Article(id=1322941003350549479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322940829001724376, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2024.05.239, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1715788800000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793343314253, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1747238400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793343314253, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793343314253, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793343314253, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322940829001724376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='441', pageEnd='550', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1747238400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793343272686, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793343272686, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=532, endPage=544, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322941003753202664, articleId=1322941003350549479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Review of Anisotropy Studies in the Earth's Interior Based on Shear Wave Splitting, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Anisotropy exists in the Earth's inner circle, and its genetic mechanism is different.Shear wave splitting can reveal the characteristics of anisotropic media at various depths and structures, providing crucial information for the study of deep Earth dynamics and earthquake prediction. This paper introduces the mechanism of anisotropy in the Earth's interior, summarizes the development of shear wave splitting methods, and the achievements and progress of study the anisotropy of the crust-mantle coupling model by shear wave splitting method.

, authors=Jian LIU1, 2, Ruimin WANG1, Li LI3, 4, *, authorsList=Jian LIU, Ruimin WANG, Li LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Li LI, authorNote=

LIU Jian, PhD, associate professor, majors in seismic anisotropy and Earth’s deep dynamics, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322941011151954940, articleId=1322941003350549479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=基于剪切波分裂的地球内部各向异性研究综述, columnId=1322506242858271689, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=地球物理解释, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

地球内部圈层存在各向异性, 且各向异性成因机制不同。剪切波分裂可揭示不同构造、不同深度各向异性介质特征, 为地球深部动力学演化研究和地震预测提供重要信息。本文介绍地球内部各向异性成因机制, 总结剪切波分裂方法发展情况, 以及利用剪切波分裂方法研究地壳和地幔介质各向异性的成果与进展, 并在此基础上综合分析壳幔耦合模式。

, authors=刘剑1, 2, 王睿敏1, 李丽3, 4, *, authorsList=刘剑, 王睿敏, 李丽, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李丽, authorNote=

刘剑, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为地震各向异性和地球深部动力学, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=

李丽, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为地震活动性和数字地震学, E-mail:

LI Li , senior engineer, majors in seismic activity and digital seismology, E-mail:

, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=大地测量与地球动力学编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=wkZbWynq4iraAPO0QUAMIQ==, magXml=Bn9EG4H7bAMJGDIQthzReg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=W9ntxgMZXO8mJu3QCZp58Q==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=ymhO6UBWe+btZVn5jqaAVg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1322941012540268555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322941003350549479, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=5102135@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322941012640931856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322941003350549479, authorId=1322941012540268555, language=EN, stringName=Jian LIU, firstName=Jian, middleName=null, lastName=LIU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 School of Earth Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, 19 Taiji Road, Handan 056038, China
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LIU Jian, PhD, associate professor, majors in seismic anisotropy and Earth’s deep dynamics, E-mail:

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LIU Jian, PhD, associate professor, majors in seismic anisotropy and Earth’s deep dynamics, E-mail:

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刘剑, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为地震各向异性和地球深部动力学, E-mail:

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刘剑, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为地震各向异性和地球深部动力学, E-mail:

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基于剪切波分裂的地球内部各向异性研究综述
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刘剑 1, 2 , 王睿敏 1 , 李丽 3, 4, *
大地测量与地球动力学 | 地球物理解释 2025,45(5): 532-544
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大地测量与地球动力学 |地球物理解释 2025 , 45 (5) : 532 -544
基于剪切波分裂的地球内部各向异性研究综述
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刘剑1, 2 , 王睿敏1, 李丽3, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1 河北工程大学地球科学与工程学院, 河北省邯郸市太极路19号, 056038
  • 2 中国科学院水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所, 成都市群贤南街189号, 610299
  • 3 山西省地震局, 太原市晋祠路二段69号, 030021
  • 4 太原大陆裂谷动力学国家野外科学观测研究站, 太原市晋祠镇, 030025
通讯作者:

李丽, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为地震活动性和数字地震学, E-mail:

LI Li , senior engineer, majors in seismic activity and digital seismology, E-mail:

作者简介:

刘剑, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向为地震各向异性和地球深部动力学, E-mail:

Review of Anisotropy Studies in the Earth's Interior Based on Shear Wave Splitting
Jian LIU1, 2 , Ruimin WANG1, Li LI3, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Earth Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, 19 Taiji Road, Handan 056038, China
  • 2 Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, CAS, 189 South-Qunxian Street, Chengdu 610299, China
  • 3 Shanxi Earthquake Agency, 69 Second Section of Jinci Road, Taiyuan 030021, China
  • 4 National Continental Rift Valley Dynamics Observatory of Taiyuan, Jinci Town, Taiyuan 030025, China
  • LIU Jian, PhD, associate professor, majors in seismic anisotropy and Earth’s deep dynamics, E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-05-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.05.239
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地球内部圈层存在各向异性, 且各向异性成因机制不同。剪切波分裂可揭示不同构造、不同深度各向异性介质特征, 为地球深部动力学演化研究和地震预测提供重要信息。本文介绍地球内部各向异性成因机制, 总结剪切波分裂方法发展情况, 以及利用剪切波分裂方法研究地壳和地幔介质各向异性的成果与进展, 并在此基础上综合分析壳幔耦合模式。

剪切波分裂  /  各向异性介质  /  地壳  /  地幔  /  壳幔耦合模式

Anisotropy exists in the Earth's inner circle, and its genetic mechanism is different.Shear wave splitting can reveal the characteristics of anisotropic media at various depths and structures, providing crucial information for the study of deep Earth dynamics and earthquake prediction. This paper introduces the mechanism of anisotropy in the Earth's interior, summarizes the development of shear wave splitting methods, and the achievements and progress of study the anisotropy of the crust-mantle coupling model by shear wave splitting method.

shear wave splitting  /  anisotropic media  /  crust  /  mantle  /  crust-mantle coupling model
刘剑, 王睿敏, 李丽. 基于剪切波分裂的地球内部各向异性研究综述. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2025 , 45 (5) : 532 -544 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.05.239
Jian LIU, Ruimin WANG, Li LI. Review of Anisotropy Studies in the Earth's Interior Based on Shear Wave Splitting[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2025 , 45 (5) : 532 -544 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.05.239
认识地球内部结构特征与介质属性是固体地球物理学的研究重点。随着计算机算力的不断提升和地震观测系统的逐步完善,地震学方法已成为探索地球内部结构的有效手段之一。研究人员利用地震波波形和速度等性质对地球介质的地震各向异性进行了大量研究,普遍认为地球介质具有各向异性、不均匀性和非弹性等特性[1]。
各向异性是物体内在物理和化学性质在物质空间上随方向变化而存在的差异性[2]。早在17世纪90年代,Huygens就观测到冰洲石中出现双折射现象,并运用各向异性原理进行解释[3]。19世纪20年代,Cauchy等结合各向异性和各向同性材料给出了广义Hooke定律[4]。20世纪初,Kelvin对弹性波穿过各向异性体进行研究,讨论弹性波在晶体介质中的特性[5]。
地球内部不同圈层均存在各向异性,主要集中在地壳和地幔,与地球内部结构和物质组成成分相关。地震各向异性是指地震波在穿过地球内部各向异性介质时会随着运动速度和偏振方向的改变而变化。20世纪60年代,Hess[6]首先发现海洋中存在地震各向异性。20世纪80年代,Crampin等[7]发现地震波在通过各向异性介质产生两个极化,推动了地震各向异性的发展。20世纪90年代,姚陈[8]提出利用快慢相对振幅比提取各向异性信息,促进了我国地震各向异性研究的发展。地震各向异性与地球内部构造和地质、地表环境相关,同时可以反映过去以及现今应力场的变化情况,是揭示地球内部变形特征和构造活动非常有效的地震学手段之一[9]。
剪切波分裂是地震各向异性最直观的表现形式,为地球深部结构研究提供了有效手段。地震波在穿过各向异性介质时会分为纵波和横波,纵波会产生较大的误差[10],因此地震各向异性研究一般不采用纵波;而各向异性受横波的速度和偏振方向的影响,能进一步了解地球内部结构特征,因此通常利用横波对地震各向异性进行研究。横波又称为剪切波,当剪切波穿过各向异性介质时会产生垂直且正交的两种波,根据剪切波分裂时间的快慢分为快剪切波和慢剪切波,通过分裂获取参数。剪切波分裂所获取的参数少、无多解性且较容易分析,因此可以用于准确分析地壳和地幔的地震各向异性变化情况。
地球内部各向异性研究对明确地球深部动力学演化过程以及地震预测具有重要意义。本文系统地介绍地球内部各向异性的成因机制,细致地阐述剪切波研究发展历程,总结几种常用的剪切波分裂方法,以及利用剪切波分裂方法研究地壳和地幔介质各向异性的成果与进展;在此基础上,综合分析壳幔耦合模式,并就利用剪切波分裂研究地球内部各向异性的局限性以及未来发展方向进行探讨。
20世纪80年代,地球内部结构的研究经历了从各向均质同性到各向异性的重大突破[11],迄今仍是地球物理关注的重点。地球内部各向异性不仅与地质构造相关,随着深度的增加,还与物理结构相关。近年来,科研工作者对地壳、地幔、D″层以及内核(图1)开展各向异性研究,并讨论地球内部圈层各向异性的成因机制[12]。
地壳中存在大量直立且平行并含有流体的微裂隙,这种现象被称为广泛膨胀各向异性(extensive dilatancy anisotropy, EDA)。Crampin等[7]发现剪切波在缝隙中会产生分裂现象,提出EDA假设以解释地壳产生各向异性的原因,证实了剪切波受裂隙状态的影响。基于EDA假设,Crampin[13]又提出各向异性孔隙弹性理论模型(anisotropic poro-elasticity, APE),认为各向异性受临界值状态下微裂隙影响。Zatsepin等[14]根据临界状态下裂隙和流体的动态特性,提出融合EDA与自组织临界性(self-organized Criticality, SOC)理论。Crampin等[15]发现地壳各向异性不仅受裂隙的影响,也受原位岩石变形的影响,进一步推动了地球物理学的发展,为大地震应力预测、时间和震级的前兆观测提供了新的支撑。
深度不同,地壳各向异性成因不同。中上地壳各向异性是由于区域应力作用下产生的流体裂隙,称为EDA裂隙[16-17],其引起沿最大压应力方向的裂隙扩张,沿最小应力方向的裂隙缩闭,形成沿压应力方向优势排列的直立平行裂隙系,而产生各向异性。下地壳各向异性是由于矿物晶格优选定向排列导致的,属于构造各向异性特征,且主要受角闪石影响[18]。但对于地壳整体而言,裂隙占各向异性成因的首要位置。
地震产生的本质就是在应力储存的能量达到弹性极限值时,岩石突然发生断裂,释放大量能量。地震断裂通常沿断层平面发生,且会产生次级裂隙、裂缝和空隙。由于地壳结构复杂,其各向异性表现为复杂性和不均匀性,利用地壳各向异性变化特征可以观测地壳应力分布情况和断层等地质构造。同时,通过地壳各向异性变化情况可以对地震进行预测。因此,地壳各向异性研究极为重要。
地幔各向异性主要分布于上地幔和地幔转换带。上地幔各向异性是由强各向异性的橄榄岩矿物结晶晶格导致的。上地幔晶格定向排列成因机制又与板块运动、地幔物质流动和深部构造运动密切相关[19]。各向异性的方向与构造活动的方向相关,在造山带与山脉走向一致,还与裂谷带、断裂带走向一致。Jonge等[20]发现,利用剪切波分裂得到上地幔板块运动方向、地幔物质流动等特征,能直观反映地球深部构造运动走向。同时,剪切波分裂具有良好的垂向分辨率,是研究上地幔各向异性的有效方法。上、下地幔之间的地幔转换带(MTZ)同样存在各向异性[21]。地幔转换带是上、下地幔进行物质能量交换的过渡带,由于所处深度对波的敏感度较低,对其进行地震各向异性研究较为困难[22]。
D″层位于地幔底部和液态外核的边界,是核幔边界(CMB)物质和能量的交换层,是横向变化最大和各向异性复杂的圈层,也是热力和化学演化的重要场所,对地球内部的对流、板块的运动、磁场变化有关键性影响[12]。D″层各向异性成因主要包括矿物晶格优选排列方向和不同弹性模量的混合物形状优选方向,一般认为D″各向异性主要是由钙钛矿晶格优选方向引起的[23-24]。Asplet等[25]研究表明,有限频率理论和剪切波分裂能对复杂的各向异性进行计算,对D″层各向异性研究起到重大推进作用。已有确切证据表明,D″层存在各向异性,但由于地震和接收台站的局限性,利用剪切波分裂无法对D″层各向异性进行完整表征。
Woodhouse等[26]于1986年证明了内核存在弱各向异性,由自由振荡光谱异常分裂产生。同年,Morelli等[27]通过P波走时也证实了内核各向异性的存在。地球内核对称轴与地球自转轴间存在10°左右的夹角,而且对称轴绕地球自转轴有每年1°~3°的差异转动,正是由于地球内核与外核旋转速度不同导致了弹性波速度各向异性的产生[28]。近年来,Forst等[29]进一步发现内核各向异性主要是由六方紧密堆积(hcp)铁晶体的c轴沿与内核自转轴定向排列引起的。此外,近年兴起的光线追踪器研究也表明内核存在各向异性,但是由于内核存在低剪切波速,影响剪切波传播,使得剪切波分裂未能涉及该圈层,仍待进一步研究。
地震各向异性的主要研究方法有:Pn波各向异性法、面波各向异性法、剪切波分裂法、接收函数法等。其中,面波各向异性法和Pn波各向异性法具有较好的垂向分辨率,但缺乏横向分辨率;接收函数法对莫霍面形态的要求较高,各向异性结构受莫霍面的影响;剪切波分裂法具有求解参数少、无多解性和易分析的优势,是研究地球内部各向异性的有效方法。
随着地球内部各向异性研究的不断深入,剪切波分裂方法也在同步发展和改进。Crampin等[30]在开展欧亚板块上地幔各向异性研究时,利用质点运动变化拾取快、慢剪切波,获取偏振结果,进而提出偏振分析方法。偏振分析方法获取信息较为直观,但该方法工作量大。而后大量学者在此基础上不断改进,提出更多剪切波分裂分析方法。Ando等[31]研究日本上地幔各向异性时,利用旋转角度后的水平分量投影到快、慢剪切波上,进而分离出快、慢剪切波,校正结果呈线性,该方法称为旋转相关法;Fukao[32]利用偏振图和互关函数计算剪切波分裂参数,提出互相关分析法;Sliver等[33]利用SKS波研究大陆地幔变形时提出最小特征值法,同年提出最小切向能量法;刘希强[34]利用波的偏振特征,使剪切波质点运动与传播方向一致,根据长轴方向获取的方差或协方差组成矩阵,并求最大的特征向量,由此提出最大特征值法;高原等[35]以唐山台为例,根据波的相关性提出相关函数分析法;刘希强等[36]提出提取快、慢剪切波初动的线性变换法;高原等[37]将相关函数分析法和偏振分析法相结合,提出剪切波系统分析方法(SAM分析方法),Gao等[38]证实了该方法的可靠性;Tian等[39]提出全局最小切向能量法。
在地壳各向异性研究方面,早期研究人员基于波的相关性,提出相关函数分析法,然而该方法没有对剪切波分裂的准确性进行判断,也无法自我检验。为解决这一难题,科研人员综合相关函数分析方法、旋转方法和偏振分析方法,创新性地提出剪切波系统分析(SAM)方法,该方法可以准确自动识别快剪切波和慢剪切波。此后,学者们又陆续对SAM法进行一系列优化和改进[40],建立剪切波系统分析软件,运用SAM法对地壳介质地震各向异性进行分析[41],最终形成目前应用广泛的SAM系统分析法。SAM方法对研究应力场变化情况和地震预测等取得了较好的成效。
在上地幔各向异性研究方面,早在上世纪80年代,Vinnik等[42]根据低频范围内,振荡周期比准横波之间时间延迟长的特点,提出利用剪切波分裂研究上地幔各向异性;Kind等[43]和Vinnik等[44]将切向分量的理论与实际进行拟合,得出分裂参数,并证实了该种方法的优势;Sliver等[33]同样在此基础上,将水平分量进行旋转和校正,以将切向能量降至最小,得出最佳各向异性结果;McNamara等[45]结合波形互关和最小切向能量,使计算结果更加准确。利用远震剪切波分裂获得的参数分析上地幔变形的方向和程度,是研究上地幔各向异性的重要方法。对于上地幔各向异性研究,目前常用的剪切波分裂方法有旋转相关法、最小特征值法和最小切向能量法,其中最小切向能量方法使用最多。
剪切波分裂方法经历了从最初偏振分析方法,到利用波形互关性理论,再到现在多方法研究各向异性的发展历程。这一过程体现出对地球内部构造的研究由浅到深,为进一步研究地球深部运动构造以及地震预测等打下了扎实基础。但剪切波分裂法因自身局限,如无法确定各向异性厚度和需要高分辨率,导致其在深部范围和低分辨率研究中的准确性受限。因此,剪切波分裂研究地震各向异性仍是未来的研究重点。
剪切波分裂方法是研究地球介质各向异性特征的重要方法,已广泛用于地壳、地幔和壳幔耦合等方面的研究。地震波进入各向异性介质时会发生剪切波分裂,分裂成两个不同速度的波,最先到达台站且平行于裂隙的波称为快剪切波,后到达且垂直于裂隙的波称为慢剪切波。如图2所示,由于快、慢剪切波为同一个震源,通过拾取快、慢剪切波,可以得到偏振方向(φ)和慢剪切波延迟时间(δt)两个参数[46-47],进而获取弹性介质变形信息、各向异性强度与厚度以及各向异性介质层变化情况。其中慢剪切波延迟时间是非常重要的参数,可以反映地壳中裂隙变化情况,通过裂隙变化进而分析地下应力变化情况。因此,剪切波分裂是获取地球内部结构变形和应力场变化的重要手段。
此外,剪切波分裂对震相要求比较严格,当剪切波通过不同深度时,反映的各向异性特征不同。通常而言,近震直达剪切波分裂可以反映地壳各向异性,远震剪切波(SKS、SKKS、PKS)分裂可以获取上地幔各向异性特征,如图3所示。
SAM方法是研究地壳各向异性的有效方法之一。该方法可以根据剪切波分裂参数自动计算结果,并与人工可视化相结合,不仅能提高数据分析结果的准确性,还可实现数据的检验与校正。
剪切波分裂后的快、慢剪切波近似垂直,两个波列的相关性越好,相关函数值就越大。为减小地表效应的影响,剪切波分裂数据需达到两个要求[49]:1)高信噪比的波形数据;2)剪切波窗口内的数据。若入射角大于临界值,剪切波会受到振幅变化等影响,造成入射波的波形改变,发生反射现象;若入射角小于临界值,分裂特征容易从观测中测量出来。对于泊松介质,即当泊松比为0.25时,根据Snell定理可计算出剪切波入射角为35°。对于简单的按单层介质计算,可以选择入射角小于45°范围内的地震射线,在窗口内才能直接反映震源和传播介质的效应,即可满足剪切波窗口的要求。分析剪切波前,滤波、去噪拾取高信噪比的波形是重要环节。因获取的地震信号中包含噪音,可使用Butterworth滤波器、带通滤波进行滤波或使用专家系统(ES)[50]、多滤波器自动分析技术(MFAST)[51]自动处理等,进而获取高信噪比的波形数据。另外,Spingos等[52]提出pytheas程序,该程序可提供剪切波分裂常用的分析技术,大幅提升了剪切波拾取与分析效率。
因快、慢剪切波为同一剪切波波列,可以利用fi(t)和fj(t)的时间函数表示二者的相关性,互相关函数为:
$C_{i j}=\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} f_i(t) f_j(t+\Delta t) \mathrm{d} t$
$A_{\mathrm{F}}(\varphi, t)=A_{\mathrm{E}}(t) * \sin \varphi+A_{\mathrm{N}}(t) * \cos \varphi$
$A_{\mathrm{S}}(\varphi, t)=A_{\mathrm{E}}(t) * \cos \varphi-A_{\mathrm{N}}(t) * \sin \varphi$
$\begin{gathered}C\left(\varphi, \delta_t\right)= \\\frac{\int A_{\mathrm{F}}(\varphi, t) * A_{\mathrm{S}}\left(\varphi, t+\delta_t\right) \mathrm{d} t}{\sqrt{\int\left[A_{\mathrm{F}}(\varphi, t)\right]^2 \mathrm{~d} t * \int\left[A_{\mathrm{S}}\left(\varphi, t+\delta_t\right)\right]^2 \mathrm{~d} t}}\end{gathered}$
式中,t为时间;Δt为快、慢剪切波时间差;F为快剪切波偏振方向;AN为S波在N轴上的投影;AE为S波在E轴上的投影;AF为S波在F轴上的投影;AS为S波在S轴上的投影,为慢剪切波偏振方向(图4)。
SAM方法的原理是将剪切波的两个水平分量重新投影(旋转)到不同方向,获得两列新的剪切波,分别计算不同角度和不同时间延迟上的相关系数,相关数值的大小表示相关性的程度。为消除时间延迟的影响,将时间提前至初动时刻,使快、慢剪切波保持一致。以通过校正后的偏振图是否呈线性来判断结果的可靠性。
图5为王想等[53]采用SAM方法对华北克拉通中部造山带上地壳各向异性作出的剪切波分裂实例图。图(a)为原始波形的质点运动轨迹图,图(d)为旋转φ角度后分离出的快、慢波,经时间延迟校正后的质点运动轨迹图。质点运动轨迹由曲线变为线性,经判断,结果可靠,快波偏振方向为45°,时间延迟为0.03 s。
剪切波分裂受裂隙走向、地质构造和应力环境的影响。在地质构造复杂和断裂较多的区域,快剪切波偏振方向受断裂和构造的影响[54-56]。在断裂带交会处和地块交会处,快剪切波偏振方向的结果均显示离散性,且慢波时间延迟有增大趋势,暗示交会区域的活动性较强[57-59]。在断裂带区域,快剪切波偏振方向与断裂走向和区域主压应力均不一致,表明地壳各向异性受局部变形影响导致应力方向不同,或同时受断裂、区域应力和局部构造的影响[60-61]。在水库周边区域,水库蓄水会产生高孔隙压,使得剪切波分裂特征受到影响[62-63]。究其原因,应力作用下裂隙定向排列,进而导致剪切波分裂参数变化,是产生地壳各向异性的主要原因[64-65]。随着GNSS观测点逐步兴起,利用剪切波分裂与GNSS相结合的方式来研究地壳各向异性也正在成为热点[66]。
剪切波分裂不仅可以应用于地壳各向异性研究,还可对地震变化情况和火山活动进行监测。Crampin等[67]首次使用剪切波分裂成功预测了冰岛地震的震级和时间。此后大量学者使用剪切波分裂进行地震预测,2017年武隆5.0级地震、2020济南4.4级地震等事件揭示地震活动会影响剪切波分裂参数。震前、震后的快剪切波偏振方向随时间变化,时间延迟随地震活动而改变,反映地震的应力累积以及临震释放过程[68-70]。地震预测需要大量数据及密集监测才能得到有效结果,同时剪切波分裂时间延迟存在±80%的离散,这样的条件极少能得到满足,因此冰岛是唯一成功预测地震的案例。火山活动监测同地震监测一致,也是应力积累与释放的过程。剪切波分裂参数能够反映火山活动中的应力微小变化。1995年Ruapehu火山[71]3个时期的活动资料显示,快剪切波偏振方向随着应力环境变化而改变,代表着岩浆包裹体反复充入岩浆和降压。2018年Maher等[72]对玻利维亚高原Uturuncu火山的应力状态进行研究,发现火山喷发前是应力积累阶段,随后慢波延迟时间持续增大,直到应力突然释放,延迟时间突然降低。其他科研学者也利用剪切波分裂对火山喷发前后剪切波应力的变化过程进行了研究[73-76]。
综上所述,受剪切波窗口的影响,近震剪切波分裂一般反映中上地壳各向异性。剪切波分裂不仅可用来分析地壳应力场的变化情况等,还可以用于地震预测、火山活动监测。对地壳各向异性的研究已经逐步稳定成熟,但仍有许多不足之处:1)剪切波分裂受较低信噪比波形的影响,慢剪切波容易受到P波干扰,这些都使得剪切波拾取较为困难;2)快、慢剪切波为同一列波形,在分裂过程中,慢剪切波衰减程度更大,且初动较弱,因此快、慢剪切波在波形上存在差异;3)地表地形会对剪切波参数产生影响,同时在复杂构造区域剪切波分裂结果会出现离散性;4)剪切波选取受波形窗口的影响,剪切波窗口外的地震波形变化较大,获取的参数不可靠;5)台站分布稀疏会使获取的剪切波参数无法更加准确地反映区域应力变化情况。尽管不足之处仍需研究,但剪切波系统分析方法的提出,为推动地壳各向异性研究提供了重要依据。
旋转相关法通过拾取剪切波窗口内的震相(图4),将N-E坐标系旋转φ至R-T坐标系下,得到径向(R)分量和切向(T)分量,然后将慢剪切波提前δt与快剪切波一致,使其互相关系数最大,从而确定φ和δt。
$F(t)=R(t) \cos \varphi+T(t) \sin \varphi$
$S(t)=T(t) \cos \varphi-R(t) \sin \varphi$
式中,R(t)为径向分量的记录;T(t)为切向分量的记录。
经过校正后,两个波的相关函数为:
$C\left(\varphi, \delta_t\right)=\int_{t_1}^{t_2} F(t) S\left(t-\delta_t\right) \mathrm{d} t$
通过网格搜索法使得C(φ, δt)达到最大,即波形高度吻合,则可得到C(φ, δt)的最优解。
旋转分析法既可用于对地壳各向异性的研究,也被广泛用于研究上地幔各向异性特征,具有客观性、高效性的优点,但在各向异性程度较弱时不敏感,同时对地震波计算起始位置比较敏感。
最小特征值法是根据正交水平分量地震记录,利用粒子运动轨迹协方差矩阵求最优解,简称EV方法[33]。其原理如下:剪切波穿过各向同性介质时,会呈现线性偏振;若剪切波穿过各向异性介质时,则会分裂成两种不同速度和偏振方向的波,这时质点的运动轨迹呈椭圆运动,其中椭圆长轴代表快剪切波偏振方向。为了获得φ和δt,将地震记录中互相垂直的分量构建成一个协方差矩阵,以表示其运动轨迹,并用此来衡量波是否呈线性偏振。协方差矩阵可表示为:
$C_{11}\left(\varphi, \delta_t\right)=\int_{t_1}^{t_2} \boldsymbol{U}_{\mathrm{Re}}^2\left(\varphi, \delta_t\right) \mathrm{d} t$
$C_{11}\left(\varphi, \delta_t\right)=\int_{t_1}^{t_2} \boldsymbol{U}_{\mathrm{Re}}^2\left(\varphi, \delta_t\right) \mathrm{d} t$
$\begin{aligned}& C_{12}\left(\varphi, \delta_t\right)=C_{21}\left(\varphi, \delta_t\right)= \\& \int_{t_1}^{t_2} \boldsymbol{U}_{\mathrm{Re}}^2\left(\varphi, \delta_t\right) \boldsymbol{U}_{\mathrm{Te}}^2\left(\varphi, \delta_t\right) \mathrm{d} t\end{aligned}$
式中,Cij(φ, δt)为质点运动轨迹;t1和t2分别为选取震相记录的时间窗口起止时间;URe(φ, δt)和UTe(φ, δt)分别代表径向R分量和切向T分量的特征向量。
若求解各向异性参数,只需要找到合适的(φ, δt),使
$\left[\begin{array}{cc}\lambda-C_{11} & C_{12} \\C_{21} & \lambda-C_{22}\end{array}\right]$
只有一个非零特征值。因为C容易受信号噪声的影响,也可能发生不存在(φ, δt)使其为奇异矩阵的情况,此时各向异性参数即为当特征值为最小时的(φ, δt),因此最小特征值法解的稳定性不如最小切向能量法。
最小切向能量法是在切向分量上寻找最小能量,将各向异性进行消除从而获取分裂参数,简称SC方法,是切向能量“消除”方法,同时是剪切波分裂方法中的常用方法[33]。因远震剪切波震相(SKS、SKKS和PKS等,统称XKS)经过地幔转换为S波,这时S波只存在径向分量,没有切向分量。此时,若台站无法观测到能量波动,则表示地幔存在各向同性介质;相反,若剪切波进入各向异性介质层时,则切向能量不为0。对于垂直入射的XKS波,若进入各向同性介质中,可设径向分量为R(t),切向分量为T(t),则有:
$R(t)=f(t)$
$R(t)=0$
若介质存在各向异性,则剪切波会发生分裂,进而得到快剪切波偏振方向φ和时间延迟δt;再将经过校正后的快、慢剪切波投影到切向和径向,最终径向分量和切向分量可表示为:
$R(t)=f(t) \cos ^2 \varphi+f\left(t-\delta_t\right) \sin ^2 \varphi$
$R(t)=f(t) \cos ^2 \varphi+f\left(t-\delta_t\right) \sin ^2 \varphi$
搜索并找出切向能量最小的各向异性参数(φ, δt),即可获得分裂参数。
XKS震相是震源发出剪切波从地幔传到外核,后转换成纵波,穿过外核边界,最后转换为剪切波。其中,SKS波存在一定的优点:1)SKS波垂直入射到地表被台站所接收,因此它在水平方向上有较高的空间分辨率;2)SKS波进入各向异性层前,切向能量为0;3)分析方法简单,计算结果可靠,几乎没有多解性。因此,SKS剪切波分裂法是研究上地幔各向异性的最佳方法。
上地幔各向异性的剪切波大多数是利用MATLAB环境下的SplitLab代码进行分析,并利用旋转相关法(RC)、最小切向能量法(SC)和最小特征值法(EV)3种剪切波分裂方法对SKS分裂结果进行评估。对于单层各向异性情况,利用3种方法的相似性对结果进行评估,再通过加权平均提取可靠解;对于双层各向异性介质时,在有限的观测方位下,首先利用不同方法的差异性对单层和双层介质进行判断,然后获取并通过加权平均解来反映上层各向异性参数,采用正演模拟及试错法计算下层各向异性参数[77]。使用SplitLab软件可提高结果的可靠性[78],且3种方法中,最小切向能量法的稳定性最好,使用最频繁。图6为辽宁南部瓦房店(WFD)SKS剪切波分裂示意图[79],可以看出,经校正后的快、慢波形重合较好,且切向分量(T)趋于0,反映其相关性好;质点运动轨迹由椭圆变为线性,则表明挑选的波形质量较好,结果可靠性高。
远震剪切波分裂方法广泛应用于不同区域的上地幔各向异性研究,如华北地区[80]、华南地区[79, 81]、青藏高原地区[82-83]、印度[84]、澳大利亚[85]和墨西哥[86]等。研究表明,上地幔各向异性是由橄榄石矿物晶格定向排列所引起的[87]。Bai等[88]对华北中部造山带的研究表明,上地幔的顶部各向异性与地表断层走向一致,证实了岩石圈对造山带的作用,底部快剪切波偏振方向与板块运动方向一致,揭示了造山带存在双层各向异性。常利军等[89]对华北中西部上地幔各向异性变形特征进行研究,发现西北部吕梁山的各向异性主要由岩石圈沿NNW-SSE向到NW-SE向的拉张变形导致,主要受青藏高原向NE向的挤压影响;东部快剪切波偏振方向由近E-W向转为NWW-SEE向,主要受太平洋俯冲引起的地幔流影响,使得中部各向异性复杂。不同学者对同一地区的各向异性研究结果存在差异。
许启慧等[90]用RC和SC方法研究塔里木盆地南部上地幔各向异性;Chang等[83]利用最小切向能量法和叠加法研究青藏高原北部和塔里木盆地东部的上地幔各向异性。研究结果均表明,阿尔金断裂与快波方向一致,塔里木盆地内部具有弱各向异性,刚性稳定。由此可见,对同一地区而言,应用不同方法的研究结果一致。
综上所述,诸多科研学者对不同地区上地幔的研究更好地解释了不同地区的变形机制以及运动特征。但使用远震剪切波分裂研究地幔各向异性也存在一定的不足之处:1)对地幔各向异性的研究更多的是利用SKS震相的波形,由于SKS波具有良好的横向分辨率,使得获取参数较少,但并不能反映垂向变形信息,因此对剪切波分裂计算结果解释较为困难;2)在上地幔中,普遍认为各向异性产生的主要原因是橄榄石矿物在塑性流变过程中晶格优选方向,但是在不复杂的背景下,应该考虑其他的各向异性机制占主导地位,如裂隙定向排列等。
利用地震各向异性同样可以对地球内部壳幔耦合模式进行研究。从大陆漂移动力学说和壳幔耦合机制来考虑,地壳与上地幔存在耦合模式,地幔对流是板块运动的重要驱动力(或阻力),解耦模式表现为板块产生的自驱力(即脊推、板块拉)是主要的驱动力。目前,学术圈普遍认为壳幔变形模式(图7)主要有两种[1, 9]:简单软流圈流动模型(simple asthenospheric flow,SAF)和垂直连贯变形模型(vertical coherent deformation,VCD)。其中,SAF模型是板块自驱动,各向异性的估算厚度大于地幔岩石圈厚度[10],若软流圈顶部和底部的速度不同,则岩石圈和软流圈处于解耦状态。VCD模型则表现为地壳与上地幔上下变形机制相同,即地壳与上地幔快剪切波偏振方向一致,表示两者处于耦合状态。
将地壳快剪切波偏振方向、中国大陆GPS地壳运动速度场和第四纪断层滑动速率[91]、上地幔快剪切波偏振方向相结合,可以反映壳幔变形情况。王椿镛等[92]研究中国大陆壳幔耦合,认为西部地区的青藏高原内部是耦合模型,中部和西部地区的部分快剪切波偏振方向与板块运动方向一致,使得壳幔近似耦合模式,但是中国大陆的复杂地区耦合模型仍需要进行详细探讨。
对此,邵若潼等[93]、鲍学伟等[94]和张永谦等[95]详细分析了中国大陆不同区域的壳幔耦合变形模式,分别解释了不同区域的壳幔变形特征。壳幔耦合模式至今仍是剪切波分裂研究的热点。
地震各向异性可直观反映地球内部变形特征,进而对区域地震危险性进行分析。在区域应力作用下,地壳中各向异性受微裂隙定向排列的影响;随着深度的增加,中下地壳各向异性受矿物晶格定向排列的影响;到上地幔,各向异性主要受橄榄石晶格优选定向排列的影响。地壳各向异性研究主要是使用SAM方法分析地壳应力场变化情况以及速度场的运动情况;上地幔各向异性主要使用SplitLab软件分析SKS(PKS、SKKS)剪切波分裂结果,进而探讨板块运动模型。通过地壳各向异性研究可掌握区域应力信息及变化特征,进而推动地震预测和火山监测等研究;上地幔各向异性研究有助于探查区域深部构造特征,进一步分析不同圈层的耦合关系。尽管剪切波分裂技术在研究地壳和地幔方面已日趋成熟,但仍存在一些限制。例如,不同学者对同一地区使用该技术得到的计算结果存在差异;台站分布稀疏,分辨率有限,以及难以通过剪切波分裂方法准确测定各向异性的厚度等问题需要进一步的研究和探讨。总之,地壳和上地幔的各向异性研究具有广阔的前景。
1) 密集观测。随着地震活动的频繁发生,地震监测工作受到了越来越多的关注。尽管国内地震观测台站分布较为稀疏,导致地震监测存在一定的局限性,但随着国家地震数字台网、流动台阵和预警台网的不断扩展,已经开始采用密集监测网来提高监测效果。同时,随着科技的进步,地震监测技术也在不断发展。例如,王邦鉴等[96]利用D-InSAR技术监测地表形变,以确保地震地表形变监测的稳定性和高精度。新型传感器的应用也提升了地震监测的水平[97]。此外,计算机技术的发展,尤其是深度学习的应用,显著提高了地震监测的准确性。
2) 多方法结合。剪切波在横向分辨率上表现较好,但在垂向上的分辨率较低,这限制了对各向异性深度和厚度范围的精确计算。相比之下,面波能够很好地补充垂向分辨率的不足,通过结合面波数据,可以有效提升垂向分辨率。剪切波受地表地形的影响,无法获取详细的地表地形信息,通过GNSS或GPS地壳运动与地震各向异性联合研究地壳变形,能更好地掌握地壳变形特征。
3) 多学科融合。尽管剪切波分裂技术在研究地壳各向异性方面存在一定的局限性,但它可以通过与其他学科的联合使用来克服这些限制。例如,地震学中的剪切波分裂可以与大地电磁学、地电阻率和电性等学科相结合,以综合分析各向异性特征。李清河等[98]提出将弹性和电性相结合的方法来研究地壳各向异性,开拓了各向异性研究的新领域。程远志等[99]结合大地电磁学和电性研究各向异性,发现电性各向异性受裂隙和地壳构造的影响,为理解区域孕震机制提供了重要信息。
地震各向异性是揭示深部构造运动的重要依据,剪切波分裂是研究地震各向异性的重要手段,尽管剪切波分裂获取的参数较少,但却为地球内部不同圈层各向异性和深部动力学研究提供了重要的参考。研究表明:
1) 地壳各向异性与区域应力环境、构造特征和断裂分布密切相关。通过剪切波分裂反映地壳各向异性的主压应力方向,可以提供区域应力场变化情况,即震前、震后的应力变化状况。因此,通过剪切波分裂研究地壳应力场变化特征、地震预测和火山监测具有重要意义。
2) 远震剪切波分裂是研究上地幔变形特征、探索大陆动力学演化过程的重要手段。通过上地幔各向异性分析了解板块运动模型或构造走向,并结合地壳各向异性以及地表运动速度场可以综合探讨壳幔耦合模式等深部动力学问题。
尽管剪切波分裂方法在地震监测领域取得了显著的进展,但台站分布的稀疏性和剪切波分裂技术的固有局限性等因素,仍然限制了对地震的有效监测,并且目前的研究成果还不足以全面指导地震预测和防治工作。因此,增加台站的密集观测,以及推动多种方法和跨学科研究的发展,不仅能够提升剪切波分裂数据的精确度和可信度,还能推动地震各向异性和深部动力学运动等关键课题的研究进程。
  • 河北省重点研发计划(21374104D)
  • 河北省自然科学基金(E2020402075)
  • 河北省高等学校科学技术研究项目(ZD2021309)
  • 邯郸市科学技术研究与发展计划(23422093034)
  • 山西太原大陆裂谷动力学国家野外科学观测研究站项目(NORSTY2023-06)
  • 山西省基础研究计划(202403021211009)
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2025年第45卷第5期
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.05.239
  • 接收时间:2024-05-16
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-16
基金
Key Research and Development Program of Hebei Province(21374104D)
河北省重点研发计划(21374104D)
Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(E2020402075)
河北省自然科学基金(E2020402075)
Scienceand Technology Project Researchof Hebei Higher Education(ZD2021309)
河北省高等学校科学技术研究项目(ZD2021309)
HandanScienceand Technology Research and Development Plan(23422093034)
邯郸市科学技术研究与发展计划(23422093034)
Project of National Continental Rift Valley Dynamics Observatory of Taiyua, Shanxi(NORSTY2023-06)
山西太原大陆裂谷动力学国家野外科学观测研究站项目(NORSTY2023-06)
Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province(202403021211009)
山西省基础研究计划(202403021211009)
作者信息
    1 河北工程大学地球科学与工程学院, 河北省邯郸市太极路19号, 056038
    2 中国科学院水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所, 成都市群贤南街189号, 610299
    3 山西省地震局, 太原市晋祠路二段69号, 030021
    4 太原大陆裂谷动力学国家野外科学观测研究站, 太原市晋祠镇, 030025

通讯作者:

李丽, 高级工程师, 主要研究方向为地震活动性和数字地震学, E-mail:

LI Li , senior engineer, majors in seismic activity and digital seismology, E-mail:

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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