效果变得明显。
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2024年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.7654/j.issn.2097-1974.20240203
  • 接收时间:2021-07-28
  • 首发时间:2025-07-04
  • 出版时间:2024-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2021-07-28
  • 修回日期:2021-10-23
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    1中国运载火箭技术研究院,北京,100076
    2北京航空航天大学,北京,100191
    3北京空间机电研究所,北京,100094
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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