Article(id=1322940816418812272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322940717152215106, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2024.05.209, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1715011200000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793343269686, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1744646400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793343269686, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793343269686, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793343269686, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322940717152215106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2025', volume='45', issue='4', pageStart='331', pageEnd='440', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1744646400000', pubDateStr='2025-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793343246019, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793343246019, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=426, endPage=430, 435, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322940816624333169, articleId=1322940816418812272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Vertical Movement Characteristics of the Northern Margin Fault of Western Qinling Mountains Using Precise Leveling Data, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Using precise leveling measurement data and a modified dip-slip displacement model, we systematic analyze the vertical movement characteristics of each section of the northern margin fault of western Qinling mountains. The results show that the northern margin fault of western Qinling mountains is undergoing a composite deformation mechanism of left-lateral strike-slip and thrust compression, and the activity varies among different sections. The vertical dip-slip rate increase from 0.24 mm/a in the western section to a maximum of 2.31 mm/a in the eastern section, and then decrease to 1.51 mm/a. The inverted locking depths are consistent with the relocation depths of small earthquakes, which indicates that there are different locking states in each section. Combining seismic activity, the Tianshui-Baoji section has the highest earthquake risk.

, authors=Bo ZHAO1, Lingyun JI1, Ming HAO1, Jiangtao QIU1, Liangyu ZHU1, Fengyun JIANG1, Lei LIU1, authorsList=Bo ZHAO, Lingyun JI, Ming HAO, Jiangtao QIU, Liangyu ZHU, Fengyun JIANG, Lei LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

ZHAO Bo, engineer, majors in geodesy, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322940819438711164, articleId=1322940816418812272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=利用精密水准资料研究西秦岭北缘断裂带的垂向运动特征, columnId=1322506197874356701, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=地壳运动, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

利用精密水准测量数据,结合改进的倾滑位移模型,系统分析西秦岭北缘断裂带各区段的垂向运动特征。结果表明,西秦岭北缘断裂带正经历左旋走滑与逆冲挤压的复合变形机制,且不同区段的活动性存在显著差异。垂向倾滑速率呈现从西段的0.24 mm/a向东增大到2.31 mm/a后,又减小到1.51 mm/a的空间变化趋势。通过反演获得的闭锁深度与地震精定位所揭示的小震活动深度高度吻合,说明该断裂带各区段处于不同的闭锁状态。结合地震活动性发现,天水-宝鸡段发震危险性最紧迫。

, authors=赵勃1, 季灵运1, 郝明1, 邱江涛1, 朱良玉1, 蒋锋云1, 刘雷1, authorsList=赵勃, 季灵运, 郝明, 邱江涛, 朱良玉, 蒋锋云, 刘雷, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

赵勃, 工程师, 主要从事大地测量研究, E-mail:

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(a)~(e)中红线为拟合的速率曲线,位置见图1;(f)中红色虚线为反演的闭锁深度,小震重新定位目录由中国地震局地球物理研究所房立华研究员提供,时间跨度为1970—2012年

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The dip rate of faults obtained by leveling data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
断裂区域 走向/(°) 倾角/(°) 闭锁深度/ km 倾滑速率/mm·a-1
锅麻滩段(a) N75°W 49 8.1 0.24
漳县段(b) N69°W 48 25.2 -0.86
鸳凤段(c) N71°W 60 32.5 2.31
天水-宝鸡段(d) N79°W 49 21.8 1.51
天水-宝鸡段(e) N79°W 51 12.2 -1.19
), ArticleFig(id=1322940824773865910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940816418812272, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

水准数据反演的断裂区域倾滑速率结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
断裂区域 走向/(°) 倾角/(°) 闭锁深度/ km 倾滑速率/mm·a-1
锅麻滩段(a) N75°W 49 8.1 0.24
漳县段(b) N69°W 48 25.2 -0.86
鸳凤段(c) N71°W 60 32.5 2.31
天水-宝鸡段(d) N79°W 49 21.8 1.51
天水-宝鸡段(e) N79°W 51 12.2 -1.19
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利用精密水准资料研究西秦岭北缘断裂带的垂向运动特征
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赵勃 1 , 季灵运 1 , 郝明 1 , 邱江涛 1 , 朱良玉 1 , 蒋锋云 1 , 刘雷 1
大地测量与地球动力学 | 地壳运动 2025,45(4): 426-430, 435
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大地测量与地球动力学 |地壳运动 2025 , 45 (4) : 426 -430, 435
利用精密水准资料研究西秦岭北缘断裂带的垂向运动特征
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赵勃, 工程师, 主要从事大地测量研究, E-mail:

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赵勃1 , 季灵运1, 郝明1, 邱江涛1, 朱良玉1, 蒋锋云1, 刘雷1
作者信息
  • 1 中国地震局第二监测中心, 西安市西影路316号, 710054
作者简介:

赵勃, 工程师, 主要从事大地测量研究, E-mail:

Vertical Movement Characteristics of the Northern Margin Fault of Western Qinling Mountains Using Precise Leveling Data
Bo ZHAO1 , Lingyun JI1, Ming HAO1, Jiangtao QIU1, Liangyu ZHU1, Fengyun JIANG1, Lei LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1 The Second Monitoring and Application Center, CEA, 316 Xiying Road, Xi'an 710054, China
  • ZHAO Bo, engineer, majors in geodesy, E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-04-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.05.209
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利用精密水准测量数据,结合改进的倾滑位移模型,系统分析西秦岭北缘断裂带各区段的垂向运动特征。结果表明,西秦岭北缘断裂带正经历左旋走滑与逆冲挤压的复合变形机制,且不同区段的活动性存在显著差异。垂向倾滑速率呈现从西段的0.24 mm/a向东增大到2.31 mm/a后,又减小到1.51 mm/a的空间变化趋势。通过反演获得的闭锁深度与地震精定位所揭示的小震活动深度高度吻合,说明该断裂带各区段处于不同的闭锁状态。结合地震活动性发现,天水-宝鸡段发震危险性最紧迫。

西秦岭北缘断裂带  /  精密水准  /  倾滑速率  /  闭锁深度

Using precise leveling measurement data and a modified dip-slip displacement model, we systematic analyze the vertical movement characteristics of each section of the northern margin fault of western Qinling mountains. The results show that the northern margin fault of western Qinling mountains is undergoing a composite deformation mechanism of left-lateral strike-slip and thrust compression, and the activity varies among different sections. The vertical dip-slip rate increase from 0.24 mm/a in the western section to a maximum of 2.31 mm/a in the eastern section, and then decrease to 1.51 mm/a. The inverted locking depths are consistent with the relocation depths of small earthquakes, which indicates that there are different locking states in each section. Combining seismic activity, the Tianshui-Baoji section has the highest earthquake risk.

northern margin fault of western Qinling mountains  /  precise leveling  /  dip-slip rate  /  locking depth
赵勃, 季灵运, 郝明, 邱江涛, 朱良玉, 蒋锋云, 刘雷. 利用精密水准资料研究西秦岭北缘断裂带的垂向运动特征. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2025 , 45 (4) : 426 -430, 435 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.05.209
Bo ZHAO, Lingyun JI, Ming HAO, Jiangtao QIU, Liangyu ZHU, Fengyun JIANG, Lei LIU. Vertical Movement Characteristics of the Northern Margin Fault of Western Qinling Mountains Using Precise Leveling Data[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2025 , 45 (4) : 426 -430, 435 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.05.209
西秦岭北缘断裂带位于南北地震构造带北段、甘南块体与陇西块体交界处,地质构造活动频繁,历史上曾发生过多次强震[1-2]。最新的地震观测资料研究表明[3],该断裂带的多个区段可能处于强震震间晚期,而当前地震复发周期已经接近或超过历史地震的时间间隔。因此,研究西秦岭北缘断裂带的现今构造运动对于区域地震危险性评估具有现实意义。垂向运动对于揭示断裂带深部过程、评估区域地震活动性和理解板块相互作用机制具有不可替代的作用[4]。以汶川地震前龙门山断裂带为例,GPS监测结果显示其水平缩短分量和水平走滑分量的误差范围在2 mm/a之内[5-6],水准监测结果则显示龙门山断裂带及其西部高原相对四川盆地表现为快速隆升[7]。因此,精密水准资料作为研究地壳垂直形变的重要手段,可为判断区域地震活动性提供重要约束。
西秦岭北缘断裂带走向NWW,全长约400 km,由锅麻滩段、漳县段、鸳凤段和天水-宝鸡段组成(图1)。部分学者利用GNSS资料得出该断裂带处于左旋挤压状态,并发现4个段落已闭锁,其中天水-宝鸡段滑动速率和挤压速率较低[8-9]。孟秀军等[10]采用PS-InSAR技术得出甘谷地区南北两盘的相对滑动速率达到5 mm/a。本文旨在利用42 a跨度的精密水准监测数据,对西秦岭北缘断裂带的垂向运动特征进行系统分析,揭示该地区构造活动的垂直形变规律,为区域地震危险性评估提供依据。
基于Hao等[4]的精密水准测量数据对西秦岭北缘断裂带的垂向运动特征进行深入研究。数据源自2个水准网:一是中国地震局1970—2009年的地震应用水准网(LNUSA);二是国家测绘地理信息局在1977—1999年布设的中国国家水准网。这2个水准网采用不同级别的水准测量,根据LNUSA的前向和后向水准测量计算的误差在±0.4 mm/km范围内,闭合误差在±0.5 mm/km范围内。数据处理过程中,对水准数据进行先验不确定性估计,确保高差标准偏差符合一等水准测量标准误差的要求(1 mm/km),并利用最小二乘法对水准测量数据进行线性动态平差,从而保证数据的可靠性。
本研究聚焦于100°~109°E、32°~38°N范围内的数据,该区域涵盖西秦岭北缘断裂带及其周边地区(图2)。为更深入地揭示西秦岭北缘断裂带的垂向运动特性,选取5个跨断层水准剖面进行详细分析,每个剖面以断层为中心,南北跨度100 km,具体包括:a段跨锅麻滩段,进行4次水准测量,时间跨度为24 a;b段跨漳县段,进行4次水准测量,时间跨度为21 a;c段跨鸳凤段,进行3次水准测量,时间跨度为11 a;d段和e段分别跨天水-宝鸡段西侧和东侧,均进行2次水准测量,时间跨度分别为6 a和16 a。
针对每个跨断层水准剖面的研究结果(图3),分别揭示西秦岭北缘断裂带的垂直形变特征。锅麻滩段结果显示,断层南侧隆升速率为3.2~3.8 mm/a,北侧隆升速率为3.0~3.6 mm/a;漳县段结果表明,近断层两侧隆升速率基本相当,为3.0~4.3 mm/a;鸳凤段穿越断层点位较少,但在断层两侧表现出明显差异,南侧隆升速率稳定在4.5~5.3 mm/a,北侧隆升速率变化幅度较大,在2.5~5.0 mm/a;天水-宝鸡段西侧结果显示,近断层南侧隆升速率为4.2~6.3 mm/a,在跨越断层后,北侧隆升速率明显降低为3.5~5.2 mm/a;天水-宝鸡段东侧结果表明,断层南侧隆升速率为1.6~2.5 mm/a,在跨越断层后明显降低至0.5~1.4 mm/a,后又升至2.6~3.4 mm/a,这一反转明显是受到其他断层的影响。
在研究速度场时,通常会通过跨断层剖面分析断层两侧的相对形变。Freund等[11]提出倾滑断层震间形变的数学表达式,称为“刃型”位错模型;邹镇宇等[12]对该表达式进行改进,引入断层倾角信息,使其能反映断层的走滑和倾滑特征。改进后的公式如下:
$\begin{array}{c}& u_z=-\frac{s}{\mathtt{π}} \\&\left\{\sin \delta \tan ^{-1}\left[\frac{\left(x-\frac{d}{\tan \delta}\right)}{d}\right]+\frac{\cos \delta+\frac{\left(x-\frac{d}{\tan \delta}\right)}{d} \sin \delta}{1+\left[\frac{\left(x-\frac{d}{\tan \delta}\right)}{d}\right]^2}\right\}\end{array}$
式中,uz为垂向位移; s为上下盘相对位移; δ为断层倾角; x为距断层距离; d为断层闭锁深度。本文采用该倾滑模型和模拟退火算法进行迭代反演,得到各个剖面上断层沿倾向的滑动速率和闭锁深度(表1和图3)。
从图3看出,西秦岭北缘断裂带上存在明显的倾滑。其中,跨锅麻滩段(a剖面)倾滑速率为0.24 mm/a,闭锁深度为8.1 km,倾角为49°;跨漳县段(b剖面)近断层两侧隆升速率基本相当,但与a剖面相比,建模曲线出现反向;跨鸳凤段(c剖面)穿越断层点位较少,反演结果显示该段倾滑速率为2.31 mm/a,闭锁深度为32.5 km,倾角为60°,由于缺乏远场数据的约束,该结果的可靠性还需进一步验证;跨天水-宝鸡段西侧(d剖面)倾滑速率为1.51 mm/a,闭锁深度为21.8 km,倾角为49°;天水-宝鸡段东侧(e剖面)由于受到其他断层影响,反演曲线表现出北高南低的趋势。
为验证反演结果的可靠性,从小震重新定位目录中选取1970—2012年发生在西秦岭北缘断裂带两侧30 km范围内、深度在1.0 km以下且震级大于1.0级的地震事件,并绘制震源深度剖面图(图3(f))。可以看出,地震活动在各段表现并不一致。锅麻滩段震源深度主要集中在25 km以内,特别是8 km以内地震活动较为频繁,这与本文反演得到的8.1 km闭锁深度相吻合。漳县段西侧地表附近小震尤为密集,可能与该处有多条断裂交会有关。鸳凤段相较于其他区段小震活动更为频繁且密集,震源深度大多集中在28 km以内,特别是在与漳县段交界处地震活动尤为活跃。天水-宝鸡段震源深度也基本在25 km以内,但地震活动相对较少,特别是在东侧,尽管分布有多条断裂带,但小震活动并不频繁,这与通常认为断裂复杂地区易发地震的观点不符。综合来看,本文反演的闭锁深度与地震活动分布规律基本吻合,进一步验证了反演结果的可靠性。
垂直形变速率梯度是垂直剪应变强弱的反映,是垂直面上的剪切变化,因此其与地震活动密切相关[13]。依据垂直形变速率绘制西秦岭北缘断裂带各段的速率梯度剖面(图4)。结果表明,锅麻滩段(a剖面)和漳县段(b剖面)在断层附近均未发生较大变化;鸳凤段(c剖面)在断层近场处速率梯度急剧变化,断层5 km范围内出现明显的两盘梯度差异,在北侧7~11 km处下沉速率梯度突降;天水-宝鸡段(d、e剖面)速率梯度变化起伏不定,在断层附近存在较大幅度的变化,并且出现两盘梯度差异。
西秦岭北缘断裂带每段的构造运动特性存在显著差异[8-9]:锅麻滩段平行断裂走向的左旋走滑速率为0.66~1.06 mm/a,垂直断裂走向的挤压速率为0.32~0.44 mm/a;漳县段走滑速率为0.70~2.48 mm/a,挤压速率为1.21~2.44 mm/a;鸳凤段走滑速率为0.20~2.76 mm/a,挤压速率为0.23~1.86 mm/a;天水-宝鸡段走滑速率为0.01~0.86 mm/a,挤压速率为0.04~0.80 mm/a。可以看出,锅麻滩段活动性相对较弱,而漳县段、鸳凤段和天水-宝鸡段则呈现出由西向东走滑速率和挤压速率逐渐减弱的趋势。
精密水准测量数据可提供跨西秦岭北缘断裂带两侧地壳形变的详细信息,从而定量评估各段落的倾滑速率。分析结果显示,锅麻滩段倾滑速率为0.24 mm/a,表明该段落的垂向运动不显著。漳县段倾滑速率为-0.86 mm/a,呈现出负值,原因可能为断层北侧数据较为密集,导致反演时曲线权重产生偏移,因此反演结果可能与实际结果有所偏差。鸳凤段倾滑速率为2.31 mm/a,在5个段落中最大,表明鸳凤段具有较为显著的垂向运动特征。考虑到鸳凤段位于断裂带中段,其活动性可能反映了该区域地壳应力场的变化和地壳物质的运移规律。天水-宝鸡段西侧倾滑速率为1.51 mm/a,而东侧倾滑速率为-1.19 mm/a。这种显著的差异表明,天水-宝鸡段垂向运动具有复杂的空间变化特征,尤其是在天水-宝鸡段东侧,其垂向运动很可能受到附近断层构造活动的影响。
GNSS数据可提供断裂水平运动的重要信息,精密水准测量数据对垂直运动探测具有明显优势,综合2种分析结果可以获得西秦岭北缘断裂带地壳更全面和准确的现今运动特征。综合分析西秦岭北缘断裂带5个段落的走滑速率和倾滑速率,可以进一步判断区域块体构造的相互作用(图5),即在青藏高原的远程效应下,甘南块体相对陇西块体呈现出挤压和隆升趋势,这些变形被2个块体之间的多个断层调节。
地震危险性与断层活动性质、滑动速率和闭锁深度等因素紧密相关。邵志刚等[3]根据现有地震观测资料,通过震间晚期判定系数判定西秦岭北缘断裂带的多个段落可能处于强震震间晚期。本文研究结果显示,这些段落的倾滑速率和闭锁深度存在一定差异,这种差异反映了不同段落的地震危险性不同。刘雷等[8]基于GPS数据和小震分布特征认为,西秦岭北缘断裂带天水-宝鸡段、锅麻滩段小震分布较少,断裂闭锁程度高,因此地震危险性较高。该结论与本文研究结果一致,即这些段落倾滑速率较低,但闭锁深度较大,从而增加了地震发生的可能性。陈长云等[14]从跨断层剖面和主应变率场的角度分析西秦岭北缘断裂带的变形特征,认为天水-宝鸡段闭锁程度最高。这与本文反演的断层闭锁深度结果一致,进一步验证了该段落具有较高的地震危险性。
综合前人研究结果和本文基于精密水准资料的分析结果认为,锅麻滩段和漳县段垂向倾滑速率相对较小,上下盘差异运动小,活动性较弱,未来短期内断层两侧突发错位断裂的可能性较小;鸳凤段闭锁深度和倾滑速率均最大,但由于缺乏远场数据约束,可靠性难以确定,无法作进一步的判断;天水-宝鸡段倾滑速率较大,闭锁深度较深,而小震相对较少,且垂向速率梯度剖面显示近断层两侧速率梯度存在较大差异,这些结果都表明该段存在中强以上地震的应变能积累背景条件。综上,天水-宝鸡段的发震危险性最紧迫。
1) 西秦岭北缘断裂带处于左旋走滑兼逆冲挤压状态,各段活动状态具有差异性,垂向倾滑速率自西段的0.24 mm/a向东增大到2.31 mm/a后,又减小到1.51 mm/a。
2) 反演的闭锁深度与精定位的小震深度基本一致。该结果不仅验证了本文反演方法的可靠性,也进一步证实了断裂带各段落闭锁状态的存在。其中,天水-宝鸡段的发震危险性最紧迫。
  • 陕西省自然科学基础研究计划(2023-JC-QN-0324)
  • 陕西省自然科学基础研究计划(2023-JC-QN-0296)
  • 陕西省自然科学基础研究计划(2023-JC-YB-260)
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.05.209
  • 接收时间:2024-05-07
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-07
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Basic Research Program for Natural Science of Shaanxi Province(2023-JC-QN-0324)
陕西省自然科学基础研究计划(2023-JC-QN-0324)
Basic Research Program for Natural Science of Shaanxi Province(2023-JC-QN-0296)
陕西省自然科学基础研究计划(2023-JC-QN-0296)
Basic Research Program for Natural Science of Shaanxi Province(2023-JC-YB-260)
陕西省自然科学基础研究计划(2023-JC-YB-260)
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    1 中国地震局第二监测中心, 西安市西影路316号, 710054
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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