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Article(id=1322940846387110372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322940717152215106, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2024.06.265, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1717344000000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793343276831, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1744646400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793343276831, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793343276831, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793343276831, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322940717152215106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2025', volume='45', issue='4', pageStart='331', pageEnd='440', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1744646400000', pubDateStr='2025-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793343246019, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793343246019, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=397, endPage=402, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322940847230165477, articleId=1322940846387110372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=The Double-Difference Tomography of Wushan Section in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This article adopts the double-difference tomography method to obtain the three-dimensional P-wave velocity structure and seismic relocating results of the Wushan section in the Three Gorges reservoir, based on the travel time data of 2 319 earthquakes recorded by 49 stations from January 2008 to June 2020. The results show that earthquakes are mainly concentrated on the north bank of the Yangtze river, with a nearly EW oriented strip distribution, and are not more than 10 km away from the Yangtze river system. There are two obvious P-wave high-speed bodies concentrated mainly at the intersection of the Yangtze river and the faults in the research area. One is distributed in the area trapped by the Gaoqiao fault and the Zhoujiashan-Niukou fault, and the other is distributed in the area where the Wushan fault intersects with the Yangtze river. The distribution of high-speed bodies is consistent with the dip of nearby faults. The velocity cross-section shows that the high-speed zone extends to a depth of 12 km. The Wushan fault, Gaoqiao fault, and Zhoujiashan-Niukou fault serve as the main fracture channels for reservoir water infiltration.

, authors=Guodong SUN1, Cuiping LI1, *, Lei DONG1, Maoyun TANG1, 2, authorsList=Guodong SUN, Cuiping LI, Lei DONG, Maoyun TANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Cuiping LI, authorNote=

SUN Guodong, engineer, majors in earthquake monitoring and warning, E-mail:

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基于49个台站2008-01—2020-06期间2 319次地震的走时资料，利用双差层析成像方法获得三峡库区巫山段的三维P波速度结构和地震重定位结果。结果显示，重定位后地震主要沿长江的北岸呈近EW向带状展布，距离长江水系不超过10 km。研究区存在2个明显的P波高速体，主要集中在长江和断裂交会处，一个分布在高桥断裂和周家山-牛口断裂所围限的区域，另一个分布在巫山断裂带与长江交会区域。高速体均沿着附近断裂的倾向分布，速度横剖面显示，高速区延伸至12 km深度处，巫山断裂、高桥断裂和周家山-牛口断裂为库水下渗的主要断裂通道。

, authors=孙国栋1, 李翠平1, *, 董蕾1, 唐茂云1, 2, authorsList=孙国栋, 李翠平, 董蕾, 唐茂云, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李翠平, authorNote=

孙国栋, 工程师, 主要从事地震监测与预警研究, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=

李翠平, 高级工程师, 主要从事地震活动性分析研究, E-mail:

LI Cuiping, senior engineer, majors in seismic activity analysis, E-mail:

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孙国栋, 工程师, 主要从事地震监测与预警研究, E-mail:

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孙国栋, 工程师, 主要从事地震监测与预警研究, E-mail:

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QYS: 七曜山-金佛山断裂; WS: 巫山断裂; FJ: 奉节断裂; WX: 巫溪段裂; GQ: 高桥断裂; ZJS: 周家山-牛口断裂; XS: 兴山-水田坝断裂; DMP: 大磨坪断裂

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三峡库区巫山段双差层析成像
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孙国栋 1 , 李翠平 1, * , 董蕾 1 , 唐茂云 1, 2
大地测量与地球动力学 | 地震地质 2025,45(4): 397-402
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大地测量与地球动力学 |地震地质 2025 , 45 (4) : 397 -402
三峡库区巫山段双差层析成像
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孙国栋1 , 李翠平1, * , 董蕾1, 唐茂云1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 重庆市地震局, 重庆市红黄路339号, 401147
  • 2 成都理工大学地球科学学院, 成都市东三路1号, 610059
通讯作者:

李翠平, 高级工程师, 主要从事地震活动性分析研究, E-mail:

LI Cuiping, senior engineer, majors in seismic activity analysis, E-mail:

作者简介:

孙国栋, 工程师, 主要从事地震监测与预警研究, E-mail:

The Double-Difference Tomography of Wushan Section in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area
Guodong SUN1 , Cuiping LI1, * , Lei DONG1, Maoyun TANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Chongqing Earthquake Agency, 339 Honghuang Road, Chongqing 401147, China
  • 2 College of Earth Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, 1 Dongsan Road, Chengdu 610059, China

    • SUN Guodong, engineer, majors in earthquake monitoring and warning, E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-04-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.06.265
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摘要
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基于49个台站2008-01—2020-06期间2 319次地震的走时资料，利用双差层析成像方法获得三峡库区巫山段的三维P波速度结构和地震重定位结果。结果显示，重定位后地震主要沿长江的北岸呈近EW向带状展布，距离长江水系不超过10 km。研究区存在2个明显的P波高速体，主要集中在长江和断裂交会处，一个分布在高桥断裂和周家山-牛口断裂所围限的区域，另一个分布在巫山断裂带与长江交会区域。高速体均沿着附近断裂的倾向分布，速度横剖面显示，高速区延伸至12 km深度处，巫山断裂、高桥断裂和周家山-牛口断裂为库水下渗的主要断裂通道。

三峡库区巫山段  /  双差层析成像  /  速度结构  /  库水渗透

This article adopts the double-difference tomography method to obtain the three-dimensional P-wave velocity structure and seismic relocating results of the Wushan section in the Three Gorges reservoir, based on the travel time data of 2 319 earthquakes recorded by 49 stations from January 2008 to June 2020. The results show that earthquakes are mainly concentrated on the north bank of the Yangtze river, with a nearly EW oriented strip distribution, and are not more than 10 km away from the Yangtze river system. There are two obvious P-wave high-speed bodies concentrated mainly at the intersection of the Yangtze river and the faults in the research area. One is distributed in the area trapped by the Gaoqiao fault and the Zhoujiashan-Niukou fault, and the other is distributed in the area where the Wushan fault intersects with the Yangtze river. The distribution of high-speed bodies is consistent with the dip of nearby faults. The velocity cross-section shows that the high-speed zone extends to a depth of 12 km. The Wushan fault, Gaoqiao fault, and Zhoujiashan-Niukou fault serve as the main fracture channels for reservoir water infiltration.

Wushan section in the Three Gorges reservoir area  /  double-difference tomography  /  velocity structure  /  reservoir water infiltration
孙国栋, 李翠平, 董蕾, 唐茂云. 三峡库区巫山段双差层析成像. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2025 , 45 (4) : 397 -402 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.06.265
Guodong SUN, Cuiping LI, Lei DONG, Maoyun TANG. The Double-Difference Tomography of Wushan Section in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2025 , 45 (4) : 397 -402 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.06.265
正文
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三峡库区巫山段(图1)位于四川盆地东部NE向川东南陷褶束和大巴山近EW向弧形构造带交会处的东端[1]。区内构造形迹主要为一系列NE-NEE向弧形皱褶和NE向断裂(图2)，以巫山县为界，自西向东褶皱轴向从NE向逐渐转为NEE向，最后以近EW轴向嵌入秭归盆地中。断裂以压性或压扭性为主，多表现为发育于背斜两翼的逆冲推覆断裂。除了四川盆地东南边界的七曜山-金佛山基底断裂表现为高倾角NW倾向的正断裂外，其他断裂均为逆冲断裂。研究区内河流水系发育，长江水系呈近东西向切割大面积出露的二叠系和三叠系灰岩、白云岩等碳酸盐岩系地层，是水体渗透扩散的有利通道[2]。
2008年以来，三峡水库开始规律性蓄水，在库水荷载、孔隙水压和水岩耦合作用等综合影响下，巫山地区共发生4次MS3.0以上地震，最近一次为2020-07-12的3.0级地震；库首段湖北巴东地区共发生4次MS4.0以上地震，最大为2013-12-16巴东5.1级地震，其中2017年巴东发生4.3级和4.1级双震。通过重定位和震源机制的反演分析，认为这几次地震为库水载荷和流体的渗透扩散共同作用而触发的构造型地震[3]。
前人主要对三峡库区巴东-宜昌段的速度结构进行重点讨论。蓄水初期的地震P波走时数据的层析成像结果显示，秭归盆地和长江附近区域在浅部表现为低速异常，与库水侵蚀和渗透作用有关 [4-5]。利用双差层析成像方法反演得到的速度结构显示，三峡库区库水渗透区主要表现为0~8 km深度处的大面积高速异常区[6-7]。对三峡库区奉节-巫山段高分辨率的精细速度结构(≤10 km)的研究较少。本文将基于区域台网记录的2008—2020年地震走时数据，利用双差层析成像方法开展三峡库区巫山段的三维速度结构和地震重定位研究，分析地震活动和速度异常区分布的关系，为深入了解库水渗透影响提供资料。
1 数据和方法
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1.1 地震数据
以109.3°~110.8°E、30.4°~31.7°N为研究区，包含了三峡库区巫溪-秭归段，主要的断裂有巫溪断裂(WX)、巫山断裂(WS)、高桥断裂(GQ)、周家山-牛口断裂(ZJS)、兴山-水田坝断裂(XS)等地表断裂，还包括与巫山断裂平行分布的七曜山-金佛山基底断裂(QYS)。
收集研究区49个台站记录到的2008-01—2020-06的2 319次地震的走时资料，共43 748条，其中P波走时数据21 500条，S波走时数据22 248条，每个地震至少保证有4条走时数据。为了保证数据的可靠性，根据绘制的地震波走时曲线，剔除偏差较大的震相数据(图3)。选取震相对的数目≥8、在半径10 km的区域内进行双差定位的地震配对，最终得到2 315个地震的43 259条绝对到时数据和486 850条相对到时数据用于速度结构的反演。地震震源深度基本在30 km以内，主要集中在0~10 km，震源深度较浅。
1.2 双差层析成像方法
采用双差层析成像方法[8]进行研究区的速度结构反演。该方法是在地震双差定位的基础上，使用绝对到时数据和相对到时数据实现震源位置和三维速度结构的联合反演，两者可以互相促进，获得更高精度的地震定位和更精细的速度结构。该方法在地震活动与速度结构的关系[9-10]和水库流体渗透影响[11-12]方面应用广泛。
1.3 初始模型选取
采用王小龙[13]基于接收函数技术反演得到的研究区域一维地壳速度模型(图1(b))。考虑到研究区长江水域和地震分布均呈现近EW的走向，为了更好地分析库水渗透与速度结构和地震活动的关系，本文选择以(29.39°N，105.51°E) 为原点建立直角坐标系，经过不同网格间距的棋盘格测试，最终确定X、Y方向的网格间隔为10 km×10 km，Z轴为垂直向下的深度层，节点分别取0 km、4 km、8 km、12 km、16 km和20 km(图2)。
1.4 正则化参数选取
双差层析成像在反演过程中需考虑阻尼因子和平滑权重参数来约束地震位置和慢度的变化量，以保证结果的稳定性。因此采用L曲线对不同的平滑权重和阻尼参数进行权衡分析[14]。当模型方程和走时残差同时达到最小时，即可获得最佳的阻尼因子和平滑权重。根据L曲线(图4)，选择平滑权重为10、阻尼因子为100。
1.5 检测板测试
为确定反演结果的可靠性，对研究区进行检测板检验。使用实际反演的速度异常值与人工合成的速度异常值的比值(即恢复度)来定量评估研究区的空间分辨能力，认为当恢复度＞0.65时，获得的结果可真实反映地下的速度结构[7]，其他区域则认为分辨率较差，在绘图时将进行白化处理，本文不作讨论。图5为巫山段不同深度的检测板结果，可以看出，白色闭合曲线的区域，即X方向在-60~60 km范围内，Y方向在-30~30 km范围内，能够较好地恢复正负速度异常的相对变化，分辨能力较好；在深度4 km、8 km、12 km分辨率结果较好；而随着深度的加深，分辨率有效参考范围有限。
2 层析成像结果与分析
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在层析成像的反演过程中，共经过6轮迭代，地震走时残差均方根由0.353 s降为0.052 s，最终获得巫山段1 991个地震的重定位数据和上地壳三维P波速度结构。反演前的地震走时残差主要分布范围为0.1~1.0 s，反演后残差主要集中在0~0.2 s(图6)，定位精度明显提高。
2.1 P波速度结构
图7显示了研究区0~20 km共6个深度层的P波速度分布，将每条速度剖面上下2 km范围内的地震事件投影到剖面上。可以看出，三峡库区巫山段的速度变化区主要集中在长江和断裂交会区域。在浅部0~8 km深度内，巴东地区，即高桥断裂和周家山-牛口断裂所围限的区域，表现为高速区，这与罗佳宏等[6]和吴海波等[7]的研究结果较为一致。除此之外，在巫山地区，即巫山断裂带与长江交会处附近，也分布有明显的高速区。在12 km深度处，这2个高速区范围明显缩小，仅分布在高桥断裂的南段和巫山县的南侧，其他区域表现为较大范围的低速区。16 km和20 km深度处高速和低速分布区域存在明显变化，巫山高速区和高桥断裂高速区均表现为低速区，高速区仅分布在重庆奉节-曲尺和长梁地区附近。
图8为y=-10、0和x =-10、0的速度剖面图，将每条速度剖面左右5 km范围内地震事件投影到剖面上。图中也显示了2个明显高速区域及其影响范围(图8(b))，可以看出，巫山地区高速区沿着巫山断裂的倾向SE方向分布，巴东地区高速区同时沿着高桥断裂和周家山-牛口断裂的倾向分布，2个高速区域可延伸到12 km处，与不同深度的P波速度分布一致。
2.2 地震活动与P波速度结构的关系
震源和速度结构的分布显示，地震主要沿长江的北岸呈近EW向的带状展布，距离长江水系不超过10 km。地震集中活动区主要位于巫山和巴东2个高速区附近，其中MS3.0以上地震分布在高速区或者高低速交界地区(图7、8红色五角星)，而微震主要位于高低速交界地区。
2.3 速度结构与库水渗透影响区域
根据进水实验结果，P波速度在初期渗水时表现为波速下降，在库水渗透的影响区域表现为低速体；随着渗水的持续，水饱和度达到一定量级，则表现为高速体[15]。Haggag等[16]对Aswan水库的研究表明，库区浅部的地震事件受到岩石中流体下渗的影响，震中区域表现出P波低速、高波速比和高泊松比异常。新丰江水库也有类似规律，其速度剖面中的相对低速结构体和高波速比区域为库水沿着断裂破裂带下渗而形成的局部低速异常体，是库水渗透影响的主要区域，有利于库水大量进入深部而诱发库区地震[17]。
不同于上述研究，本文反演得到的三峡库区巫山段的结果表明，断裂带和长江水系交会区域表现为沿着断裂倾向分布的高速区。自2008以来，三峡水库开始每年175 m准周期性蓄水，这种长期的库水渗透作用可能已经改变了研究区岩石的孔隙刚度，加上巫山和巴东地区主要为石灰岩地层，岩溶、暗河发育，其良好的渗透通道和介质裂隙可能为库水沿断裂入渗到地壳深部提供了条件，从而使断裂和长江交会区域的速度结构发生变化，表现为明显的高速区。在具有几十年废水回注历史的重庆荣昌和自贡-隆昌的注水区域均呈现较高的P波速度[18-19]。本文中12 km深度以上和16 km以下深度的高速区分布存在明显差异，速度横剖面也显示高速区延伸至12 km深度处(图8(b))，表明水库流体的最大下渗深度可能为12 km，巫山断裂、高桥断裂和周家山-牛口断裂则为库水下渗的主要断裂通道。
3 结语
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基于49个台站记录到的2008-01—2020-06期间2 319次地震的走时资料，本文利用双差层析成像方法反演三峡库区巫山段的震源位置和速度结构，得到以下认识：
1) 反演之后三峡库区巫山段地震的走时残差均方根显著降低，其平均值由初始的0.353 s降为0.052 s，定位精度明显提高。重定位后地震主要沿长江的北岸呈近EW向的带状展布，距离长江水系不超过10 km。
2) 三峡库区巫山段的2个明显P波高速体主要集中在长江水系和断裂交会处。一个分布在高桥断裂和周家山-牛口断裂所围限的区域，另一个位于巫山断裂带与长江交会区域。地震集中活动区主要位于这2个高速区附近，MS3.0以上地震分布在高速区或者高低速交界地区，而微震主要位于高低速交界地区。
3) 三峡库区长期的准周期蓄水可能已经改变了研究区岩石的孔隙刚度，同时巫山段石灰岩地层、岩溶和暗河发育，为库水沿断裂入渗到地壳深部提供了条件，从而使断裂和长江交会区域的P波速度发生变化，表现为明显的高速区。速度横剖面显示高速区延伸至12 km深度处，巫山断裂、高桥断裂和周家山-牛口断裂则为库水下渗的主要断裂通道。
基金
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  • 重庆市地震局地震科技创新课题(CQDZ202401)
文献
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2025年第45卷第4期
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.06.265
  • 接收时间：2024-06-03
  • 首发时间：2026-10-30
  • 出版时间：2025-04-15
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  • 收稿日期：2024-06-03
基金
Earthquake Science and Technology Innovation Project of Chongqing Earthquake Agency(CQDZ202401)
重庆市地震局地震科技创新课题(CQDZ202401)
作者信息
    1 重庆市地震局, 重庆市红黄路339号, 401147
    2 成都理工大学地球科学学院, 成都市东三路1号, 610059

通讯作者:

李翠平, 高级工程师, 主要从事地震活动性分析研究, E-mail:

LI Cuiping, senior engineer, majors in seismic activity analysis, E-mail:

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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