Article(id=1322959397034525096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322959347470442879, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2024.03.127, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1711123200000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793347699649, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1739548800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793347699649, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793347699649, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793347699649, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322959347470442879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2025', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='111', pageEnd='220', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1739548800000', pubDateStr='2025-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793347687833, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793347687833, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=203, endPage=207, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322959397189714345, articleId=1322959397034525096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Application of Virtual Sealing in Noise Reduction of Deformation Instrument: Using SS-Y Tensometer at Wujiahe Station as an Example, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

We calculate the first-order difference, power spectral density and root mean square error and study its time-frequency of SS-Y extensometer data before and after the sealing measures at Wujiahe seismic station, design a virtual sealed filter. The results show that after the virtual seal filter, the noise signal of 0.07 to 0.5 min-1 is obviously suppressed, and the purpose of safe noise reduction is achieved, which has certain reference significance for improving the observation accuracy.

, authors=Wei HU1, Xuedong FENG1, *, Haodong JIA1, Wei SHI1, Wenchao BAO2, authorsList=Wei HU, Xuedong FENG, Haodong JIA, Wei SHI, Wenchao BAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xuedong FENG, authorNote=

HU Wei, engineer, majors in earthquake monitoring, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved, without authorization, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322959400356413880, articleId=1322959397034525096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=虚拟密封在形变仪器降噪中的应用——以乌加河台SS-Y型伸缩仪为例, columnId=1322506256904994864, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=观测技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

通过计算乌加河地震台SS-Y型伸缩仪采取密封措施前后数据的一阶差分、功率谱密度和均方根误差, 研究其时频特征, 并设计虚拟密封滤波器。结果表明, 虚拟密封滤波后, 0.07~0.5 min-1的噪声信号抑制明显, 达到了安全降噪的目的, 对提高观测精度有一定的借鉴意义。

, authors=胡玮1, 冯雪东1, *, 贾昊东1, 石伟1, 包文超2, authorsList=胡玮, 冯雪东, 贾昊东, 石伟, 包文超, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=冯雪东, authorNote=

胡玮, 工程师, 主要从事地震监测研究, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=

冯雪东, 工程师, 主要从事地震监测研究, E-mail:

FENG Xuedong, engineer, majors in earthquake monitoring, E-mail:

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HU Wei, engineer, majors in earthquake monitoring, E-mail:

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虚拟密封在形变仪器降噪中的应用——以乌加河台SS-Y型伸缩仪为例
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胡玮 1 , 冯雪东 1, * , 贾昊东 1 , 石伟 1 , 包文超 2
大地测量与地球动力学 | 观测技术 2025,45(2): 203-207
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大地测量与地球动力学 |观测技术 2025 , 45 (2) : 203 -207
虚拟密封在形变仪器降噪中的应用——以乌加河台SS-Y型伸缩仪为例
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胡玮1 , 冯雪东1, * , 贾昊东1, 石伟1, 包文超2
作者信息
  • 1 巴彦淖尔地震监测中心站, 内蒙古自治区巴彦淖尔市曙光西街2号, 015000
  • 2 内蒙古地震台, 呼和浩特市哲里木路80号, 010010
通讯作者:

冯雪东, 工程师, 主要从事地震监测研究, E-mail:

FENG Xuedong, engineer, majors in earthquake monitoring, E-mail:

作者简介:

胡玮, 工程师, 主要从事地震监测研究, E-mail:

Application of Virtual Sealing in Noise Reduction of Deformation Instrument: Using SS-Y Tensometer at Wujiahe Station as an Example
Wei HU1 , Xuedong FENG1, * , Haodong JIA1, Wei SHI1, Wenchao BAO2
Affiliations
  • 1 Bayannur Earthquake Monitoring Center Station, 2 West-Shuguang Street, Bayannur 015000, China
  • 2 Inner Mongolia Seismic Station, 80 Jirem Road, Hohhot 010010, China
  • HU Wei, engineer, majors in earthquake monitoring, E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-02-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.03.127
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通过计算乌加河地震台SS-Y型伸缩仪采取密封措施前后数据的一阶差分、功率谱密度和均方根误差, 研究其时频特征, 并设计虚拟密封滤波器。结果表明, 虚拟密封滤波后, 0.07~0.5 min-1的噪声信号抑制明显, 达到了安全降噪的目的, 对提高观测精度有一定的借鉴意义。

伸缩仪  /  密封  /  噪声  /  虚拟密封

We calculate the first-order difference, power spectral density and root mean square error and study its time-frequency of SS-Y extensometer data before and after the sealing measures at Wujiahe seismic station, design a virtual sealed filter. The results show that after the virtual seal filter, the noise signal of 0.07 to 0.5 min-1 is obviously suppressed, and the purpose of safe noise reduction is achieved, which has certain reference significance for improving the observation accuracy.

tensometer  /  seal  /  noise  /  virtual seal
胡玮, 冯雪东, 贾昊东, 石伟, 包文超. 虚拟密封在形变仪器降噪中的应用——以乌加河台SS-Y型伸缩仪为例. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2025 , 45 (2) : 203 -207 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.03.127
Wei HU, Xuedong FENG, Haodong JIA, Wei SHI, Wenchao BAO. Application of Virtual Sealing in Noise Reduction of Deformation Instrument: Using SS-Y Tensometer at Wujiahe Station as an Example[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2025 , 45 (2) : 203 -207 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.03.127
前兆形变观测仪器产出的数据不仅包含地壳应变和形变,还包含大量干扰信息[1],会影响对地震前兆异常的识别[2-3]。学者们针对干扰信息的剔除进行了许多研究[4-6],但针对某一形变仪器采取具体降噪措施的研究较少,而这项工作对于提高仪器观测质量、识别地震前兆异常等至关重要。
SS-Y型伸缩仪(以下简称伸缩仪)是用于精密测量地壳表面两点间水平长度相对变化的仪器,适用于地壳应变固体潮汐水平分量、地震断层及大型精密工程水平形变的连续观测[7]。自上世纪80年代投入观测以来,伸缩仪经历了从模拟观测到数字化观测的过程,积累了大量关于识别干扰的经验[8]。本文通过分析2020-09乌加河地震台伸缩仪采取密封措施前后数据的异同,明确密封措施的作用,并设计了一款与密封措施作用相当的数字滤波器,对伸缩仪运维观测质量的提高及地震数据分析具有一定的借鉴意义。
乌加河地震台(以下简称乌加河台)位于内蒙古自治区西部,行政区划隶属于乌拉特中旗乌加河镇,地处河套盆地北缘与阴山山脉的交界地带[9]。台站形变山洞建于1972年,洞室深约253 m,温度日变幅≤0.03 ℃,年变幅≤0.5 ℃,湿度≥80%,覆盖层为较完整的花岗岩,平均厚度约为183 m(图1(a)),观测环境良好[10]。乌加河台伸缩仪1989年开始观测,2006年进行了数字化改造,其中NS向基线长度为26.94 m,EW向基线长度为25.97 m,观测质量一直较为稳定。
2020-09乌加河台工作人员对放置伸缩仪的水泥槽采取了覆盖塑料薄膜的密封处理(图1(b)),本文选取2020-01-01—02-29未密封时伸缩仪NS向数据及2021-01-01—02-28密封后NS向数据进行预处理,主要扣除日波、半日波、1/4日波等固体潮信息。
由图2可以看出,在滤除固体潮汐和线性趋势变化等长周期信息后,伸缩仪时序曲线保留了地震记录和噪声等中高频信息。本文一阶差分、功率谱密度和均方根误差计算均使用预处理数据。
一阶差分是描述曲线光滑程度的重要参数,可以反映出形变数据的干扰特点[11]。绘制2020-01—02与2021-01—02乌加河台伸缩仪NS向数据的一阶差分图(图3),为防止较大的数据突跳压制曲线,绘图时将一阶差分大于20×10-10的数据认为是粗差点,予以剔除。通过比对分析可以发现,实施密封措施后,观测值的一阶差分降低了(2~3)×10-10,减少了部分外界环境的干扰。
一阶差分分析只能看出密封对抑制伸缩仪噪声有一定的作用,要研究这些噪声的频谱特征,还需对其进行功率谱密度(PSD)特征分析。
PSD是定量衡量地震台站数据质量的重要指标[12],其计算方法有周期图法、多窗口(MTM)法、最大熵(MEM)法和多信号分类(Music)法,其中周期图法包括分段平均周期图(Bartlett)法和加窗分段平均周期图法。Welch法是一种改进的加窗平均周期图法,其采用重叠分段、加窗函数和FFT算法等计算一个信号序列的PSD,减少了计算过程中的频谱泄露效应,使功率谱估计更加准确[12-13]。用$\hat{B}_x(\omega)$表示Welch法的计算结果,其计算过程是将信号x(n)的长度N分为p段,每段有M个数据,则第p段的修正周期图为:
$J_p(\omega)=\frac{1}{M U}\left|\sum\limits_{n=0}^{M-1} x_p(n) \omega(n) \mathrm{e}^{-\mathrm{j} \omega n}\right|^2$
式中,$U(\omega)=\frac{1}{M} \sum\limits_{n=0}^{M-1} \omega^2(n)$为归一化因子,允许调整;ω(n)为加窗函数,对P个分段的周期图进行平均,可得到整个信号x(n)的功率谱估计。
$\hat{B}_x(\omega)=\frac{1}{P} \sum\limits_{p=0}^P J_p(\omega)$
用Welch法分别计算2020-01—02与2021-01—02乌加河台伸缩仪NS向预处理数据的PSD。根据图4可以得知,在进行薄膜密封后,伸缩仪在0~0.07 min-1频率区间几乎没有影响;预处理时去除固体潮、线性变化等长周期信息后,低频部分的功率谱降低较多;在0.07~0.25 min-1区间内,随着频率的增大,薄膜密封前后数据的PSD差值逐渐增大;在0.25~0.5 min-1区间内,随着频率的增大,薄膜密封前后数据的PSD差值在8 dB左右波动,变化不大。由于伸缩仪的数据是分钟值,其记录到的有用信息主要集中在低频区间,如潮汐波动(1/4波、半日波、日波等)乃至年变、长趋势区域形变等接近零频的信号[14]。塑料薄膜密封仅对伸缩仪的基线与山洞内观测环境进行了初步的物理隔绝,避免了苯板之间、苯板与仪器水泥槽之间覆盖不严密的问题,从而阻断了山洞内微小温度波动和气流变化对伸缩仪基线造成的干扰(一般都是高频干扰,能量较低[15]),提升了整体的密封效果。
可以看出,薄膜密封对提高伸缩仪的观测数据质量有一定的帮助,据此可以设计一个滤波器,对未进行薄膜密封的伸缩仪数据进行滤波处理,从而达到虚拟密封的效果。
拟设计的虚拟密封滤波器,其类型为低通滤波器,通带边界频率为0.07 min-1,阻带边界频率为0.08 min-1。已知伸缩仪的采样率fs为1 min-1,根据奈奎斯特采样定理,最大可记录到频率为0.5 min-1的数据。加窗函数设计法中,要求将设计的频率归一化到0~π区间内,奈奎斯特频率对应为π,则归一化通带频率为:
$W_p=0.07 / f_{\text {Nyquist }} \times \pi$
归一化阻带频率为:
$W_s=0.08 / f_{\text {Nyquist }} \times \pi$
归一化截止频率为:
$W_c=\left(W_p+W_s\right) / 2$
高频噪声相对信号的衰减需求为-30 dB,过渡带宽δ=Ws-Wp,汉宁窗第一旁瓣相对主瓣衰减值为-31 dB[16]。采用汉宁窗,根据过渡带宽与最大衰减关系得知滤波器阶数为:
$N_f=8 \pi / \delta$
计算可知,该滤波器的通带和过渡带窄而阻带宽;阻带平稳,通带平滑;阻带边界坐标为(0.08 min-1,-31 dB),通带边界坐标为(0.07 min-1,0 dB),符合设计目标,其幅频响应特征见图5。
分别选取2020-02-20—21(图6(a))和2021-02-20—21(图6(b))乌加河台伸缩仪NS向预处理数据,并分别对其进行虚拟密封处理(图6(c)和6(d))。
由图6可以看出,2020年虚拟密封后数据的高频干扰信号得到明显抑制,而2021年的对比并不明显。为定量评价虚拟密封对高频信号的抑制效果,分别计算了虚拟密封前后数据的均方根误差(RMSE)。该指标可体现原始信号与去噪后信号之间的整体偏差,数值越大,表明噪声抑制效果越好[17]。其计算公式为:
$\text { RMSE }=\sqrt{\frac{\sum\limits_{i=1}^n\left[f(i)-f^{\prime}(i)\right]^2}{n}}$
式中,f(i)为原始含噪信号,f′(i)为去噪后信号,n为数据长度。
计算得到图6(a)与6(c)的RMSE为1.065 9×10-10,图6(b)与6(d)的RMSE为0.113 9×10-10。由此可知,对未采取密封措施的伸缩仪数据进行虚拟密封滤波处理,可有效抑制噪声;而对已经采取密封措施的伸缩仪数据再进行虚拟密封滤波处理,效果不明显。
为验证虚拟密封滤波器在频率域的可靠性,分别绘制2020-01—02和2021-01—02伸缩仪预处理数据及其虚拟密封滤波后数据的PSD对比。从图7可以看出,使用本文设计的数字滤波器对预处理数据进行虚拟密封滤波后,0~0.07 min-1频段的数据信号功率谱差别不大,0.07~0.5 min-1频段的噪声功率谱得到明显抑制,进一步说明本文数字滤波器具有可靠性。在0.08~0.5 min-1频段内,经虚拟密封滤波处理后,2020年和2021年的预处理数据PSD分别降低约50 dB和40 dB,说明对未采取密封措施的伸缩仪数据进行虚拟密封滤波处理后,高频噪声得到明显抑制,这与图6的结论一致。并且,虚拟密封滤波器对高频噪声的抑制效果比薄膜覆盖密封好。
需要说明的是,理论上应选取同一时段伸缩仪密封与未密封的数据进行对比分析,但这很难实现。因此,本文求取的通带频率(0.07 min-1)并非理论值,而是近似值。其他台站也可参考本文方法,计算适用于本台站的截止频率,对未密封的伸缩仪数据进行虚拟密封滤波处理,以达到安全降噪的目的。
本文应用乌加河地震台SS-Y型伸缩仪观测数据,通过计算2020-01—02和2021-01—02数据的一阶差分和PSD值,对比分析薄膜密封措施对降低伸缩仪观测数据噪声的效果,并根据分析结果设计合适的数字滤波器,以对预处理数据进行虚拟密封滤波。可以看出:1)通过密封措施可有效降低乌加河台伸缩仪NS向噪声水平,一阶差分降低约(2~3)×10-10;2)采取覆盖薄膜密封措施后,伸缩仪NS向对0.07~0.5 min-1频段的噪声有明显的抑制效果,而对0~0.07 min-1频段的有用信号基本没有影响,提高了观测数据的信噪比;3)对未进行密封措施的伸缩仪数据,通过设计合理的低通滤波器(通带频率为0.07 min-1) 进行虚拟密封滤波处理,也可达到安全降噪的目的,且效果更好。
  • 内蒙古自治区地震局局长基金(2023QN26)
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2025年第45卷第2期
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.03.127
  • 接收时间:2024-03-23
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-23
基金
Director Fund of Earthquake Agency of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(2023QN26)
内蒙古自治区地震局局长基金(2023QN26)
作者信息
    1 巴彦淖尔地震监测中心站, 内蒙古自治区巴彦淖尔市曙光西街2号, 015000
    2 内蒙古地震台, 呼和浩特市哲里木路80号, 010010

通讯作者:

冯雪东, 工程师, 主要从事地震监测研究, E-mail:

FENG Xuedong, engineer, majors in earthquake monitoring, E-mail:

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属数
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species
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Percentage of
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属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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