Article(id=1322940575892242568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322940449979244751, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2024.04.165, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1712764800000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793343212340, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1741968000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793343212340, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793343212340, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793343212340, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322940449979244751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2025', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='221', pageEnd='330', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1741968000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793343182320, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793343182320, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=313, endPage=318, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322940577590935689, articleId=1322940575892242568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Preliminary Study on Groundwater Level Anomaly Identification Using the Prophet Model, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

We focus on the complex characteristics of groundwater level data, including nonlinear trends, seasonal fluctuations, and random disturbances, and introduce the Prophet time series prediction model developed by Facebook. The aim is to use its nonlinear trend capture, seasonal fluctuation analysis, and flexible response ability to outliers and data missing to significantly improve the accuracy of groundwater level anomaly identification. Through observation data from Beilin district seismic station in Suihua city, Heilongjiang province, it is shown that the Prophet model performs well in capturing dynamic characteristics of time series data and can effectively identify anomalies. The high fitting accuracy and predictive ability of adjusted model have been confirmed, with low prediction error and high determination coefficient. In addition, the model identifies water level anomalies related to earthquakes in earthquake prediction, providing a new perspective for earthquake precursor research. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of Prophet model in processing complex time series data, providing a new tool for earthquake prediction.

, authors=Yongsheng LI1, Chen ZHOU1, Simeng ZHANG1, Wei SHI1, Hua NIAN1, authorsList=Yongsheng LI, Chen ZHOU, Simeng ZHANG, Wei SHI, Hua NIAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

LI Yongsheng, PhD, senior engineer, majors in earthquake prediction and volcano, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322940583509098656, articleId=1322940575892242568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=利用Prophet模型进行地下水位异常识别初探, columnId=1322506256904994864, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=观测技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对地下水位数据的复杂特性(包括非线性趋势、季节性波动和随机扰动),引入Facebook开发的Prophet时间序列预测模型,旨在利用其非线性趋势捕捉、季节性波动解析及对异常值和数据缺失的灵活应对能力,显著提升地下水位异常识别的准确性。黑龙江省绥化市北林区地震台观测数据表明,Prophet模型在捕捉时间序列动态特征上表现优越,能有效识别异常。模型调整后具有高拟合精度和高预测能力,预测误差低,决定系数高。此外,模型在地震预测中能识别出与地震相关的水位异常,可为地震前兆研究提供新视角。本文结果表明Prophet模型在处理复杂时间序列数据时具有可行性,可为地震预测提供新工具。

, authors=李永生1, 周晨1, 张思萌1, 石伟1, 年华1, authorsList=李永生, 周晨, 张思萌, 石伟, 年华, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

李永生,博士,高级工程师,主要从事地震分析预报与火山研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有,未经授权,不得转载。, copyrightOwner=大地测量与地球动力学编辑部, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=YIe6Qs+wQA0xHvGCnExzhg==, magXml=pJUmiqzvMYT7cRwG0bq/Ig==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=FJxdXbf5EGvKIWGeunMNyg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=EaeJY020LWe9W8aADHXEqw==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1322940584700280997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940575892242568, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=yongsheng4733@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322940586076012711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940575892242568, authorId=1322940584700280997, language=EN, stringName=Yongsheng LI, firstName=Yongsheng, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 Heilongjiang Earthquake Agency, 24 Hongxiang Road, Harbin 150090, China, bio={"content":"

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LI Yongsheng, PhD, senior engineer, majors in earthquake prediction and volcano, E-mail:

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李永生,博士,高级工程师,主要从事地震分析预报与火山研究,E-mail:

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province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 黑龙江省地震局, 哈尔滨市鸿翔路24号, 150090)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322940591658631367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940575892242568, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Basic information of observation well, figureFileSmall=NU0kYhUui1fkWK2Bcde8eA==, figureFileBig=FJxdXbf5EGvKIWGeunMNyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322940591830597832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940575892242568, language=CN, label=图1, caption=观测井基本情况, figureFileSmall=NU0kYhUui1fkWK2Bcde8eA==, figureFileBig=FJxdXbf5EGvKIWGeunMNyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322940592057090249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940575892242568, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Water level of Sui-2 well, figureFileSmall=zIO5JSrkQPajKO0VBow4vw==, figureFileBig=S3EcgbgsegxKw104BEx2oQ==, tableContent=null), 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the Jilin Songyuan M5.1 earthquake on May 18, 2019, figureFileSmall=Bb84iJimcz794hTYgEDOPw==, figureFileBig=1fehjj+IXSzxiYT5L941Kw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322940595664191707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940575892242568, language=CN, label=图10, caption=2019-05-18吉林松原5.1级地震前水位数据异常分析, figureFileSmall=Bb84iJimcz794hTYgEDOPw==, figureFileBig=1fehjj+IXSzxiYT5L941Kw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322940595756466396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940575892242568, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Significant earthquakes around Sui-2 well

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序号 发震时间 震级M 震中位置 震中距/km
1 2017-07-23 4.9 吉林松原 225
2 2018-05-28 5.7 吉林松原 230
3 2019-05-18 5.1 吉林松原 226
), ArticleFig(id=1322940596037484765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940575892242568, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

绥2井周边显著地震

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 发震时间 震级M 震中位置 震中距/km
1 2017-07-23 4.9 吉林松原 225
2 2018-05-28 5.7 吉林松原 230
3 2019-05-18 5.1 吉林松原 226
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利用Prophet模型进行地下水位异常识别初探
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李永生 1 , 周晨 1 , 张思萌 1 , 石伟 1 , 年华 1
大地测量与地球动力学 | 观测技术 2025,45(3): 313-318
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大地测量与地球动力学 |观测技术 2025 , 45 (3) : 313 -318
利用Prophet模型进行地下水位异常识别初探
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李永生1 , 周晨1, 张思萌1, 石伟1, 年华1
作者信息
  • 1 黑龙江省地震局, 哈尔滨市鸿翔路24号, 150090
作者简介:

李永生,博士,高级工程师,主要从事地震分析预报与火山研究,E-mail:

Preliminary Study on Groundwater Level Anomaly Identification Using the Prophet Model
Yongsheng LI1 , Chen ZHOU1, Simeng ZHANG1, Wei SHI1, Hua NIAN1
Affiliations
  • 1 Heilongjiang Earthquake Agency, 24 Hongxiang Road, Harbin 150090, China
  • LI Yongsheng, PhD, senior engineer, majors in earthquake prediction and volcano, E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-03-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.04.165
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针对地下水位数据的复杂特性(包括非线性趋势、季节性波动和随机扰动),引入Facebook开发的Prophet时间序列预测模型,旨在利用其非线性趋势捕捉、季节性波动解析及对异常值和数据缺失的灵活应对能力,显著提升地下水位异常识别的准确性。黑龙江省绥化市北林区地震台观测数据表明,Prophet模型在捕捉时间序列动态特征上表现优越,能有效识别异常。模型调整后具有高拟合精度和高预测能力,预测误差低,决定系数高。此外,模型在地震预测中能识别出与地震相关的水位异常,可为地震前兆研究提供新视角。本文结果表明Prophet模型在处理复杂时间序列数据时具有可行性,可为地震预测提供新工具。

地下水位异常识别  /  时间序列预测  /  Prophet模型  /  地震预测

We focus on the complex characteristics of groundwater level data, including nonlinear trends, seasonal fluctuations, and random disturbances, and introduce the Prophet time series prediction model developed by Facebook. The aim is to use its nonlinear trend capture, seasonal fluctuation analysis, and flexible response ability to outliers and data missing to significantly improve the accuracy of groundwater level anomaly identification. Through observation data from Beilin district seismic station in Suihua city, Heilongjiang province, it is shown that the Prophet model performs well in capturing dynamic characteristics of time series data and can effectively identify anomalies. The high fitting accuracy and predictive ability of adjusted model have been confirmed, with low prediction error and high determination coefficient. In addition, the model identifies water level anomalies related to earthquakes in earthquake prediction, providing a new perspective for earthquake precursor research. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of Prophet model in processing complex time series data, providing a new tool for earthquake prediction.

groundwater level anomaly identification  /  time series prediction  /  Prophet model  /  earthquake prediction
李永生, 周晨, 张思萌, 石伟, 年华. 利用Prophet模型进行地下水位异常识别初探. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2025 , 45 (3) : 313 -318 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.04.165
Yongsheng LI, Chen ZHOU, Simeng ZHANG, Wei SHI, Hua NIAN. Preliminary Study on Groundwater Level Anomaly Identification Using the Prophet Model[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2025 , 45 (3) : 313 -318 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.04.165
地下水作为地下流体活动的重要表现形式之一,其变化与地壳应力状态、构造活动和地震孕育过程紧密相关[1-4]。在实际应用中,地下水位数据展现出高度的时空复杂性,不仅包括非线性趋势、季节性波动和随机扰动[5-7],还可能蕴含地震前兆信号。现阶段地下水位异常识别主要依赖于传统统计学方法[7-9],这些方法在非线性关系处理、季节性模式精确刻画和地震前兆信号敏感识别等方面存在局限性,难以有效应对地下水位数据的复杂特性。
本文引入Facebook开发的Prophet时间序列预测模型[10],以绥2井水位为例探讨该模型在水位数据异常识别中的可行性。与传统统计学方法相比,Prophet模型不仅可考虑时间序列的非线性趋势和季节性波动,还能够灵活应对异常值和数据缺失[11]。Prophet模型结合了多项式增长趋势、年/周/日季节性成分和节假日效应等因素,能灵活适应各种时间序列数据的特性。此外,该模型还具备自定义模型组件的能力,允许用户根据地下水位观测的实际特点进行扩展和优化,从而提高预测精度和异常识别能力。将Prophet模型应用于地下水位异常识别,不仅符合当前利用先进数据分析技术提升自然灾害预测预报能力的趋势,而且有望弥补现有方法在处理地下水位复杂动态特征方面的不足,更加精准地解析地下水位异常指标,为地震预测提供更有力的支持。
Prophet模型运用统计建模方法,通过分段线性或平滑函数来拟合非线性趋势,其“加法模型”特性体现在将时间序列分解为多个独立的组成部分(趋势、季节性和节假日效应),然后将这些组成部分相加以实现整体预测。虽然模型本身并不是基于严格意义上的贝叶斯方法,但其在处理不确定性时借鉴了贝叶斯思想,如通过设置置信区间来进行异常检测。这种分解与组合方式使得Prophet模型能够灵活应对多种时间序列特性,包括季节性、趋势变化和特殊事件的影响,同时对于缺失数据和趋势变化具有鲁棒性,能够很好地处理异常值。得益于GAM方法(也称为广义加法模型),Prophet模型可以无限延长对未来的预测,以填补历史序列中缺失的数据。从本质上来看,Prophet模型是一个可分解的时间序列模型,也可以理解为函数的总和,每个函数代表时间序列的不同组成部分:
$y(t)=g(t)+s(t)+h(t)+\epsilon_t$
式中,g(t)为趋势函数,表示时间序列中非周期部分的变化趋势;s(t)为季节性或周期性函数,通常以周或年为单位;h(t)为特殊节假日对时间序列的影响函数;$ \epsilon_t$为随机误差项,服从正态分布[12]。预测被认为是一个基于数据的时间相关性结构的框架曲线拟合问题,Prophet模型具有灵活性,可以轻松嵌入多个季节性周期,测量时不需要有规律地间隔,拟合速度非常快,用户可以交互操作许多模型规范和参数[13]。
趋势函数g(t)在Prophet模型中扮演着捕捉非周期性变化趋势的关键角色,其能够刻画长期增长或下降趋势,并允许趋势在不同时间段内具有不同增长率。Prophet模型采用分段线性或平滑曲线模型来刻画该趋势,使得增长曲线能够灵活调整,以精确逼近实际数据的趋势部分。具体而言,Prophet模型可提供2种趋势模型:饱和增长模型和分段线性模型[13],这2种模型在普通逻辑回归模型和线性模型基础上引入分段特性,从而能够更好地适应数据的非线性趋势变化。
分段饱和增长模型可表示为:
$\begin{gathered}g(t)= \\\frac{c(t)}{1+\exp \left(-\left(k+\boldsymbol{a}(t)^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{\delta}\right)\left(t-\left(m+\boldsymbol{a}(t)^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{\gamma}\right)\right)\right)}\end{gathered}$
式中,c(t)为环境承载能力,是随时间t变化的函数;a(t)为指示函数,可反映t时刻前突变点发生变化的次数;δ和γ为增长率变化量;k为趋势增长率,增长率不是一成不变的,需根据历史数据进行迭代;m为曲线偏移量。
分段线性趋势模型定义为:
$g(t)=\left(k+\boldsymbol{a}(t)^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{\delta}\right) \cdot t+\left(m+\boldsymbol{a}(t)^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{\gamma}\right)$
季节性函数s(t)旨在捕捉数据集中周期性变化的部分。Prophet模型采用基于傅里叶级数的框架来模拟不同时间尺度的季节性效应,特别适用于与日历日期密切相关的周期性模式。该模型中的季节性成分被分解为多个频率的正弦和余弦函数之和,这些函数按照预设的周期(如日、周、月或年)进行循环,这种构造方式使得季节性函数能够灵活地表示数据集中的周期性波动,并允许这些波动随时间缓慢变化。
季节性函数定义为:
$s(t)=\sum\limits_{n=1}^N a_n \cos \left(\frac{2 \mathtt{π} n t}{T}\right)+\sum\limits_{n=1}^N b_n \sin \left(\frac{2 \mathtt{π} n t}{T}\right)$
式中,N为模型中使用该周期的个数;T为期望时间序列的周期长度;2n为拟合季节性需要估计的参数个数。N值的设定需要结合T进行考虑,对于年周期性,设定T=365.25、N=10;对于周季节性,设定T=7、N=3,N越大,拟合复杂季节性的效果越好。
在Prophet模型中,节假日影响h(t)是对特定日期或时间段内由于节假日活动引起的非正常模式变化进行建模的关键部分。节假日通常会导致数据点显著偏离常规趋势和季节性模式,通过将节假日作为先验知识纳入模型,可有效提升模型预测的准确率。
节假日影响的数学表达为:
$h(t)=\sum\limits_{i=1}^L k_i \cdot 1, t \in D_i$
式中,L为节假日个数;Di为第i个节假日本身所持续的时间集合;ki为节假日影响范围的系数,服从正态分布N(0,v2),其中v值可由用户通过节假日先验系数手动设置。不难看出,v值与影响系数呈正相关性。通过该方式,模型能够灵活适应不同节假日对数据序列的影响。
绥2井地处黑龙江省松嫩平原,位于呼兰河断裂东南侧约5 km处(图1(a))。该井深191 m(图1(b)),观测层为白垩系粉细砂岩孔隙承压含水层,埋深为140~150 m与180~185 m,富水性与渗透性较差,井孔涌水量为2.77 L/s。观测层之上发育有第四系更新统砾质中粗砂孔隙承压含水层,埋深40~80 m,水量丰富,为当地生活用水主要开采层,2个含水层之间水位值不等,整个动态过程不同且彼此无水动力联系。成井时经钻探和抽水实验检查,止水效果良好。该井水位、水温具有年变规律,固体潮汐效应明显,具备反映地壳应力应变的能力。
绥2井自2007-01-01起正式观测,观测项目包含静水位和水温。其中,2007-01-01—2011-08-06采用LN-3A型水位仪进行观测,2011-08-06—2021-12-30采用SWY-Ⅱ型水位仪进行观测;2021-12-30至今采用ZKGD300-NL型水位仪进行观测。始测水位实际埋深32.386 m,探头放置于距井口37 m处。该井在2010—2012年因仪器经常出现故障,导致错误数据过多。自2013-01-01以来,观测资料连续性较好,除因更换水位观测探头与主机造成数据出现台阶(2015-08-26),仪器不稳定导致数据缺失并形成台阶(2018-06-30)和仪器参数错误造成数据出现错误(2021-04-13—06-20)外,其他时段观测环境无明显干扰(图2)。本文采用绥2井2013-01-01—2022-02-16地下水位观测数据进行研究,原始数据以min为单位,为便于后续分析,将其重采样为日均值,共计获得4 029个观测值,其中缺失36个数值。
为更好地揭示数据的内在规律,进一步分析数据的自相关性。自相关函数(ACF)结果(图3(a))显示,随着数据点间滞后时间的增加,ACF值逐渐下降,表明数据点之间的相关性随时间推移而减弱。然而,ACF值并未迅速降至0,这暗示着相邻数据点之间仍存在一定相关性。偏自相关函数(PACF)分析结果(图3(b))则更为具体,在滞后12个月时出现明显峰值,表明这些滞后时间对数据具有直接相关性。ACF值逐渐下降与显著的PACF峰值共同表明数据中可能存在自回归(AR)成分。
在利用Prophet模型进行训练之前,首先对原始数据进行重采样,将分钟值转换为日均值,这不仅可减少数据量,还能平滑短期内的波动,凸显出长期变化趋势。然后对数据中由于设备更换、仪器不稳定或参数错误等外部因素造成的台阶现象进行处理,通过平滑算法或插值技术修正异常值,从而确保数据的连续性和真实性。此外,在数据采集过程中,由于仪器故障、数据传输错误等原因,可能会导致部分数据缺失,为保持数据的完整性,采用中位数插值法对缺失值进行填补。
在构建用于预测地下水位的Prophet模型时,参数设置至关重要,这不仅主导着模型训练过程,而且直接决定着模型预测的准确性和稳定性[10]。鉴于地下水位数据通常表现出显著的年季节性波动,且周季节性对该类数据的影响相对较小,故将年季节性参数设置为“Yes”,而周季节性参数则设置为“False”。此外,由于数据集不包含特定的节假日信息,将节假日效应参数设置为“False”。
在探索模型的不确定性时,设定interval_width为0.9,即模型在预测时将提供一个覆盖90%置信区间的预测范围,以对预测结果的不确定性进行深入分析。同时,为在历史数据中准确识别可能存在的趋势变化点,设定changepoint_range为0.9。然而,仅依靠这些参数的初步设置并不足以确保模型达到最优性能,超参数changepoint_prior_scale和holiday_prior_scale的选择对于模型灵活性和季节性波动的捕捉能力尤为关键。为确定这些超参数的最优组合,采用贝叶斯优化算法[14-15]进行分析。该算法通过最小化预测误差,在训练过程中不断迭代,并根据模型性能反馈调整超参数值,最终确定最优的超参数组合(changepoint_prior_scale=0.011 4,holiday_prior_scale=0.043 37)。
在完成参数和超参数的精细设置后,使用地下水位历史数据对Prophet模型进行训练。通过对比真实值与模型预测值发现,训练后的模型能够精准地捕捉到地下水位数据的趋势和季节性特征(图4),模型预测结果更为平稳,周期性变化也更为显著,进一步验证了模型的有效性和准确性。
为全面深入地评估模型性能,采用平均绝对误差(MAE)、均方误差(MSE)、均方根误差(RMSE)、平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)和决定系数(R2),从不同角度分析模型预测精度和拟合效果。通过计算可知,Prophet模型预测值与真实值的MAE为0.034 7 m,MSE为0.002 1 m,RMSE为0.046 0 m,MAPE为0.109 1 m,R2为0.994 0,结果表现较优,特别是在捕捉地下水位数据的趋势性和季节性特征方面表现优异。
综上所述,通过合理的参数设置和超参数优化,本文成功构建出性能优异的Prophet模型,用于预测地下水位数据。该模型不仅具有高预测精度,还能有效捕捉数据的趋势性和季节性特征,为地下水资源的科学管理和决策提供有力支持。此外,通过贝叶斯优化算法,还可实现超参数的自动选择,进一步提升模型性能。
本文聚焦于Prophet模型在地下水位异常识别中的应用效果,其核心评估指标为异常识别的准确性。为评估模型的异常识别性能,采用Prophet模型自带的预测函数生成预测值及其对应的90%预测区间,该区间由模型残差的正态分布假设和均方误差估计得到。当实际观测数据点落在预测值的90%置信区间以外时,认为该数据点可能存在异常,因其已偏离模型在给定置信水平下对正常行为的预期。通过交叉验证分析可知,最佳训练数据集长度为2 a,预测长度为3个月。因此,本文选取研究时段内绥2井水位数据,以2 a为训练集窗长,3个月为步长,使用Prophet模型进行滑动预测。
首先重点关注模型在识别实际观测数据中的阶跃变化、持续性偏离和仪器误差等已知异常现象的表现,以确保模型对各类异常情况的敏感性和稳健性。针对特定日期(2015-08-26、2018-06-30和2021-04-13—06-20)进行的异常识别测试显示,Prophet模型可成功捕捉到由设备更换、仪器不稳定和参数错误所引起的数据台阶和数据错误,具体如图5~7所示。
为进一步评估模型的异常识别性能,对模型预测结果进行深入分析。在研究时段内,距离绥2井300 km范围内共发生3次5级以上地震(表1),使用本文方法检验3次地震前绥2井水位异常情况。结果表明,Prophet模型在2017年4.9级和2019年5.1级地震前识别出异常,在2018年5.7级地震前并未识别出明显的异常变化(图8~10)。
本文将Prophet模型引入到地下水位异常识别中,提供一种新的异常识别手段,有助于提高地震预测的准确性。通过对模型性能的持续评估和优化,首先验证模型在识别由于仪器更换、参数错误等产生的数据异常变化的能力,结果表明,其在捕捉数据突变和异常模式方面具有较高的准确性。其次,分析研究时段内观测井300 km范围内3次5级以上地震前数据异常变化情况,结果表明,该模型在部分地震前识别出异常,但也存在漏报的可能。由于震例分析有限,该模型识别地震前兆异常的能力还有待进一步研究。
尽管存在误报和漏报等挑战,Prophet模型在实际应用中仍显示出巨大潜力。在地震预测方面,模型能够识别出与地震活动相关的地下水位异常变化,可为地震前兆研究提供新的数据支持。此外,通过实时监控地下水位数据并应用Prophet模型进行异常检测,可在自然灾害发生前提供预警,从而有助于减少潜在的损失和影响。
为进一步提高异常识别的准确性,未来可尝试结合其他数据源和分析技术,如地理信息系统(GIS)和遥感数据等,以提供更全面的环境背景信息。此外,通过机器学习和深度学习方法对模型进行优化,可进一步提高异常检测性能,尤其是在处理大规模和高维度数据集时。总之,本文异常识别结果不仅验证了Prophet模型在地下水位数据分析中的有效性,还可为地震预测和自然灾害防范提供新视角。通过不断改进和优化模型,期望在未来研究和实践中能够更准确地识别和预测地下水位异常,从而更好地服务社会和公众。
本文成功引入Facebook开发的Prophet时间序列预测模型,对地下水位异常识别进行创新性探索。对黑龙江省绥化市北林区地震台地下水位数据进行深入分析,结果表明,Prophet模型展现出强大的非线性趋势捕捉、季节性波动解析和随机扰动过滤能力,可实现对地下水位数据的精准预测和异常现象的有效识别。该成果不仅能显著提高地下水位异常识别的准确性,而且可为地震预测提供有价值的新线索。
未来可通过精细化参数寻优策略(如网格搜索、遗传算法或贝叶斯优化)来微调Prophet模型参数,以适应特定区域地下水位数据的特异性。此外,通过整合地理信息系统(GIS)、遥感监测数据、地壳应力场模型等多源信息,可以提供更为丰富的地质背景知识,有助于模型识别与地震活动密切相关的地下水位异常。最后,结合深度学习技术(如长短时记忆网络、卷积神经网络)进行特征提取和异常检测,有望进一步提升模型在复杂环境下的异常识别效能和地震预测精度,尤其是在处理大规模、高维度、非线性关联的数据集时。
  • 吉林长白山火山国家野外科学观测研究站课题(NORSCBS21-09)
  • 黑龙江省地震局火山活动性研究创新团队项目;中国地震局地震科技星火计划(XH20017)
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.04.165
  • 接收时间:2024-04-11
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-11
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Project of Jilin Changbaishan Volcano National Observation and Research Station(NORSCBS21-09)
吉林长白山火山国家野外科学观测研究站课题(NORSCBS21-09)
Innovation Team Project for Volcanic Activity Research of Heilongjiang Earthquake Agency; The Spark Program of Earthquake Technology of CEA(XH20017)
黑龙江省地震局火山活动性研究创新团队项目;中国地震局地震科技星火计划(XH20017)
作者信息
    1 黑龙江省地震局, 哈尔滨市鸿翔路24号, 150090
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小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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