Article(id=1322959348049256832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322959347470442879, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2024.03.110, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1710345600000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793347687970, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1739548800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793347687970, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793347687970, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793347687970, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322959347470442879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2025', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='111', pageEnd='220', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1739548800000', pubDateStr='2025-02-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793347687833, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793347687833, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=116, endPage=119, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322959348271554945, articleId=1322959348049256832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=A Robust Point Cloud Plane Fitting Method Combining Normal Information and Adaptive Scale, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Current robust fitting algorithms are prone to failure in point cloud data with a high contamination rate. To solve this problem, we introduce a weight matrix in the plane fitting method based on eigenvalue decomposition, where the initial weight is determined based on the normal vector information of point cloud, thus reducing the influence of outliers. We further use the scale-adaptive method to enhance the robustness. The scale factor of this method gradually decreases as the number of iterations increases, effectively solving the problem of low breakdown ration of traditional M estimation. The experimental results show that the breakdown ratio of the proposed algorithm is higher than that of existing robust point cloud fitting methods, and it can accurately estimate plane parameters in the point cloud data with a high outlier ratio.

, authors=Ying WU1, Jing PENG2, 3, 4, Xiaosheng LIU1, *, authorsList=Ying WU, Jing PENG, Xiaosheng LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaosheng LIU, authorNote=

WU Ying, postgraduate, majors in measurement data processing, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved, without authorization, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322959351413088650, articleId=1322959348049256832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=融合法向信息和尺度自适应的稳健点云平面拟合方法, columnId=1322506169105633839, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=现代大地测量, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为解决现有稳健拟合算法在高污染率点云数据中容易失效的问题, 在基于特征值分解的平面拟合方法中引入权阵, 根据点云的法向量确定权重初值, 初步降低粗差的影响。然后使用尺度自适应方法增强算法的稳健性, 其尺度因子随迭代次数的增加逐步减小, 可有效解决传统M估计崩溃率低的问题。实验结果表明, 本文算法的崩溃率高于已有的稳健点云拟合方法, 能够在粗差比例高的点云数据中准确估计平面参数。

, authors=吴颖1, 彭警2, 3, 4, 刘小生1, *, authorsList=吴颖, 彭警, 刘小生, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘小生, authorNote=

吴颖, 硕士生, 主要从事测量数据处理研究, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=

刘小生, 博士, 教授, 主要从事大地测量学与测量数据处理研究, E-mail:

LIU Xiaosheng, PhD, professor, majors in geodesy and measurement data processing, E-mail:

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results of different schemes, figureFileSmall=NOuv2o0FJm4hHTM6z/Gymg==, figureFileBig=+hCVglYp49vYS6xFUGlZ9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322959356848906680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322959348049256832, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同算法的拟合结果, figureFileSmall=NOuv2o0FJm4hHTM6z/Gymg==, figureFileBig=+hCVglYp49vYS6xFUGlZ9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322959356928598457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322959348049256832, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

RMSE for different algorithms

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δ/% 方案1 方案2 方案3 方案4
10 0.033 0.030 0.051 0.029
20 3.347 0.037 0.063 0.030
30 5.145 5.118 0.076 0.032
40 5.030 5.069 0.096 0.034
50 4.930 5.064 0.161 0.039
60 4.911 4.992 0.443 0.049
70 4.771 4.843 1.935 0.053
), ArticleFig(id=1322959357041844666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322959348049256832, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同算法的均方根误差

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δ/% 方案1 方案2 方案3 方案4
10 0.033 0.030 0.051 0.029
20 3.347 0.037 0.063 0.030
30 5.145 5.118 0.076 0.032
40 5.030 5.069 0.096 0.034
50 4.930 5.064 0.161 0.039
60 4.911 4.992 0.443 0.049
70 4.771 4.843 1.935 0.053
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融合法向信息和尺度自适应的稳健点云平面拟合方法
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吴颖 1 , 彭警 2, 3, 4 , 刘小生 1, *
大地测量与地球动力学 | 现代大地测量 2025,45(2): 116-119
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大地测量与地球动力学 |现代大地测量 2025 , 45 (2) : 116 -119
融合法向信息和尺度自适应的稳健点云平面拟合方法
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吴颖1 , 彭警2, 3, 4, 刘小生1, *
作者信息
  • 1 江西理工大学土木与测绘工程学院, 江西省赣州市客家大道1958号, 341000
  • 2 中国地震局地震研究所, 武汉市洪山侧路40号, 430071
  • 3 中国地震局地震大地测量重点实验室, 武汉市洪山侧路40号, 430071
  • 4 湖北省地震局, 武汉市洪山侧路48号, 430071
通讯作者:

刘小生, 博士, 教授, 主要从事大地测量学与测量数据处理研究, E-mail:

LIU Xiaosheng, PhD, professor, majors in geodesy and measurement data processing, E-mail:

作者简介:

吴颖, 硕士生, 主要从事测量数据处理研究, E-mail:

A Robust Point Cloud Plane Fitting Method Combining Normal Information and Adaptive Scale
Ying WU1 , Jing PENG2, 3, 4, Xiaosheng LIU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Civil and Surveying and Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, 1958 Kejia Road, Ganzhou 341000, China
  • 2 Institute of Seismology, CEA, 40 Hongshance Road, Wuhan 430071, China
  • 3 Key Laboratory of Earthquake Geodesy, CEA, 40 Hongshance Road, Wuhan 430071, China
  • 4 Hubei Earthquake Agency, 48 Hongshance Road, Wuhan 430071, China
  • WU Ying, postgraduate, majors in measurement data processing, E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-02-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.03.110
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为解决现有稳健拟合算法在高污染率点云数据中容易失效的问题, 在基于特征值分解的平面拟合方法中引入权阵, 根据点云的法向量确定权重初值, 初步降低粗差的影响。然后使用尺度自适应方法增强算法的稳健性, 其尺度因子随迭代次数的增加逐步减小, 可有效解决传统M估计崩溃率低的问题。实验结果表明, 本文算法的崩溃率高于已有的稳健点云拟合方法, 能够在粗差比例高的点云数据中准确估计平面参数。

加权特征值法  /  法向信息  /  尺度自适应  /  稳健点云平面拟合

Current robust fitting algorithms are prone to failure in point cloud data with a high contamination rate. To solve this problem, we introduce a weight matrix in the plane fitting method based on eigenvalue decomposition, where the initial weight is determined based on the normal vector information of point cloud, thus reducing the influence of outliers. We further use the scale-adaptive method to enhance the robustness. The scale factor of this method gradually decreases as the number of iterations increases, effectively solving the problem of low breakdown ration of traditional M estimation. The experimental results show that the breakdown ratio of the proposed algorithm is higher than that of existing robust point cloud fitting methods, and it can accurately estimate plane parameters in the point cloud data with a high outlier ratio.

weighted eigenvalue method  /  normal information  /  scale adaptive  /  robust plane fitting for point cloud
吴颖, 彭警, 刘小生. 融合法向信息和尺度自适应的稳健点云平面拟合方法. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2025 , 45 (2) : 116 -119 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.03.110
Ying WU, Jing PENG, Xiaosheng LIU. A Robust Point Cloud Plane Fitting Method Combining Normal Information and Adaptive Scale[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2025 , 45 (2) : 116 -119 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.03.110
三维激光扫描场景中包含大量的平面特征,可用于点云去噪和点云分割,还可用于不同视角点云数据的配准,从而实现三维建模。提取平面特征是点云数据处理过程中的重要工作。当点云数据只含有随机误差时,可以使用最小二乘算法计算其参数;但在处理包含粗差的点云数据时,基于最小二乘准则的估计结果会严重失真。
为解决该问题,部分学者通过不同策略增加算法的稳健性。文献[1-2]在进行总体最小二乘拟合时,剔除了大于3倍中误差的观测值,但该方法在高粗差比例点云数据中容易将正常观测值和粗差数据进行错误分类。文献[3-4]使用IGG权函数对粗差点云进行降权,以提高平面拟合精度,然而迭代选权策略的崩溃率十分有限,在高粗差比例数据中容易收敛错误。文献[5-6]使用抽样检验的方法进行平面估计,但该方法属于概率优化方法,未使用所有的正常观测值信息,会降低参数精度。
为进一步增加算法的稳健性,本文在特征值法[5, 7]的基础上提出一种稳健点云平面拟合方法,其崩溃率远高于现有的稳健平面拟合方法。该方法的权阵由2部分组成:第1部分融合点云的法向信息,降低与周围法线方向不一致的粗差点云权重;第2部分使用尺度自适应方法[8]更新权重,以解决传统M估计算法在高粗差比例中收敛错误的问题。
加权特征值平面拟合方法可以表达为附有约束的优化问题:
$\begin{gathered}\min : \sum\limits_{i=1}^n w_i\left(a x_i+b y_i+c z_i+d\right)^2 \\\text { s.t. } a^2+b^2+c^2=1\end{gathered}$
式中,[a b c d]T为待估的平面参数向量 ξ,(xi, yi, zi)为n个观测的坐标值,wi为其对应的权重因子。
通过使用拉格朗日乘数法,式(1)可转换为特征值求解问题,具体推导过程参考文献[9-10]。参数的估计值$\left[\begin{array}{lll}\hat{a} & \hat{b} & \hat{c}\end{array}\right]^{\mathrm{T}}$为矩阵AWAT最小特征值对应的特征向量,其中$\boldsymbol{A}=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}x_1-\bar{x} & \cdots & x_n-\bar{x} \\ y_1-\bar{y} & \cdots & y_n-\bar{y} \\ z_1-\bar{z} & \cdots & z_n-\bar{z}\end{array}\right],\;$$\boldsymbol{W}=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}w_1 & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & \cdots & w_n\end{array}\right], \;\bar{x}、~\bar{y}$和$\bar{z}$分别为3个方向上坐标分量的均值。将$\left[\begin{array}{lll}\hat{a} & \hat{b} & \hat{c}\end{array}\right]^{\mathrm{T}}$代回式(1),参数d的估计值为:
$\hat{d}=\sum\limits_{i=1}^n w_i\left(\hat{a} x_i+\hat{b} y_i+\hat{c} z_i\right) / \sum\limits_{i=1}^n w_i$
得到参数后,计算点(xi, yi, zi)到拟合直线的距离残差:
$v_i=\left(\hat{a} x_i+\hat{b} y_i+\hat{c} z_i+\hat{d}\right) / \sqrt{2}$
上述平面拟合方法中权重参数由2个互相独立的部分构成,即wi=wi1wi2,本节介绍与法向量相关的常量wi1。
平面点云的法向量方向基本一致,而粗差点云的法线具有随机性,因此可以通过法向量的内积进行点云定权。首先进行空间划分获得每个点的K个近邻点,得到采样点的单位法向量。根据文献[9]的研究结果,K设置为15。设点(xi, yi, zi)法向量方向为ni,其最近K个点的法向量分别为nij(j=1, …, K),对应的权重记为:
$w_i^1=\frac{1}{K} \sum\limits_{j=1}^K\left|\left\langle\boldsymbol{n}_i, \boldsymbol{n}_i^j\right\rangle\right|$
式中,$\langle \; * \;\rangle$表示向量的内积运算。当2个向量方向越趋向一致时,其内积越大。图1为一个含粗差的点云数据通过式(4)计算的权重结果,平面上大部分点云权重高于粗差点云权重,从而在一定程度上降低了粗差的影响。
权重因子wi1可初步实现对粗差的降权,wi2为尺度自适应方法中的权重元素,能够进一步增加算法的稳健性。稳健估计理论中有许多权函数,如Cauchy权函数:
$w(v)=1 /\left(1+v^2\right)$
式中,v为标准化残差,其权函数如图2(a)所示。传统M估计的目标函数输出结果依赖于迭代的初值,在粗差比例大的数据中,正常观测值容易被错误降权。
本文借鉴文献[8]的方法,通过改变尺度因子α逐步采用一个凸函数逼近原有目标函数[11],从而实现正确收敛,对应权函数为:
$w(v)=\alpha^2 /\left(\alpha^2+v^2\right)$
图2(b)为带有不同比例尺度因子的权函数分布,在迭代初期α较大时,如α=64,wi2均较大,从而使所有观测值参与到平差计算中。随着迭代的进行,α逐步减小,得到与经典M估计一致的权函数,粗差对应的w2接近于0,从而实现有效抗差。尺度自适应算法的输出结果不易受初值影响,可避免收敛错误。需要补充的是,本文不局限于Cauchy权函数,也可以采用Huber和IGG Ⅲ等权函数。
本文算法采用“由粗到精”的求解策略,具体步骤如下:
1)初始化。根据式(4)得到权重wi1。wi2初值全部设为1,构建初始的对角权阵W。计算参数$\hat{\boldsymbol{\xi}}$和残差vi,尺度因子初值α1=max(|vi|),t=1记录迭代次数。
2) 权阵更新。使用当前αt和vi,根据式(4)更新权重wi2,并将残差绝对值大于3αt的观测值权重wi2值赋为0,得到Wt。
3) 参数更新。减小尺度参数,即αt+1=0.8αt。
4) 退出迭代。重复执行步骤2)~4),并令t=t+1,直到相邻迭代的参数估计值变化量小于某个阈值ε。
设计实验验证算法的有效性,并与已有的稳健算法进行对比,具体方案如下:1)方案1,基于3倍中误差原则的粗差剔除方法[2];2)方案2,基于IGG权函数的M估计方法[3];3)方案3,基于最小平方中值法的抽样检验算法[5];4)方案4,本文稳健点云平面拟合算法。所有方案的终止条件均为ε=10-6。
在x、y∈[0, 10]的范围内随机产生1 000个点,设置平面参数的真值$\tilde{\boldsymbol{\xi}}=\left[\begin{array}{llll}0.3 & -0.4 & \sqrt{3} / 2 & 1\end{array}\right]^{\mathrm{T}}$,得到z轴坐标。在每个坐标分量上均添加标准差为0.2的误差,模拟含有随机误差的正常观测值,同时等比例添加密集分布和随机分布的2种粗差,图3为30%粗差比例下的点云分布。逐步增加粗差比例δ,使用上述4种方案估计参数,每组实验均重复N=100次。不同情况下均方根误差$\operatorname{RMSE}(\hat{\boldsymbol{\xi}})=\sqrt{\frac{1}{N} \sum\limits_{i=1}^N\left\|\hat{\boldsymbol{\xi}}_i-\tilde{\boldsymbol{\xi}}\right\|^2}$,结果见表1。
从表1可以看出:1)当粗差比例大于30%时,粗差探测方案和传统M估计均难以识别正常观测值,导致方案1和2的均方根误差迅速增加。2)方案3的崩溃率较高,在小于50%粗差比例的数据中均能得到较为准确的参数。该方案未使用所有的正常观测值信息,在所有算法均未崩溃时,其RMSE最大。当粗差比例大于50%时,方案3也无法得到可靠的平面参数。3)方案4,即本文算法充分利用法向信息,同时通过尺度自适应优化算法,可避免错误收敛,参数的RMSE指标明显优于已有的3种算法,验证了本文算法在崩溃率和精度上的优越性。
选择WHU-TLS点云数据集[10]中校园广场点云数据进行平面拟合,共包含28 548个点,其中受树木影响,粗差比例约为60%。采用上述4种算法求解平面参数,其拟合结果如图4所示。
从图4可以看出,方案1~3均未正确探测识别粗差,拟合过程均出现明显偏差,无法得到理想的拟合平面。本文算法首先根据法向信息对粗差点云进行初步降权,然后配合尺度自适应算法实现正确收敛,能够得到准确的平面参数,验证了本文算法在高粗差比例数据中的崩溃率优于已有算法。
本文提出一种新的稳健平面拟合方法,该方法融合点云法向信息,实现对粗差的初步降权,然后使用尺度自适应方法增强算法的稳健性,可有效解决传统M估计在计算平面参数时容易错误收敛的问题,最后通过实验验证本文算法在高污染率的点云数据中能拟合出正确平面。后续将进一步拓展本文算法的适用范围,以期在含有粗差的数据中实现更多图形的稳健拟合。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42171437)
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2025年第45卷第2期
23
9
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.03.110
  • 接收时间:2024-03-14
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-14
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42171437)
国家自然科学基金(42171437)
作者信息
    1 江西理工大学土木与测绘工程学院, 江西省赣州市客家大道1958号, 341000
    2 中国地震局地震研究所, 武汉市洪山侧路40号, 430071
    3 中国地震局地震大地测量重点实验室, 武汉市洪山侧路40号, 430071
    4 湖北省地震局, 武汉市洪山侧路48号, 430071

通讯作者:

刘小生, 博士, 教授, 主要从事大地测量学与测量数据处理研究, E-mail:

LIU Xiaosheng, PhD, professor, majors in geodesy and measurement data processing, E-mail:

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