Article(id=1322959424339456792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322959347470442879, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2024.03.128, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1711296000000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793347706159, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1739548800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793347706159, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793347706159, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793347706159, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322959347470442879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2025', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='111', pageEnd='220', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1739548800000', pubDateStr='2025-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793347687833, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793347687833, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=163, endPage=169, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322959424846967577, articleId=1322959424339456792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Environmental Loading Effect of GPS Vertical Time Series in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and Adjacent Areas, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the observation data from 163 GPS continuous stations in Qinghai-Xizang plateau and adjacent areas from 2010 to 2020, we solve the GPS vertical coordinate time series. Using the global loading grid data provided by GFZ, the environmental loading displacements are calculated by double cubic linear interpolation method, and the GPS vertical time series are corrected. The results show that the hydrological loading has the greatest influence on GPS station displacement in the study area, which is larger in the southern stations, with a RMS of 9.45 mm(MUET site). By comparing the changes of weighted root mean square(WRMS), annual term amplitude and velocity uncertainty before and after environmental loading correction, it is found that the environmental loading correction is able to weaken the nonlinear variations of vertical time series of most GPS stations in Qinghai-Xizang plateau and adjacent areas and it can accurately improve the velocity accuracy of most GPS stations.

, authors=Jiandong PENG1, 2, 3, Debin ZHU1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=Jiandong PENG, Debin ZHU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Debin ZHU, authorNote=

PENG Jiandong, engineer, majors in geodesy and surveying and mapping, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved, without authorization, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322959431494939437, articleId=1322959424339456792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=青藏高原及邻区GPS垂向时间序列的环境负载效应, columnId=1322506197874356701, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=地壳运动, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于2010—2020年青藏高原及邻区163个GPS连续观测站的观测数据, 解算GPS垂向坐标时间序列。利用GFZ提供的全球负载格网数据, 采用双三次线性插值方法计算环境负载位移, 并对GPS垂向时间序列进行修正。结果表明, 水文负载对研究区GPS观测站位移的影响最大, 且对研究区南部测站的影响较大, RMS达9.45 mm(MUET站)。通过对比环境负载修正前后加权均方根值(WRMS)、周年项振幅、速度不确定度等指标发现, 环境负荷修正可以减少青藏高原及其周边地区大部分GPS站点垂向时间序列中的非线性变化, 同时能显著提升绝大多数GPS测站的速度精度。

, authors=彭健东1, 2, 3, 朱德彬1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=彭健东, 朱德彬, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=朱德彬, authorNote=

彭健东, 工程师, 主要从事大地测量与测绘研究, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=

朱德彬, 工程师, 主要从事地理信息与测绘研究, E-mail:

ZHU Debin, engineer, majors in geo-information and surveying and mapping, E-mail:

, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权。, copyrightOwner=大地测量与地球动力学编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=ZPzflSZez8d0HnGLRUIOtg==, magXml=wjXhmruAxAjqRN+UFdw1+Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=jm0DKSfcfnvuyyhVMzoqww==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=G6LnblDNMyjPh9sv+3S9ag==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1322959432384131897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322959424339456792, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=644918661@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322959432736453437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322959424339456792, authorId=1322959432384131897, language=EN, stringName=Jiandong PENG, firstName=Jiandong, middleName=null, lastName=PENG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, address=1 Guangzhou Urban Planningand Design Survey Research Institute Co Ltd, 10 Jianshe Road, Guangzhou 510060, China
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彭健东, 工程师, 主要从事大地测量与测绘研究, E-mail:

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keyword=垂向时间序列), Keyword(id=1322959436872037198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322959424339456792, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=环境负载)], refs=[Reference(id=1322959443285128046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322959424339456792, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=35, issue=6, pageStart=665, pageEnd=669, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=0, authorNames=姜卫平, 李昭, 刘万科, journalName=武汉大学学报: 信息科学版, refType=null, unstructuredReference=姜卫平, 李昭, 刘万科, 等. 顾及非线性变化的地球参考框架建立与维持的思考[J]. 武汉大学学报: 信息科学版, 2010, 35 (6): 665- 669, articleTitle=顾及非线性变化的地球参考框架建立与维持的思考, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322959444971238256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322959424339456792, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=35, issue=6, pageStart=665, pageEnd=669, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=1, authorNames=Jiang Weiping, Li Zhao, Liu Wanke, 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青藏高原及邻区GPS垂向时间序列的环境负载效应
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彭健东 1, 2, 3 , 朱德彬 1, 2, 3, *
大地测量与地球动力学 | 地壳运动 2025,45(2): 163-169
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大地测量与地球动力学 |地壳运动 2025 , 45 (2) : 163 -169
青藏高原及邻区GPS垂向时间序列的环境负载效应
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2 广州市资源规划和海洋科技协同创新中心, 广州市建设大马路10号, 510060
3 广东省城市感知与监测预警企业重点实验室, 广州市建设大马路10号, 510060, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322959431734014767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322959424339456792, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322959431838872368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322959424339456792, companyId=1322959431734014767, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Guangzhou Urban Planningand Design Survey Research Institute Co Ltd, 10 Jianshe Road, Guangzhou 510060, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322959431851455281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322959424339456792, companyId=1322959431734014767, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 广州市城市规划勘测设计研究院有限公司, 广州市建设大马路10号, 510060)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322959431943729970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322959424339456792, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322959431952118579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322959424339456792, companyId=1322959431943729970, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Collaborative Innovation Center for Natural Resources Planning and Marine Technology of Guangzhou, 10 Jianshe Road, Guangzhou 510060, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322959431964701492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322959424339456792, companyId=1322959431943729970, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 广州市资源规划和海洋科技协同创新中心, 广州市建设大马路10号, 510060)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322959432296051509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322959424339456792, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322959432308634422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322959424339456792, companyId=1322959432296051509, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory for Urban Sensing, Monitoring and Early Warning, 10 Jianshe Road, Guangzhou 510060, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322959432317023031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322959424339456792, companyId=1322959432296051509, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 广东省城市感知与监测预警企业重点实验室, 广州市建设大马路10号, 510060)])])]
彭健东1, 2, 3 , 朱德彬1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1 广州市城市规划勘测设计研究院有限公司, 广州市建设大马路10号, 510060
  • 2 广州市资源规划和海洋科技协同创新中心, 广州市建设大马路10号, 510060
  • 3 广东省城市感知与监测预警企业重点实验室, 广州市建设大马路10号, 510060
通讯作者:

朱德彬, 工程师, 主要从事地理信息与测绘研究, E-mail:

ZHU Debin, engineer, majors in geo-information and surveying and mapping, E-mail:

作者简介:

彭健东, 工程师, 主要从事大地测量与测绘研究, E-mail:

Environmental Loading Effect of GPS Vertical Time Series in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and Adjacent Areas
Jiandong PENG1, 2, 3 , Debin ZHU1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Guangzhou Urban Planningand Design Survey Research Institute Co Ltd, 10 Jianshe Road, Guangzhou 510060, China
  • 2 Collaborative Innovation Center for Natural Resources Planning and Marine Technology of Guangzhou, 10 Jianshe Road, Guangzhou 510060, China
  • 3 Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory for Urban Sensing, Monitoring and Early Warning, 10 Jianshe Road, Guangzhou 510060, China
  • PENG Jiandong, engineer, majors in geodesy and surveying and mapping, E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-02-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.03.128
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基于2010—2020年青藏高原及邻区163个GPS连续观测站的观测数据, 解算GPS垂向坐标时间序列。利用GFZ提供的全球负载格网数据, 采用双三次线性插值方法计算环境负载位移, 并对GPS垂向时间序列进行修正。结果表明, 水文负载对研究区GPS观测站位移的影响最大, 且对研究区南部测站的影响较大, RMS达9.45 mm(MUET站)。通过对比环境负载修正前后加权均方根值(WRMS)、周年项振幅、速度不确定度等指标发现, 环境负荷修正可以减少青藏高原及其周边地区大部分GPS站点垂向时间序列中的非线性变化, 同时能显著提升绝大多数GPS测站的速度精度。

青藏高原  /  GPS  /  垂向时间序列  /  环境负载

Based on the observation data from 163 GPS continuous stations in Qinghai-Xizang plateau and adjacent areas from 2010 to 2020, we solve the GPS vertical coordinate time series. Using the global loading grid data provided by GFZ, the environmental loading displacements are calculated by double cubic linear interpolation method, and the GPS vertical time series are corrected. The results show that the hydrological loading has the greatest influence on GPS station displacement in the study area, which is larger in the southern stations, with a RMS of 9.45 mm(MUET site). By comparing the changes of weighted root mean square(WRMS), annual term amplitude and velocity uncertainty before and after environmental loading correction, it is found that the environmental loading correction is able to weaken the nonlinear variations of vertical time series of most GPS stations in Qinghai-Xizang plateau and adjacent areas and it can accurately improve the velocity accuracy of most GPS stations.

Qinghai-Xizang plateau  /  GPS  /  vertical time series  /  environmental loading
彭健东, 朱德彬. 青藏高原及邻区GPS垂向时间序列的环境负载效应. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2025 , 45 (2) : 163 -169 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.03.128
Jiandong PENG, Debin ZHU. Environmental Loading Effect of GPS Vertical Time Series in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and Adjacent Areas[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2025 , 45 (2) : 163 -169 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.03.128
过去30 a积累的GPS基准站坐标位移时间序列已成为研究青藏高原及邻区地壳运动、形变和板块构造活动的关键数据支持[1-3]。研究表明[4-6],GPS坐标时间序列不仅可以反映基准站的线性位移运动信息,还可以反映多种环境因素对非构造运动产生的显著影响,尤其是在垂直方向展现出的明显非线性变化特征。基准站所受的非构造运动可能会影响GPS数据处理结果的精确性,导致对某些地质构造活动产生误解。因此,分析GPS坐标时间序列中的非构造运动信息及相关误差和噪声,对于提升基准站位置与速度的估计精度具有重要意义[7]。这不仅有助于构建和维护地球参考框架,还对研究地壳形变模式和各类地球物理现象至关重要。
青藏高原及邻区在地壳形变、地形地貌和构造演化等多方面体现出板块碰撞导致的造山带特性和内部地质变形,是研究大陆构造动力学的理想天然实验室。Fu等[8]利用GPS和GRACE(gravity recovery and climate experiment)数据监测喜马拉雅山地区垂直运动,结果表明,GPS观测得到的垂向位移与GRACE模拟得出的季节性垂直位移在振幅和相位上均具有一致性。王林松等[9]以喜马拉雅山地区为例,利用GPS和GRACE监测陆地水负荷导致的季节性水平形变,发现多数GPS站的垂直分量及北向分量的初相位与GRACE模型解算结果相近,而部分GPS站的东向分量与GRACE模型存在明显不同。Zou等[10]联合GRACE数据反演西藏南部地区由于水文负荷引起的地表形变,发现GPS坐标时间序列经修正后垂直方向振幅减小20%~56%,水平方向变化不明显。Hao等[11]基于GPS和GRACE数据研究青藏高原东南部地壳垂直运动发现,GRACE和GPS监测的垂向位移的年振幅和半年振幅高度相关。陈超等[12]结合GPS和GRACE数据对青藏高原南部地区垂直形变的季节性波动进行研究发现,青藏高原南部地区的垂直运动存在多种因素共同作用。
以往研究多围绕青藏高原地区水文负载引起的地表形变展开,较少涉及除水文负载外的其他环境负载(如大气负载、海洋非潮汐负载等),这些负载对于青藏高原地区地表垂直运动的影响也不容忽视。研究该地区测站坐标时间序列中包含的各种环境负载,使其更好地服务于地壳形变监测与分析,对于准确研究青藏高原及邻区形变特性具有重要意义。本文基于陆态网2010—2020年122个GPS基准站观测数据和NGL(Nevada Geodetic Laboratory)提供的41个GPS连续观测站观测数据,解算坐标位移时间序列,研究环境负载修正对青藏高原及邻区GPS测站垂向坐标时间序列的影响。
本文选择的GPS观测数据包括2个部分:1)CMONOC 2010—2020年122个GPS基准站的观测数据;2)NGL提供的41个GPS连续观测站的观测数据。青藏高原及邻区GPS站点分布及积累观测时长(单位天)见图1。
本文采用GAMIT10.7计算青藏高原及邻区163个GPS连续观测站的单日松弛解,数据时间跨度为2010-01-01—2020-12-31。按照相应的解算策略和模型,获得测站的无基准单日解。完成基线解算后,将基线松弛解H文件与IGS提供的全球解H文件合并,通过七参数相似变换得到ITRF2008坐标框架下各站点北(N)、东(E)、垂直(U)三分量的位移时间序列。受外部因素影响,GPS坐标时间序列中不可避免地包含一些粗差,本文使用基于四分位距的统计方法(IQR)进行粗差检测与剔除。
常见的环境负载包括水文负载、大气负载和非潮汐海洋负载3个部分,不同类型的环境负载均能造成不同程度的地表位移。为研究各种环境负载对GPS站坐标位移时间序列的影响,需要计算3种环境负载引起的地表位移时间序列。GFZ提供的全球格网数据包含由大气负载(NTAL)、非潮汐海洋负载(NTOL)和水文负载(HYDL)引起的位移信息,其中3种负载的空间分辨率均为0.5°×0.5°,大气负载和非潮汐海洋负载的时间分辨率为3 h,水文负载的时间分辨率为24 h。根据弹性地球模型AK135[13]给出的负荷勒夫数计算负载格林函数,将负载时间序列归算至地球图形参考框架(CF)下。通过将负载格林函数与ECMWF、MPIOM、LSDM模型的质量分布进行卷积,在空间域依次计算大气、非潮汐海洋及水文负载引起的弹性地表形变。
根据GFZ提供的全球格网数据,使用双三次插值方法计算每个GPS测站因环境负载产生的地表位移时间序列。为保持与GPS坐标时间序列的时间分辨率一致,将3 h间隔的大气与水文负载位移时间序列转换为日平均时间序列。将3种环境负载造成的测站位移时间序列相加,即可得到总环境负载时间序列。将相应时刻的负载位移时间序列直接加到GPS坐标位移时间序列上,通过环境负载修正,得到修正后的GPS日坐标位移时间序列。
本文采用均方根评估环境负载对GPS测站位移造成的影响量级,计算公式为[14]:
$\operatorname{RMS}=\operatorname{sqrt}\left(\frac{\sum\limits_1^{n_t}\left(m_d(j)-\frac{\sum\limits_1^{n_t} m_d(j)}{n_t}\right)^2}{n_t-1}\right)$
式中,nt表示观测个数,md(j)表示环境负载造成的位移。
本文旨在量化环境负载对GPS坐标位移时间序列的影响程度,因此计算环境负载修正前后GPS时间序列的加权均方根值(WRMS)变化,具体计算公式为[14]:
$\operatorname{diff}_{-}\mathrm{WRMS}=\mathrm{WRMS}_b-\mathrm{WRMS}_a$
式中,WRMSb和WRMSa分别表示环境负载改正前及修正后GPS时间序列的WRMS值,二者计算方法相同,其中WRMSb计算公式为[14]:
$\begin{gathered}\mathrm{WRMS}_b= \\\operatorname{sqrt}\left(\frac{\sum\limits_{j=1}^{n_t} \lambda(j)\left(G(j)-\frac{\sum\limits_{j=1}^{n_t} G(j) \lambda(j)}{\sum\limits_{j=1}^{n_t} \lambda(j)}\right)^2}{\sum\limits_{j=1}^{n_t} \lambda(j)}\right)\end{gathered}$
式中,λ(j)=1/S(j)2;G(j)、S(j)分别表示测站在j时刻的位移(即坐标差或相对于参考值的位置变化)及精度(不确定度);nt表示观测个数。根据上述公式可知,当diff_WRMS>0时,表明经过环境负载修正后的GPS时间序列的加权均方根误差(WRMS)有所下降,即表现出非线性变化的幅度有所减弱,说明修正效果良好;相反,如果diff_WRMS小于0,则表示修正效果不佳。
为分析GPS坐标时间序列中的季节性信号,GPS测站运动模型可表示为:
$\begin{gathered}x(t)= \sum\limits_{i=0}^{n_P} p_i\left(t-t_R\right)^i+\sum\limits_{j=1}^{n_J} b_j H\left(t-t_j\right)+ \\\sum\limits_{k=1}^{n_F} s_k \sin \left(\omega_k t\right)+c_k \cos \left(\omega_k t\right)+ \\\sum\limits_{m=1}^{n_M} a_k \lg \left(1+\left(t-t_m\right) / T_m\right)\end{gathered}$
式中,pi表示nP次多项式的系数,其中nP默认为1,代表线性趋势;H(t)函数为Heaviside阶跃函数,用来表示在tj时刻发生的位移,其振幅为bj;nJ表示发生阶跃的次数;nF表示用于表征季节性位移周期的频率。GPS信号中年、半年变化的振幅和频率分别用$A_1=\sqrt{s_1^2+c_1^2} $, ω=2π和$ A_2=\sqrt{s_2^2+c_2^2}$, ω=4π表示。式中最后部分表示地震在tm时刻引起的对数瞬时变化。
由式(4)可知,GPS坐标时间序列中包含各类信号,其中周年项振幅和速度不确定度能较好地反映环境负载的剔除效果和GPS测站速度精度,因此增加这2个模型参数作为环境负载修正的评价指标。
目前国内外许多学者认为,白噪声(WN)与闪烁噪声(FN)的组合模型(WN+FN)是分析GPS垂直坐标时间序列的最理想模型。基于该模型,本文运用极大似然估计法(MLE)对各GPS站点的坐标时间序列进行周年振幅和速度不确定度计算。
仿照式(2)计算方法,周年项振幅和速度不确定度的变化可表示为:
$\text { diff_amp }=\mathrm{amp}_b-\mathrm{amp}_a$
$\text { diff_vel_un }=\text { vel_un}_b-\text { vel_un}_a$
式中,ampb和ampa分别表示环境负载修正前及修正后GPS时间序列的周年项振幅,vel_unb和vel_una分别表示环境负载修正前及修正后GPS时间序列的速度不确定度。diff_amp大于0代表周年项振幅减小,说明环境负载得到有效剔除;diff_vel_un大于0代表速度不确定度减小,说明GPS测站速度精度得到提高。
图2分别为大气负载(NTAL)、海洋非潮汐负载(NTOL)、水文负载(HYDL)以及总环境负载(SUML)引起的测站位移时间序列的均方根值(RMS)分布,163个GPS测站的平均RMS值分别为2.97 mm、0.42 mm、3.81 mm和4.80 mm,表明水文负载(HYDL)在这些测站的环境负载中占比最大,其次为大气负载,海洋非潮汐负载的影响最小。从图中可以看出,青藏高原及邻区环境负载的RMS值存在差异,呈现出一定的区域性特征。就大气负载而言,青藏高原及邻区的东部及北部,大气负载的RMS值为3~5 mm,而中部及南部由于海拔较高导致大气稀薄,大气负载的RMS值均小于3 mm。与大气负载相比,海洋非潮汐负载具有不同的空间分布特征,沿海地区测站的RMS值相对较大,而内陆地区的RMS值很小。对于水文负载,青藏高原及邻区自北向南逐渐增大至6 mm以上,其原因为青藏高原东部和南部受西南季风影响,且夏季风登陆时受到高大山脉的阻挡,水汽大量凝结从而形成丰富的降水。
选定6个位于不同地区的GPS测站,分析不同区域的地理特征对环境负载的影响,计算6个测站分别由大气负载、海洋非潮汐负载和水文负载引起的垂向位移时间序列,结果如图3所示。由于常年受到蒙古高压和西伯利亚高压的影响,大气负载的振幅普遍较大。由图3可知,不同区域的测站受到3种环境负载的影响各不相同。其中,国外BIK0站以及新疆XJHT站和XJAL站均位于中亚地区,远离海洋,气候受海洋影响较小,所以海洋非潮汐负载(NTOL)的振幅最小;而NMFJ站地处内蒙古阿拉善地区,为中温带大陆性气候,常年干旱少雨,所以相对于其他测站受到水文负载的影响小。
从图3可以看出,与NMEJ站明显不同的是,藏南地区XZZF站水文负载的影响量级最大,这是因为藏南地区属于亚热带、热带季风气候,受印度洋西南季风的影响,区域降雨量大,终年温暖湿润。而整个西藏地区海拔较高,空气稀薄,故XZZF站受大气负载的影响相对其他区域小。青藏高原及邻区大部分测站都远离海洋,所以海洋非潮汐负载的影响普遍较小,但位于该区域东南部的测站受海洋非潮汐负载的影响偏大(如HISY站)。HISY站位于海南省三亚市,属于热带海洋性季风气候,南邻南海且年降雨量丰富,与HISY站海洋非潮汐负载和水文负载振幅较大的情况相符。
通过计算得到青藏高原及邻区各GPS观测站坐标时间序列垂直方向扣除环境负载前后的WRMS值变化diff_WRMS,结果如图4(a)所示,其中青藏高原南部更为明显。图4(b)为不同WRMS变化范围对应的测站数,可以看出,大多数测站的diff_WRMS在0~2 mm范围内。环境负载修正前后WRMS变化的百分比分布如图5所示,可以看出,74.85%的测站经过环境负载修正后WRMS减小,分别有30.06%和44.79%的测站改善率在0~10%和10%~60%之间,其中LCK2站改善率最高(56.94%)。结果表明,在进行GPS观测站坐标位移时间序列分析时,改正环境负载的影响有利于更加精确地研究地壳形变以及地球动力学机制。
除WRMS指标之外,还可以通过分析周年项振幅变化,研究环境负载对GPS坐标时间序列的影响。以往研究表明[15],环境负载在GPS坐标时间序列中通常表现为周年变化。因此,环境负载修正后,理论上GPS坐标时间序列周年项的振幅将减小,这意味着环境负载引起的测站位置偏移已被有效修正。如果振幅未减小,则可能表明修正存在误差。与WRMS类似,分别计算环境负载修正前后垂直分量的周年项振幅变化,结果如图6所示,图7为环境负载修正前后周年项变化的百分比分布。由图6(a)可知,与WRMS实验结果类似,经环境负载修正后青藏高原南部GPS坐标时间序列的周年项振幅变化比较明显。总体而言,有135个测站(占82.82%)显示出周年项振幅减小,表明这些测站的坐标时间序列中环境负载已被有效剔除,具体见图6(b)。由图7可知,49.69%的测站周年项振幅减小率大于50%,TALA测站的周年项振幅减小率最大(86.17%)。与WRMS实验结果相比可知,25.15%的测站经环境负载修正后,其GPS坐标时间序列的WRMS反而变大,同时也有部分测站的周年项振幅有所增大,表明环境负载修正对这些测站产生了反向效果。究其原因可能为,这些测站使用格网插值法得到的环境负载位移结果与实际情况有所不符。
为验证环境负载修正能否提高GPS坐标时间序列的精度,建立更加准确的GPS速度场,本文引入速度不确定度作为评价指标。计算环境负载修正前后GPS测站坐标时间序列的速度不确定度,结果如图8所示。
从图8可以看出,经过环境负荷修正后,大多数站点的速度不确定度有所改善,GPS站速度解算精度有所提高。由图8(a)可知,各地区测站的速度不确定度变化较均匀,变化最为明显的测站集中在印度地区。由于速度不确定度的量级较小,大多数测站的速度不确定度减小值主要集中在0~0.5 mm/a范围内(图8(b))。为更直观地表示环境负载修正对GPS测站速度不确定度的影响量级,与上述2个指标类似,统计得到环境负载修正前后各测站速度不确定度变化的百分比分布,结果如图9所示。经环境负载修正后,速度不确定度减小的测站有161个(占98.77%),其中KHEP站修正效果最好,改善率为73.49%,XZCY站改善率最低,为-1.56%。
基于陆态网和NGL提供的163个GPS测站观测数据,计算环境负荷引起的各GPS测站位移,分析环境负荷修正对青藏高原及邻区GPS站坐标时间序列的影响,得出以下结论:
1) 对于青藏高原及邻区的GPS测站,环境负载中水文负载的影响最大,且呈现出显著的区域性特征,水文负载的均方根(RMS)值自北向南逐渐增大至6 mm以上,南部区域测站的RMS值普遍较大,最大达9.45 mm(MUET站),其他地区的RMS值较小。
2) 采用WRMS、周年项振幅和速度不确定度3个指标定量评估环境负荷修正对GPS垂向时间序列的影响。结果表明,3个指标得到改善的测站占比依次为74.85%、82.82%、98.77%,表明环境负载修正对大多数测站具有一定的改善作用,同时说明在进行垂直方向的GPS精密测量和建立精确的GPS速度场时,需要充分考虑环境负荷的影响。
3) 在青藏高原及邻区内,RMS、diff_WRMS、diff_amp、diff_vel_un的变化趋势总体一致,受环境负载影响较大的测站集中在青藏高原南部、云南、印度及尼泊尔地区。环境负载修正后有部分站点3个指标均出现增大的情况,原因可能为利用格网内插法计算的环境负载与实际情况存在偏差,需要进一步研究。
  • 广州市资源规划和海洋科技协同创新中心项目(2023B04J0301)
  • 广州市资源规划和海洋科技协同创新中心项目(2023B04J0326)
  • 广东省重点领域研发计划(2020B0101130009)
  • 广东省城市感知与监测预警企业重点实验室基金(2020B121202019)
  • 广州市城市规划勘测设计研究院有限公司科技基金(RD12230201007)
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2025年第45卷第2期
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.03.128
  • 接收时间:2024-03-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-25
基金
Project of Collaborative Innovation Center for Natural Resources Planning and Marine Technology of Guangzhou(2023B04J0301)
广州市资源规划和海洋科技协同创新中心项目(2023B04J0301)
Project of Collaborative Innovation Center for Natural Resources Planning and Marine Technology of Guangzhou(2023B04J0326)
广州市资源规划和海洋科技协同创新中心项目(2023B04J0326)
Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(2020B0101130009)
广东省重点领域研发计划(2020B0101130009)
Fund of Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory for Urban Sensing, Monitoring and Early Warning(2020B121202019)
广东省城市感知与监测预警企业重点实验室基金(2020B121202019)
Science and Technology Foundation of Guangzhou Urban Planning and Design Survey Research Institute Co Ltd(RD12230201007)
广州市城市规划勘测设计研究院有限公司科技基金(RD12230201007)
作者信息
    1 广州市城市规划勘测设计研究院有限公司, 广州市建设大马路10号, 510060
    2 广州市资源规划和海洋科技协同创新中心, 广州市建设大马路10号, 510060
    3 广东省城市感知与监测预警企业重点实验室, 广州市建设大马路10号, 510060

通讯作者:

朱德彬, 工程师, 主要从事地理信息与测绘研究, E-mail:

ZHU Debin, engineer, majors in geo-information and surveying and mapping, E-mail:

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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