Article(id=1322940959629128013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322940959071285581, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2024.06.270, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1717516800000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793343303830, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1749916800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793343303830, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793343303830, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793343303830, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322940959071285581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2025', volume='45', issue='6', pageStart='551', pageEnd='660', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1749916800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793343303697, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793343303697, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=555, endPage=561, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322940959843037518, articleId=1322940959629128013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=BDS Observations Characteristics and Assessment of Dynamic Positioning Performance in the Arctic Region, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This article is based on the kinematic GNSS observation from the 13th Chinese Arctic Ocean scientific expedition, which marked China's first arrival at the North Pole. It compares and analyzes the observation quality of different signal from BDS and GPS in terms of carrier-to-noise ratio, multipath effects, pseudorange noise, ionospheric delay rate of change, and evaluates their kinematic positioning performance. The results show that the BDS's visible satellite count is still maintained at 8 to 14 close to the North Pole, and that the PDOP value is superior to that of GPS. In the Arctic region, the RMS of multipath combination observation for BDS is around 0.2 m. The RMS of multipath combination observation for B1C and B2a is smaller than the B1Ⅰ and B3Ⅰ signal, but their pseudorange noise is higher. The results of kinematic pseudorange positioning show that the positioning accuracy of BDS is comparable to the GPS, with the B1C/B2a ionosphere-free combination yields better positioning performance than the B1Ⅰ/B3Ⅰ combination.

, authors=Yang LIU1, 2, Hongzhou CHAI1, *, Min WANG1, 2, Yingdong ZHOU1, 2, Qiankun ZHANG1, 2, Shuang SUN1, 2, authorsList=Yang LIU, Hongzhou CHAI, Min WANG, Yingdong ZHOU, Qiankun ZHANG, Shuang SUN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hongzhou CHAI, authorNote=

LIU Yang, postgraduate, majors in GNSS PPP, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322940962892296541, articleId=1322940959629128013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=北极地区BDS观测量特性分析与动态定位性能评估, columnId=1322506169105633839, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=现代大地测量, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于我国首次到达北极点的第13次北冰洋科考动态GNSS观测数据,从载噪比、多路径效应、伪距噪声、电离层延迟变化率等方面对比分析了BDS和GPS不同频率的观测量特性,并评估其动态定位性能。结果表明,在北极点附近BDS的卫星可见数仍保持在8~14颗,PDOP值优于GPS;北极地区BDS多路径组合观测量RMS在0.2 m左右,B1C和B2a信号多路径组合观测量RMS较小,但其伪距噪声大于B1Ⅰ和B3Ⅰ信号;动态伪距定位结果表明,BDS定位精度与GPS相当,其中B1C/B2a信号无电离层组合的定位性能优于B1Ⅰ/B3Ⅰ信号无电离层组合。

, authors=刘洋1, 2, 柴洪洲1, *, 王敏1, 2, 周英东1, 2, 张乾坤1, 2, 孙爽1, 2, authorsList=刘洋, 柴洪洲, 王敏, 周英东, 张乾坤, 孙爽, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=柴洪洲, authorNote=

刘洋, 硕士生, 主要研究方向为GNSS精密单点定位, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=

柴洪洲, 博士, 教授, 主要从事大地测量数据处理、水下导航定位研究, E-mail:

CHAI Hongzhou, PhD, professor, majors in geodetic data processing, underwater navigation and positioning, E-mail:

, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=大地测量与地球动力学编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=o1ERBJqdlGcXZcuthjqhuw==, magXml=Ydt+6wm34I5RbKkmR2hFWA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=yKxlPgmd/NR+ihMkh36wHw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=GeNGPFu/1pRUASoS+Ctuow==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1322940963286561125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940959629128013, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=yiang_8023@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322940963408195944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940959629128013, authorId=1322940963286561125, language=EN, stringName=Yang LIU, firstName=Yang, middleName=null, lastName=LIU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 School of Surveying and Mapping, Information Engineering University, 62 Kexue Road, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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caption=北极地区BDS和GPS的可见卫星数及PDOP值, figureFileSmall=Gq+9xWQ3EsArFwiESLD6Bg==, figureFileBig=Kw4HjtHFfrbHyhfuRFc1ZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322940968491692443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940959629128013, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Pseudorange positioning errors in E, N and U directions, figureFileSmall=8M5c6q/8qhWDNtDUwajbcw==, figureFileBig=KoP51gHyHn3BpQSH2WpWmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322940968571384220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940959629128013, language=CN, label=图7, caption=E、N、U方向伪距单点定位误差, figureFileSmall=8M5c6q/8qhWDNtDUwajbcw==, figureFileBig=KoP51gHyHn3BpQSH2WpWmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322940968638493085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940959629128013, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

The number of visible satellites and PDOP of BDS and GPS

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测站位置 BDS可见卫星数/颗 BDS-PDOP GPS可见卫星数/颗 GPS-PDOP
陆地 15~22 [1.07,2.62] 6~12 [1.37,5.12]
75°N 8~16 [1.50,3.35] 7~12 [1.47,5.16]
85°N 8~17 [1.45,4.75] 8~13 [1.54,4.47]
90°N 8~14 [1.51,4.93] 6~13 [1.56,8.03]
), ArticleFig(id=1322940968709796254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940959629128013, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

BDS和GPS可见卫星数目和位置精度因子

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测站位置 BDS可见卫星数/颗 BDS-PDOP GPS可见卫星数/颗 GPS-PDOP
陆地 15~22 [1.07,2.62] 6~12 [1.37,5.12]
75°N 8~16 [1.50,3.35] 7~12 [1.47,5.16]
85°N 8~17 [1.45,4.75] 8~13 [1.54,4.47]
90°N 8~14 [1.51,4.93] 6~13 [1.56,8.03]
), ArticleFig(id=1322940968789488031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940959629128013, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Data utilization and CSR when the cutoff angle is greater than 10°

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测站位置 系统 E/个 H/个 Rt/% 周跳比CSR
陆地 BDS 1 933 091 1 887 857 97.66 0.04
GPS 692 257 675 297 97.55 0.21
75°N BDS 1 161 833 1 150 633 99.04 0.34
GPS 859 232 825 692 96.10 0.85
85°N BDS 1 145 599 1 134 991 99.07 0.31
GPS 872 453 848 387 97.24 0.84
90°N BDS 1 131 951 1 128 169 99.67 0.48
GPS 899 776 877 497 97.52 1.30
), ArticleFig(id=1322940968852402592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940959629128013, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

截止高度角大于10°时的数据利用率与周跳比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测站位置 系统 E/个 H/个 Rt/% 周跳比CSR
陆地 BDS 1 933 091 1 887 857 97.66 0.04
GPS 692 257 675 297 97.55 0.21
75°N BDS 1 161 833 1 150 633 99.04 0.34
GPS 859 232 825 692 96.10 0.85
85°N BDS 1 145 599 1 134 991 99.07 0.31
GPS 872 453 848 387 97.24 0.84
90°N BDS 1 131 951 1 128 169 99.67 0.48
GPS 899 776 877 497 97.52 1.30
), ArticleFig(id=1322940970513346977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940959629128013, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Average CNR of BDS observations in different regions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
卫星类型 测站位置 B1Ⅰ B1C B2a B2Ⅰ B3Ⅰ
GEO 陆地 41.6 \ \ 44.5 44.3
75°N 36.0 \ \ 38.1 38.0
MEO 陆地 45.1 41.9 45.5 47.9 47.5
75°N 45.1 42.5 47.0 49.7 48.8
85°N 45.3 42.3 46.8 49.4 48.6
90°N 45.7 43.1 47.2 49.6 49.0
IGSO 陆地 43.6 42.0 44.9 45.2 45.1
75°N 42.5 42.2 46.4 46.3 45.4
85°N 42.1 42.3 46.2 46.1 45.2
90°N 43.0 41.9 46.3 47.4 46.0
), ArticleFig(id=1322940970597233058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940959629128013, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同地区BDS观测量载噪比均值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
卫星类型 测站位置 B1Ⅰ B1C B2a B2Ⅰ B3Ⅰ
GEO 陆地 41.6 \ \ 44.5 44.3
75°N 36.0 \ \ 38.1 38.0
MEO 陆地 45.1 41.9 45.5 47.9 47.5
75°N 45.1 42.5 47.0 49.7 48.8
85°N 45.3 42.3 46.8 49.4 48.6
90°N 45.7 43.1 47.2 49.6 49.0
IGSO 陆地 43.6 42.0 44.9 45.2 45.1
75°N 42.5 42.2 46.4 46.3 45.4
85°N 42.1 42.3 46.2 46.1 45.2
90°N 43.0 41.9 46.3 47.4 46.0
), ArticleFig(id=1322940970706284963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940959629128013, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

MP combination observations RMS for BDS

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
卫星类型 测站位置 B1Ⅰ B1C B2a B2Ⅰ B3Ⅰ
GEO 陆地 0.08 \ \ 0.11 0.08
75°N 0.53 \ \ 0.50 0.68
MEO 陆地 0.18 0.11 0.14 0.17 0.11
75°N 0.34 0.31 0.3 0.27 0.32
85°N 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.31 0.30
90°N 0.28 0.27 0.25 0.37 0.26
IGSO 陆地 0.13 0.09 0.13 0.18 0.10
75°N 0.32 0.31 0.27 0.26 0.32
85°N 0.23 0.26 0.25 0.23 0.25
90°N 0.26 0.26 0.21 0.25 0.22
), ArticleFig(id=1322940970785976740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940959629128013, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

BDS多路径组合观测量RMS统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
卫星类型 测站位置 B1Ⅰ B1C B2a B2Ⅰ B3Ⅰ
GEO 陆地 0.08 \ \ 0.11 0.08
75°N 0.53 \ \ 0.50 0.68
MEO 陆地 0.18 0.11 0.14 0.17 0.11
75°N 0.34 0.31 0.3 0.27 0.32
85°N 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.31 0.30
90°N 0.28 0.27 0.25 0.37 0.26
IGSO 陆地 0.13 0.09 0.13 0.18 0.10
75°N 0.32 0.31 0.27 0.26 0.32
85°N 0.23 0.26 0.25 0.23 0.25
90°N 0.26 0.26 0.21 0.25 0.22
), ArticleFig(id=1322940970882445733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940959629128013, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

RMS comparison of TDCC combination observations for BDS

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
卫星类型 测站位置 B1Ⅰ B1C B2a B3Ⅰ
GEO 陆地 0.02 \ \ 0.02
75°N 0.03 \ \ 0.08
MEO 陆地 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.03
75°N 0.11 0.13 0.22 0.16
85°N 0.11 0.14 0.22 0.17
90°N 0.13 0.12 0.22 0.19
IGSO 陆地 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.02
75°N 0.02 0.06 0.11 0.03
85°N 0.03 0.07 0.14 0.04
90°N 0.04 0.09 0.17 0.06
), ArticleFig(id=1322940970957943206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940959629128013, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

BDS的TDCC组合观测量RMS比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
卫星类型 测站位置 B1Ⅰ B1C B2a B3Ⅰ
GEO 陆地 0.02 \ \ 0.02
75°N 0.03 \ \ 0.08
MEO 陆地 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.03
75°N 0.11 0.13 0.22 0.16
85°N 0.11 0.14 0.22 0.17
90°N 0.13 0.12 0.22 0.19
IGSO 陆地 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.02
75°N 0.02 0.06 0.11 0.03
85°N 0.03 0.07 0.14 0.04
90°N 0.04 0.09 0.17 0.06
), ArticleFig(id=1322940971041829287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940959629128013, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=

Positioning solution strategy

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参数 处理策略
观测值 无电离层组合
截止高度角 10°
截止载噪比 30 dB-Hz
卫星轨道钟差 广播星历
观测值定权 载噪比模型
电离层延迟 Klobuchar模型
对流层延迟 Saastamoinen模型
滤波方式 卡尔曼滤波
), ArticleFig(id=1322940971134103976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940959629128013, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

定位解算策略

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 处理策略
观测值 无电离层组合
截止高度角 10°
截止载噪比 30 dB-Hz
卫星轨道钟差 广播星历
观测值定权 载噪比模型
电离层延迟 Klobuchar模型
对流层延迟 Saastamoinen模型
滤波方式 卡尔曼滤波
), ArticleFig(id=1322940971197018537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940959629128013, language=EN, label=Tab. 7, caption=

RMS of SPP relative to PPP in the Arctic region

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测站位置 实验模式 E N U 3D
75°N (doy214) B1Ⅰ/B3Ⅰ 0.687 1.910 1.810 2.720
B1C/B2a 0.674 1.846 1.769 2.644
L1C/L2C 0.639 1.558 1.639 2.350
GPS/BDS 0.853 1.364 1.631 2.291
85°N (doy232) B1Ⅰ/B3Ⅰ 0.667 1.869 1.631 2.569
B1C/B2a 0.665 1.807 1.569 2.484
L1C/L2C 0.710 1.874 1.743 2.656
GPS/BDS 0.638 1.588 1.402 2.212
90°N (doy248) B1Ⅰ/B3Ⅰ 0.823 1.766 2.559 3.216
B1C/B2a 0.720 1.621 2.380 2.968
L1C/L2C 0.744 1.635 2.776 3.306
GPS/BDS 0.735 1.492 2.360 2.887
), ArticleFig(id=1322940971272516010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940959629128013, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

北极地区伪距单点定位相对于精密单点定位的RMS

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测站位置 实验模式 E N U 3D
75°N (doy214) B1Ⅰ/B3Ⅰ 0.687 1.910 1.810 2.720
B1C/B2a 0.674 1.846 1.769 2.644
L1C/L2C 0.639 1.558 1.639 2.350
GPS/BDS 0.853 1.364 1.631 2.291
85°N (doy232) B1Ⅰ/B3Ⅰ 0.667 1.869 1.631 2.569
B1C/B2a 0.665 1.807 1.569 2.484
L1C/L2C 0.710 1.874 1.743 2.656
GPS/BDS 0.638 1.588 1.402 2.212
90°N (doy248) B1Ⅰ/B3Ⅰ 0.823 1.766 2.559 3.216
B1C/B2a 0.720 1.621 2.380 2.968
L1C/L2C 0.744 1.635 2.776 3.306
GPS/BDS 0.735 1.492 2.360 2.887
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北极地区BDS观测量特性分析与动态定位性能评估
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刘洋 1, 2 , 柴洪洲 1, * , 王敏 1, 2 , 周英东 1, 2 , 张乾坤 1, 2 , 孙爽 1, 2
大地测量与地球动力学 | 现代大地测量 2025,45(6): 555-561
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大地测量与地球动力学 |现代大地测量 2025 , 45 (6) : 555 -561
北极地区BDS观测量特性分析与动态定位性能评估
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刘洋1, 2 , 柴洪洲1, * , 王敏1, 2, 周英东1, 2, 张乾坤1, 2, 孙爽1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 信息工程大学地理空间信息学院, 郑州市科学大道62号, 450001
  • 2 智慧地球重点实验室, 北京市, 100080
通讯作者:

柴洪洲, 博士, 教授, 主要从事大地测量数据处理、水下导航定位研究, E-mail:

CHAI Hongzhou, PhD, professor, majors in geodetic data processing, underwater navigation and positioning, E-mail:

作者简介:

刘洋, 硕士生, 主要研究方向为GNSS精密单点定位, E-mail:

BDS Observations Characteristics and Assessment of Dynamic Positioning Performance in the Arctic Region
Yang LIU1, 2 , Hongzhou CHAI1, * , Min WANG1, 2, Yingdong ZHOU1, 2, Qiankun ZHANG1, 2, Shuang SUN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Surveying and Mapping, Information Engineering University, 62 Kexue Road, Zhengzhou 450001, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Smart Earth, Beijing 100080, China
  • LIU Yang, postgraduate, majors in GNSS PPP, E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-06-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.06.270
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基于我国首次到达北极点的第13次北冰洋科考动态GNSS观测数据,从载噪比、多路径效应、伪距噪声、电离层延迟变化率等方面对比分析了BDS和GPS不同频率的观测量特性,并评估其动态定位性能。结果表明,在北极点附近BDS的卫星可见数仍保持在8~14颗,PDOP值优于GPS;北极地区BDS多路径组合观测量RMS在0.2 m左右,B1C和B2a信号多路径组合观测量RMS较小,但其伪距噪声大于B1Ⅰ和B3Ⅰ信号;动态伪距定位结果表明,BDS定位精度与GPS相当,其中B1C/B2a信号无电离层组合的定位性能优于B1Ⅰ/B3Ⅰ信号无电离层组合。

北斗卫星导航系统  /  北极地区  /  观测量质量  /  动态定位

This article is based on the kinematic GNSS observation from the 13th Chinese Arctic Ocean scientific expedition, which marked China's first arrival at the North Pole. It compares and analyzes the observation quality of different signal from BDS and GPS in terms of carrier-to-noise ratio, multipath effects, pseudorange noise, ionospheric delay rate of change, and evaluates their kinematic positioning performance. The results show that the BDS's visible satellite count is still maintained at 8 to 14 close to the North Pole, and that the PDOP value is superior to that of GPS. In the Arctic region, the RMS of multipath combination observation for BDS is around 0.2 m. The RMS of multipath combination observation for B1C and B2a is smaller than the B1Ⅰ and B3Ⅰ signal, but their pseudorange noise is higher. The results of kinematic pseudorange positioning show that the positioning accuracy of BDS is comparable to the GPS, with the B1C/B2a ionosphere-free combination yields better positioning performance than the B1Ⅰ/B3Ⅰ combination.

Beidou satellite navigation system  /  Arctic region  /  observations peculiarity  /  kinematic positioning
刘洋, 柴洪洲, 王敏, 周英东, 张乾坤, 孙爽. 北极地区BDS观测量特性分析与动态定位性能评估. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2025 , 45 (6) : 555 -561 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.06.270
Yang LIU, Hongzhou CHAI, Min WANG, Yingdong ZHOU, Qiankun ZHANG, Shuang SUN. BDS Observations Characteristics and Assessment of Dynamic Positioning Performance in the Arctic Region[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2025 , 45 (6) : 555 -561 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.06.270
近年来,随着极区资源战略价值的日益凸显,拥有独立可靠的导航定位技术对保障极区科学考察、冰区勘探和资源开发的顺利进行至关重要[1]。与稳定的陆地电磁环境相比,高纬度海域和极区的电磁环境更为复杂,卫星高度角低、几何分布不理想等,都会对卫星信号的载噪比、多路径效应等产生不同程度的影响,进而导致定位精度下降[2-5]。北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)为极区研究提供了重要的自主导航定位支持,它不仅包括中圆地球轨道(MEO)卫星,还包括地球静止轨道(GEO)卫星和倾斜地球同步轨道(IGSO)卫星,能够提供覆盖全球的导航、定位和授时服务[6]。
北斗卫星导航系统完成全球组网后,相关研究主要集中在陆地观测环境,对于高纬度区域大多通过仿真手段进行分析,目前对高纬度地区不同轨道类型和不同信号观测量的特性及定位性能的研究较少[7-9]。基于此,本文利用中国第13次北冰洋科学考察的实测数据,从卫星可见性、载噪比、多路径效应、伪距噪声等方面分析BDS在北极地区不同轨道类型、不同信号卫星的观测量特性,并对动态伪距单点定位性能进行评估。
卫星信号的载噪比(CNR)是指接收的载波信号功率与载波噪声平均功率之比,通常用C/N0表示,表征接收机接收到的观测量和对信号的追踪捕获性能,是反映卫星观测量的重要指标之一。较高的CNR意味着更好的观测量,其具体表达式为:
$C / N_0=\frac{P_R}{N_0}=\frac{P_R}{k T}$
式中,PR为信号强度(单位dB);N0为所接收信号的载波噪声密度;k为玻尔兹曼常数,k=1.38×10-23 J/K;T为噪声温度。
在实际测量中,接收机受观测环境等因素的影响,在接收直射信号的同时会接收反射物反射的信号,两种信号之间发生干涉,从而使伪距观测值产生偏差,这种误差被称为多路径误差[10]。通常用多路径组合观测量来表征多路径误差及观测量噪声的综合影响,其表达式为:
$\begin{gathered}\mathrm{MP}_{i, \mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{s}}=P_{i, \mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{s}}-\frac{f_i^2+f_k^2}{f_i^2-f_k^2} L_i+\frac{2 f_k^2}{f_i^2-f_k^2} L_k=P_{i, \mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{s}}-\\\left(\frac{f_i^2}{f_i^2-f_k^2} L_i-\frac{f_k^2}{f_i^2-f_k^2} L_k\right)-\frac{2 f_k^2}{f_i^2-f_k^2}\left(L_i-L_k\right)= \\P_{i, \mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{s}}-L_i+\frac{2 f_k^2}{f_i^2-f_k^2}\left(L_k-L_i\right)\end{gathered}$
式中,MPi, rj为卫星信号在i频率的多路径;P和L分别为伪距和载波相位,单位m;下标r代表接收机,上标s代表卫星。
伪距观测量噪声具有随机性,可采用伪距相位差值作历元间差分(TDCC)来进行伪距噪声分析。伪距和载波观测值作差可以消去卫星钟差、接收机钟差、站星间几何距离及对流层误差等误差项,再作历元间差分,在不发生周跳的情况下会进一步消除整周模糊度,也会减弱电离层延迟、多路径效应和硬件延迟等误差的影响,反映伪距观测量噪声的影响[11]。计算公式为:
$\mathrm{TDCC}_{i, \mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{s}}=\Delta\left(P_{i, \mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{s}}-L_{i, \mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{s}}\right)$
式中,TDCCi, rs为卫星信号在i频率的伪距观测量与载波相位观测量之间的差值;Δ为历元间差分算子。
极区电离层闪烁现象较频繁,导致出现信号跟踪困难、数据误码或丢失等情况。电离层延迟变化率在一定程度上反映了电离层活动对导航定位可能造成的影响,是极区GNSS数据质量评价中的重要指标之一。
利用双频载波相位观测量,电离层延迟可表示为:
$\operatorname{Ion}(t)=\frac{\left[\left(\lambda_1 \varphi_1-\lambda_2 \varphi_2\right)_{(t)}-\left(\lambda_1 N_1-\lambda_2 N_2\right)_{(t)}\right]}{f_1^2 / f_2^2-1}$
式中,λ为载波波长;φ为载波相位观测量;N为整周模糊度。整周模糊度未知,在双频接收机锁定卫星信号的前提下,若将电离层延迟对应历元间作差,则整周模糊度被抵消,就可得到电离层延迟变化率:
$\operatorname{Iod}=\frac{\left[\left(\lambda_1 \varphi_1-\lambda_2 \varphi_2\right)_{(t+\Delta t)}-\left(\lambda_1 \varphi_1-\lambda_2 \varphi_2\right)_{(t)}-\left(\lambda_1 N_1-\lambda_2 N_2\right)_{(t+\Delta t)}+\left(\lambda_1 N_1-\lambda_2 N_2\right)_{(t)}\right]}{\left(f_1^2 / f_2^2-1\right) \Delta t}$
本文实验基于中国第13次北冰洋科考的GNSS观测数据。该次科考在“雪龙2”号极地科考破冰船上搭载华测P5型接收机与华测C220GR2型天线连续采集GNSS数据,图1为“雪龙2”号航行轨迹与天线安装环境。北京时间2023-09-05 13:55,“雪龙2”号顺利抵达北极点,这是中国科考船第1次抵达该区域开展科学研究工作。
实验接收机可接收BDS-2卫星B1Ⅰ、B2Ⅰ和B3Ⅰ信号观测量,BDS-3卫星B1Ⅰ、B1C、B2a和B3Ⅰ信号观测量及GPS卫星L1C、L2C和L5信号观测量,数据采样间隔均为1 s。分别选取doy214(大致位于75°N海域)、doy232(大致位于85°N海域)和doy248(大致位于北极点附近)的观测数据作为代表进行分析比较。为对比陆地观测场景的数据质量,于2023-08-20(doy232)使用相同型号接收机和天线在河南省南阳市进行陆地静态观测。
2020-07-31北斗卫星导航系统完成全球卫星组网,由区域定位系统过渡到全球定位系统,表1统计了BDS和GPS在不同纬度可见卫星数目和位置精度因子(PDOP)范围。可以看出,BDS在高纬度地区可见卫星数目并没有减少,在任一时间段,可见卫星数目均大于4颗,可实现对北极地区的完全覆盖。相较于GPS,BDS的PDOP值随纬度的增加变化幅度较小,在北极点附近,BDS的PDOP值达到最大。
表2统计了截止高度角10°时的数据利用率与周跳比。BDS和GPS的数据利用率均大于等于97%,其中BDS在高纬度地区数据利用率没有降低,数据接收情况较好。BDS和GPS在陆地环境下的周跳比值最小,相较于GPS,各纬度下BDS的周跳比更小,数据质量更优。
表3(单位dB-Hz)为不同地区BDS观测量载噪比均值统计结果,可以看出,随着纬度的增加,GEO卫星各信号载噪比明显降低,MEO卫星和IGSO卫星各信号载噪比分布范围整体上没有变化。不同卫星类型间载噪比存在MEO >IGSO>GEO的大小关系,且不随纬度发生变化,这与3种卫星的轨道高度有关。本次试验在北极点附近未能接收到GEO卫星信号,但BDS IGSO卫星与MEO卫星组合可以保证极区有足够数量的卫星覆盖。
BDS IGSO卫星与MEO卫星多路径组合观测量序列与卫星高度角和载噪比的关系见图2,分别选取C16和C46作为IGSO卫星和MEO卫星的代表。可以看出,随着纬度的增加,卫星高度角最大值减小,其中IGSO卫星变化明显,在陆地最大高度角为77°、北极点附近为49°;BDS-3卫星B1Ⅰ和B3Ⅰ信号观测量多路径误差比BDS-2卫星相同信号观测量小。此外,MEO卫星BIC和B2a信号载噪比较小,但信号多路径组合观测量的RMS较小,这可能与不同信号的调制方式有关。
不同区域时段内BDS多路径组合观测量RMS的统计结果见表4(单位m)。整体来看,由于观测环境较好,在陆地静态观测环境下,多路径组合观测量RMS较小,在高纬度地区不同卫星类型间表现出IGSO < MEO < GEO的大小关系,IGSO卫星在75°N海域多路径观测量RMS变化剧烈,结合图2可以看出,IGSO卫星载噪比变化也较大,这可能与周围环境影响有关。在北极点附近,MEO卫星和IGSO卫星多路径观测量的RMS降低,这可能是由于“雪龙2”号在北极点附近停留时间较长,有利于接收机接收处理信号。由表4还可以看出,尽管北极地区的多路径观测量RMS可能会对定位造成一定影响,但一般情况下其定位结果仍与低纬度环境较为接近。在北极地区,B3Ⅰ信号多路径组合观测量的RMS明显小于B1Ⅰ信号,BDS-3的B1C和B2a信号多路径组合观测量的RMS较小。
图3为BDS不同卫星TDCC组合观测量与卫星高度角的关系,由图可知,在不同纬度地区,BDS的TDCC组合观测量波动范围随着高度角的增大而减小,当高度角大于25°时,随着高度角的增大,TDCC组合观测量逐渐趋于平稳。相同卫星在不同信号间的曲线变化趋势相似,随着纬度的增加,TDCC组合观测量整体变化范围增大,其中IGSO卫星随纬度的变化较MEO卫星明显。
进一步将不同区域时段内BDS的TDCC组合观测量RMS进行统计,结果见表5(单位m)。可以看出,GEO和IGSO卫星的伪距噪声随纬度的变化相对较小,这是由于其卫星最大高度角随纬度的增加变化较缓。与多路径组合观测量的变化趋势一样,在北极地区不同轨道类型卫星间表现出IGSO < GEO < MEO的大小关系。对比发现,与多路径组合观测量的分析结果不同,BDS的B1C和B2a信号伪距噪声大于B1Ⅰ和B3Ⅰ。
图4为伪距噪声标准差与实测载噪比的关系,图中还分别通过拟合线将载噪比为45 dB-Hz时TDCC组合观测量的平均标准差描述为实测载噪比的函数。可以看出,在相同载噪比观测值下,随着观测环境的变化,北极地区伪距噪声高于陆地,且随着纬度的增加,伪距噪声标准偏差也逐渐变大。相同观测环境下,IGSO卫星比MEO卫星表现出更小的标准偏差。
为分析高纬度海域BDS电离层延迟变化率的特征,设置截止高度角为15°,图5为不同纬度观测到的BDS MEO与IGSO卫星电离层延迟变化率。可以看出,与陆地相比,极区受电离层活动影响较大,不同轨道类型卫星间的电离层延迟变化率存在差异,IGSO卫星变化更加明显;不同纬度各时段的电离层活动剧烈程度不一,高纬度海域受电离层活动影响较大,电离层延迟变化率序列日间波动剧烈;电离层延迟变化率在时间分布上没有明显规律,各时段均有可能出现电离层活动。从计算结果看,极区电离层延迟变化率分布在0.05 m/s左右。
对“雪龙2”号采集的GPS、BDS观测数据进行伪距单点定位处理,具体解算策略见表6,以商用Inertial Explorer软件计算得到的精密单点定位结果作为参考值,定位结果均使用WGS-84参考框架,将计算结果与参考真值作差后转换为东(E)、北(N)、天(U)3个方向的定位误差,并进行RMS统计,评估BDS、GPS、BDS/GPS伪距单点定位精度。
图6为北极地区85°N和北极点附近BDS和GPS可见卫星数及PDOP值情况统计。在北极地区,BDS可见卫星数为8~17颗,GPS可见卫星数为6~13颗, 均可满足定位要求。BDS卫星PDOP值在0~5之间,PDOP均值为2.06;GPS卫星PDOP值在0~8之间,PDOP均值为2.31,这表明在极区环境下BDS卫星分布状况更好。
图7为85°N和北极点附近GPS-L1C/L2C和BDS-B1Ⅰ/B3Ⅰ双频无电离层组合伪距单点定位误差序列。由图可知,GPS和BDS在北极地区均能够实现独立连续的定位,在采用GPS进行动态伪距定位时,E和N方向分别有99.94%和98.04%的定位结果精度在5 m以内;采用BDS进行定位时,E和N方向分别有99.97%和98.68%的定位结果精度在5 m以内。相较于BDS,GPS的定位误差波动较大,这可能与其卫星信号观测量的跟踪质量较差有关。通过BDS和GPS组合可以利用更多的卫星观测量,明显增强了卫星几何图形的空间强度和定位误差序列的稳定性。
为进一步分析不同组合观测量无电离层组合的极区定位性能,表7(单位m)给出BDS-B1Ⅰ/B3Ⅰ、BDS-B1C/B2a和GPS L1C/L2C信号无电离层组合观测量在北极地区伪距单点定位精度统计,同时对比GPS和BDS组合观测量的定位性能。由统计结果可得,BDS在E、N、U方向的定位精度均达到3 m以内,完全满足定位精度10 m的设计要求,且BDS与GPS的定位精度相当,其中BDS的B1C/B2a信号无电离层组合观测量定位性能略优于B1Ⅰ/B3Ⅰ信号组合观测量。相对于BDS-B1C/B2a信号无电离层组合观测量,GPS和BDS组合观测量的水平精度提升8.8%。此外,北极地区南北方向卫星分布不佳,导致GPS和BDS伪距定位结果的精度在N和U方向波动较大,E方向定位精度明显优于N方向。
本文基于中国第13次北冰洋科考“雪龙2”号采集的海上动态环境GNSS数据,从载噪比、多路径效应、伪距噪声等方面分析BDS在北极地区的观测量特性,并以Inertial Explorer软件精密单点定位解算结果作为参考,评估GPS和BDS的伪距单点定位性能。结果表明:
1) BDS的IGSO与MEO卫星组合可有效覆盖北极地区,其中MEO卫星全球运行,载噪比均值最大,与GPS的载噪比水平相近;由于可用卫星数较多,BDS在北极点附近的可见卫星数及PDOP值均优于GPS。
2) 北极地区多路径组合观测量的RMS在0.2 m左右,由于卫星高度角的不同,北极地区不同卫星间多路径组合观测量的RMS表现为IGSO < MEO < GEO,BDS的B1C和B2a信号观测量多路径误差较小,但其伪距噪声大于B3Ⅰ和B1Ⅰ信号。此外,相比于MEO卫星观测量,IGSO卫星伪距噪声标准偏差更小,高纬度海域电离层延迟变化率序列日间波动较中纬度地区更加剧烈,特别是IGSO卫星变化明显。
3) 在北极地区BDS在E、N、U方向定位精度均达到3 m以内,能够实现设计的定位性能指标;BDS定位误差序列比GPS稳定;BDS B1C/B2a信号无电离层组合的定位性能优于B1Ⅰ/B3Ⅰ信号无电离层组合。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42074014)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42304043)
  • 智慧地球重点实验室开放基金(KF2023YB01-11)
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.06.270
  • 接收时间:2024-06-05
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-05
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42074014)
国家自然科学基金(42074014)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42304043)
国家自然科学基金(42304043)
Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Smart Earth(KF2023YB01-11)
智慧地球重点实验室开放基金(KF2023YB01-11)
作者信息
    1 信息工程大学地理空间信息学院, 郑州市科学大道62号, 450001
    2 智慧地球重点实验室, 北京市, 100080

通讯作者:

柴洪洲, 博士, 教授, 主要从事大地测量数据处理、水下导航定位研究, E-mail:

CHAI Hongzhou, PhD, professor, majors in geodetic data processing, underwater navigation and positioning, E-mail:

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
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