Article(id=1322940554182537470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322940449979244751, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2024.04.191, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1713974400000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793343207164, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1741968000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793343207164, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793343207164, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793343207164, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322940449979244751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2025', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='221', pageEnd='330', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1741968000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793343182320, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793343182320, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=303, endPage=307, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322940554996232447, articleId=1322940554182537470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Joint Multi-Point GNSS Positioning Method Based on Neural Network-Gauss-Helmert Model, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To reduce the positioning errors of global navigation satellite system(GNSS) in complex environments, we propose a method that combines high-precision points with distance intersection to accurately estimate the coordinates of an undetermined point. The observation equation is constructed as a nonlinear Gauss-Helmert model. To address the nonlinearity within this model, we introduce a back-propagation(BP) neural network for auxiliary processing. Compared with the traditional linearization methods, the BP neural network can effectively fit complex nonlinear functional relationships. The simulation experiments and actual measurement results show that this method can significantly reduce the impact of complex environments on positioning accuracy, and improve the positioning accuracy in E, N and U directions by 78.1%, 72.8%, and 79.2%, respectively.

, authors=Haifei LIN1, Youzhi PENG1, *, Yuguo XIA2, Haopeng HE1, authorsList=Haifei LIN, Youzhi PENG, Yuguo XIA, Haopeng HE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Youzhi PENG, authorNote=

LIN Haifei, postgraduate, majors in precise GNSS data processing, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322940558439756047, articleId=1322940554182537470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=基于神经网络-高斯赫尔默特模型联合多点GNSS定位方法, columnId=1322506169105633839, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=现代大地测量, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为降低复杂环境下GNSS定位误差,提出一种联合高精度测站和距离交会精确估计定位点坐标的方法。该方法首先将观测方程构建为非线性高斯-赫尔默特模型,针对其中的非线性问题,引入反向传播(back-propagation,BP)神经网络进行辅助处理。与传统线性化方法相比,BP神经网络能够有效拟合复杂的非线性函数关系。仿真和实测结果表明,该方法能有效降低复杂环境对定位精度的影响,E、N、U方向定位精度分别提高78.1%、72.8%、79.2%。

, authors=林海飞1, 彭友志1, *, 夏玉国2, 何浩鹏1, authorsList=林海飞, 彭友志, 夏玉国, 何浩鹏, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=彭友志, authorNote=

林海飞,硕士生,主要研究方向为高精度GNSS数据处理,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=

彭友志,工程师,主要研究方向为大地测量仪器的计量校准,E-mail:

PENG Youzhi, engineer, majors in metrological calibration of geodetic instruments, E-mail:

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figureFileSmall=Duhi/VQbP0f62qfWlWJJRA==, figureFileBig=+Z4btCtUIs1xYsKkDf6gGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322940568803881284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940554182537470, language=CN, label=图5, caption=PPP和BP-GH法解算结果, figureFileSmall=Duhi/VQbP0f62qfWlWJJRA==, figureFileBig=+Z4btCtUIs1xYsKkDf6gGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322940568938099013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940554182537470, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Statistics of simulation experiment parameters

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方法 坐标方向 STD RMSE MAE min max
LS X 2.469 3 2.466 8 2.147 2 0.011 9 6.578 0
Y 2.117 1 2.115 0 1.810 2 0.006 0 7.203 7
Z 10.163 5 10.153 4 8.908 4 0.065 6 31.225 7
WTLS X 0.468 8 0.468 3 0.369 9 0.000 3 1.650 0
Y 0.841 7 0.840 8 0.666 6 0.001 9 2.934 9
Z 1.335 9 1.334 6 1.055 8 0.007 2 4.619 5
BP-GH X 0.445 1 0.444 7 0.355 0 0.002 5 1.406 8
Y 0.352 8 0.352 4 0.277 6 0.002 4 1.196 4
Z 0.722 5 0.721 8 0.568 1 0.002 0 2.300 9
), ArticleFig(id=1322940569269449030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940554182537470, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

仿真实验参数统计

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方法 坐标方向 STD RMSE MAE min max
LS X 2.469 3 2.466 8 2.147 2 0.011 9 6.578 0
Y 2.117 1 2.115 0 1.810 2 0.006 0 7.203 7
Z 10.163 5 10.153 4 8.908 4 0.065 6 31.225 7
WTLS X 0.468 8 0.468 3 0.369 9 0.000 3 1.650 0
Y 0.841 7 0.840 8 0.666 6 0.001 9 2.934 9
Z 1.335 9 1.334 6 1.055 8 0.007 2 4.619 5
BP-GH X 0.445 1 0.444 7 0.355 0 0.002 5 1.406 8
Y 0.352 8 0.352 4 0.277 6 0.002 4 1.196 4
Z 0.722 5 0.721 8 0.568 1 0.002 0 2.300 9
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基于神经网络-高斯赫尔默特模型联合多点GNSS定位方法
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林海飞 1 , 彭友志 1, * , 夏玉国 2 , 何浩鹏 1
大地测量与地球动力学 | 现代大地测量 2025,45(3): 303-307
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大地测量与地球动力学 |现代大地测量 2025 , 45 (3) : 303 -307
基于神经网络-高斯赫尔默特模型联合多点GNSS定位方法
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林海飞1 , 彭友志1, * , 夏玉国2, 何浩鹏1
作者信息
  • 1 中国地震局地震大地测量重点实验室, 武汉市洪山侧路40号, 430071
  • 2 武汉地震计量检定与测量工程研究院有限公司, 武汉市洪山侧路40号, 430071
通讯作者:

彭友志,工程师,主要研究方向为大地测量仪器的计量校准,E-mail:

PENG Youzhi, engineer, majors in metrological calibration of geodetic instruments, E-mail:

作者简介:

林海飞,硕士生,主要研究方向为高精度GNSS数据处理,E-mail:

Joint Multi-Point GNSS Positioning Method Based on Neural Network-Gauss-Helmert Model
Haifei LIN1 , Youzhi PENG1, * , Yuguo XIA2, Haopeng HE1
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Earthquake Geodesy, CEA, 40 Hongshance Road, Wuhan 430071, China
  • 2 Wuhan Seismic Metrological Verification and Surveying Engineering Institute Co Ltd, 40 Hongshance Road, Wuhan 430071, China
  • LIN Haifei, postgraduate, majors in precise GNSS data processing, E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-03-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.04.191
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为降低复杂环境下GNSS定位误差,提出一种联合高精度测站和距离交会精确估计定位点坐标的方法。该方法首先将观测方程构建为非线性高斯-赫尔默特模型,针对其中的非线性问题,引入反向传播(back-propagation,BP)神经网络进行辅助处理。与传统线性化方法相比,BP神经网络能够有效拟合复杂的非线性函数关系。仿真和实测结果表明,该方法能有效降低复杂环境对定位精度的影响,E、N、U方向定位精度分别提高78.1%、72.8%、79.2%。

GNSS  /  复杂环境  /  高斯-赫尔模特模型  /  反向传播神经网络  /  误差估计

To reduce the positioning errors of global navigation satellite system(GNSS) in complex environments, we propose a method that combines high-precision points with distance intersection to accurately estimate the coordinates of an undetermined point. The observation equation is constructed as a nonlinear Gauss-Helmert model. To address the nonlinearity within this model, we introduce a back-propagation(BP) neural network for auxiliary processing. Compared with the traditional linearization methods, the BP neural network can effectively fit complex nonlinear functional relationships. The simulation experiments and actual measurement results show that this method can significantly reduce the impact of complex environments on positioning accuracy, and improve the positioning accuracy in E, N and U directions by 78.1%, 72.8%, and 79.2%, respectively.

GNSS  /  complex environments  /  Gauss-Helmert model  /  back-propagation neural network  /  error estimation
林海飞, 彭友志, 夏玉国, 何浩鹏. 基于神经网络-高斯赫尔默特模型联合多点GNSS定位方法. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2025 , 45 (3) : 303 -307 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.04.191
Haifei LIN, Youzhi PENG, Yuguo XIA, Haopeng HE. Joint Multi-Point GNSS Positioning Method Based on Neural Network-Gauss-Helmert Model[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2025 , 45 (3) : 303 -307 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.04.191
在“城市峡谷”、森林等复杂环境中,GNSS信号常受到遮挡、多路径效应和大气层干扰等因素的影响,可能导致定位精度下降和产生显著偏差[1]。针对这些挑战,部分学者提出多种改进方法,包括卫星加权模型[2]和各类信号处理技术[3]等。这些方法往往依赖于特定的硬件设施或对环境的先验知识,这会限制其在更广泛应用场景中的灵活性和可行性。针对以上问题,本文基于最小二乘(least squares,LS)法提升复杂环境下的定位精度。
LS法作为传统的GNSS数据处理技术,受到国内外学者的广泛关注。但由于无法同时顾及观测向量和系数矩阵的误差,只能得到局部最优解。在观测向量和系数矩阵同时含有误差时,可采用变量误差(errors-in-variables,EIV)模型[4]进行描述。基于EIV模型,Golub等[5]提出总体最小二乘(total least squares,TLS)方法。针对观测向量不等权的问题,Fang[6]提出加权总体最小二乘(weighted total least squares, WTLS)方法,并根据不同的加权策略,衍生出基于Huber权函数的稳健TLS方法[7]、基于IGG权函数的稳健WTLS方法[8]和通过标准化残差构造权因子函数的抗差WTLS算法[9]等,可在不同程度上提高算法的抗差能力与估计精度。以上方法均是基于EIV模型提出的,但EIV模型参数呈线性,在处理非线性问题时存在明显局限性。为处理相对复杂的非线性问题,Snow[10]将EIV模型转换为非线性高斯-赫尔默特(Gauss-Helmert,GH)模型。该方法的核心在于首先基于参数和误差的初始近似值对非线性GH模型进行线性化,然后运用LS法进行参数估计,以求得模型参数的最小二乘估计值。然而,虽然已引入非线性GH模型来表达非线性函数模型,但实际解算过程中通常依赖于近似函数法[11]。一般地,不同的非线性函数具有不同的非线性强度,基于泰勒展开的近似函数法与非线性强度密切相关。非线性强度越强,线性近似时产生的模型误差越大,参数估值的精度就越低[12],同时还会面临参数无法收敛等问题[13]。
鉴于上述挑战,本研究提出一种结合BP神经网络和GH模型的联合多点GNSS定位方法。该方法基于距离交会技术,选取4个及以上高精度GNSS测站作为辅助点,建立GH模型,对辅助点信息进行整合和约束,并采用BP神经网络辅助解决其中的非线性问题。本文旨在减少“城市峡谷”、森林等复杂环境下GNSS信号受到的遮挡、多路径效应和大气层干扰等因素的影响,提高信号受限环境中GNSS定位精度。
本文联合辅助点空间直角坐标及其与定位点的距离,采用最小二乘准则对定位点空间直角坐标进行估计。该方法基于距离交会技术,与卫星定位相似,定位点坐标精度受辅助点精度、空间分布和距离的影响。在选取辅助点时,首先应考虑其定位精度,高精度辅助点能够显著提升定位点坐标的估计精度;其次应综合考虑距离和几何分布。距离较近的辅助点可以减少信号传播误差,且辅助点应均匀分布在定位点各个方位,覆盖不同方位角,从而形成良好的交会角。通过以上原则,可实现对待定位点坐标估计过程中辅助点的精选和优化。具体流程如下。
首先建立观测方程:
$\left(x_i-x_0\right)^2+\left(y_i-y_0\right)^2+\left(z_i-z_0\right)^2-r_i^2=0$
式中,(xi,yi,zi)为第i个辅助点观测的三维坐标;(x0,y0,z0)为定位点的三维坐标;ri为第i个辅助点到定位点的距离。在测量过程中,观测值不可避免会含有误差。式(1)可进一步表示为:
$\begin{gathered}\left(x_i-e_{x i}-x_0\right)^2+\left(y_i-e_{y i}-y_0\right)^2+ \\\left(z_i-e_{z i}-z_0\right)^2-r_i^2=0\end{gathered}$
式中,exi、eyi、ezi表示坐标3个分量上的测量误差。由于EIV模型为线性观测模型,在处理非线性问题时难以应用。因此,本文将上述方程统一抽象为非线性GH模型,其函数模型如下:
$\boldsymbol{\varPsi}(\boldsymbol{e}, \boldsymbol{X})=\boldsymbol{\varphi}(\boldsymbol{x}-\boldsymbol{e}, \boldsymbol{X})=0$
式中,Ψ、φ均为非线性向量函数;X为定位点坐标向量;x、e分别为观测值向量及其观测误差向量。
改进后的网络结构如图1所示,包含5个主要层级:输入层、隐含层Ⅰ、输出层Ⅰ、隐含层Ⅱ、输出层Ⅱ。其中隐含层采用ReLU激活函数,输出层采用线性激活函数。为减少模型的泛化误差,采用早停和Dropout两种正则化方法。具体流程如下:
1) 网络初始化。在区间(-1,1)内选取随机数并赋值给各个连接权值,设定误差向量e,同时给定计算精度值ε0。
2) 在输入层中输入辅助点坐标序列和辅助点与定位点的距离r。根据辅助点定位精度初步确定协因数矩阵Q。
3) 在隐含层Ⅰ中提取辅助点坐标的非线性特征,并根据距离r构建非线性GH模型,模型表述见式(3),初始误差e设置为0。
4) 在输出层Ⅰ中计算定位点坐标,并将其作为额外的特征输入到隐含层Ⅱ中。输出层Ⅰ中损失函数为:
$\boldsymbol{E}=\|\boldsymbol{\varPsi}(\boldsymbol{e}, \boldsymbol{X})\|$
5) 在隐含层Ⅱ中输入来自隐含层Ⅰ和输出层Ⅰ的特征,对误差e进行预测。
6) 在输出层Ⅱ中输出误差e, 以式(5)为优化准则计算损失函数,指导网络训练过程中的参数优化:
$L=\boldsymbol{e}^{\mathrm{T}} \overline{\boldsymbol{Q}}^{-1} \boldsymbol{e}+\beta \cdot\|\boldsymbol{\varPsi}(\boldsymbol{e}, \boldsymbol{X})\|$
式中,${\rm{\bar Q}}$为每次更新后的协因数矩阵;β为惩罚系数(确保约束严格满足)。利用链式法则从输出层Ⅱ开始逆向传播到隐含层Ⅱ,计算损失函数关于网络中每个权重的梯度。对于每个权重w,其梯度$\nabla_w L $表达式:
$\nabla_w L=\frac{\partial \boldsymbol{e}^{\mathrm{T}}}{\partial w} \overline{\boldsymbol{Q}}^{-1} \boldsymbol{e}+\boldsymbol{e}^{\mathrm{T}} \overline{\boldsymbol{Q}}^{-1} \frac{\partial \boldsymbol{e}}{\partial w}$
采用小批量随机梯度下降法,根据每次迭代计算的梯度更新权重,公式如下:
$w^{\prime}=w-\alpha \nabla_w L$
式中,w′为更新后的参数;α为学习率。为提高训练效率,采用Adam函数动态调整学习率。根据更新后的权重,重新进行一系列网络计算,最终输出误差向量e。
7) 协因数矩阵更新。由于辅助点坐标序列之间存在相关性,采用双叶模型计算等价协因数阵,从而达到更好的抗差效果。
8) 第1轮迭代结束后,从输出层Ⅱ返回隐含层Ⅰ,更新其中的误差e,重新开始计算,最终输出定位点坐标。
综上所述,可得最终迭代计算流程如下:1)输入辅助点坐标和距离数据。2)前向传播。在隐含层Ⅰ和Ⅱ中对特征进行提取,在输出层Ⅰ和Ⅱ中分别输出定位点坐标(X,Y,Z)和误差e。3)反向更新。在输出层Ⅱ中,根据网络输出计算损失函数关于网络中每个权重的梯度,应用链式法则逆向工作到隐含层Ⅱ,逐层更新参数。4)重复步骤3),直至$\left\|\boldsymbol{e}^{\mathrm{T}} \overline{\boldsymbol{Q}}^{-1} \boldsymbol{e}\right\|<\varepsilon_0 $(ε0趋于0,一般取10-7)。5)通过首次迭代结果e更新协因数矩阵。6)通过步骤3)~5)进行最终迭代,直至$ \|\overline{\boldsymbol{Q}}-\boldsymbol{Q}\|<\varepsilon_0$,输出定位点坐标。具体流程如图2所示。
仿真实验采用6个辅助点对定位点坐标进行估计。首先生成仿真数据,给定辅助点坐标,并根据给定的方差协方差矩阵模拟生成随机误差,每个点各100个历元。为检验算法的实用性,每隔20个历元在模拟数据中添加粗差,位置随机产生,量值在10~20倍标准差之间。同时给定定位点坐标,计算实际距离,作为精密的测量距离。分别使用LS、WTLS以及本文方法(BP-GH)进行解算。为验证方法的可行性,避免模拟数据随机性的影响,模拟500组重复随机实验。评价指标采用均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)、平均绝对误差(mean absolute error,MAE)、标准差(standard deviation,STD)、最大误差(max)和最小误差(min),结果如表1(单位m)所示。
在实际应用中,为确保测量精度,优先选择现有的GNSS参考站,并确保其均匀分布在定位点周围。如果无合适的参考站,需要自行架设GNSS测站,通过基线解算获取与定位点的距离。本文采用2023年doy160实测数据评估BP-GH方法的应用效果。实验涉及5个测站,其中1个测站数据质量较差,利用其余4个辅助点估计定位点坐标。首先,采用GAMIT/GLOBK软件处理得到各辅助点到定位点的基线长度,并选择SHAO、WUHN、XIAN、BJFS四个IGS站作为参考站以提升基线解算精度,将解算得到的定位点坐标作为参考真值,进行精度比较与评价。然后,应用精密单点定位(precise point positioning,PPP)对辅助点进行动态解算,各测站时序偏差如图3所示。
在PPP解算基础上,得到4个测站在ITRF2014框架下的空间直角坐标时间序列,将其和基线长度作为输入,采用本文方法进行解算,每30个历元解算出1个定位点坐标结果。
仿真实验模拟利用6个已知点坐标序列确定未知点坐标序列的平差问题。由表1和图4可知,由于LS法会忽略系数矩阵中的随机量,并且未通过合理定权分配误差,当模拟数据设定不同的标准差时,LS法得到的X、Y、Z坐标的误差显著大于其他2种算法,同时参数估计值受到高标准差噪声的影响严重;WTLS法与BP-GH法得到的坐标估值受到高标准差噪声的影响较小。仿真实验结果表明,WTLS法和本文方法的性能相当,说明本文方法具有可行性。然而,WTLS法在应用过程中需要执行一套权重分配原则,如系数矩阵中的固定值指定为零权,在处理含有众多固定值或呈现出强烈结构性的系数矩阵时,权矩阵的构建将格外复杂,这会限制算法的应用。而本文方法无需构建系数矩阵,可直接对构建的非线性函数进行拟合,同时能避免繁琐求导和求取设计矩阵的过程,具有较好的适用性。
在实测实验中,采用PPP以及本文方法计算得到定位点坐标,结果如图5所示。由图可知,直接进行PPP解算时,E、N、U方向定位精度分别为9.91 cm、5.07 cm、6.78 cm;而使用本文方法时,E、N、U方向定位精度分别为2.17 cm、1.38 cm、1.41 cm,定位精度分别提升78.1%、72.8%、79.2%。结果表明,由于受观测环境等因素影响,原始观测数据质量较差,直接进行PPP解算误差较大。相比之下,本文方法计算的坐标序列受观测环境干扰较小,显示出该方法在复杂环境下减小测量偏差和提高测量可靠性的明显优势。
本文基于距离交会技术提出一种联合BP神经网络和GH模型的坐标解算方法。该方法将距离交会观测方程抽象为非线性GH模型,并采用BP神经网络对该非线性模型进行有效拟合,从而间接得到定位点坐标,可提高观测环境较差测站的定位精度。仿真和实测结果表明,该方法可较好地解决非线性函数问题,与PPP相比,E、N、U方向定位精度分别提升78.1%、72.8%、79.2%,证明了该方法的有效性。值得注意的是,本文方法依赖于辅助点的定位精度和解算得到的基线长度,如何进一步对数据进行预处理以提高定位精度是本研究的重点。
  • 湖北省自然科学基金(2021CFB515)
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2025年第45卷第3期
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.04.191
  • 接收时间:2024-04-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-25
基金
Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2021CFB515)
湖北省自然科学基金(2021CFB515)
作者信息
    1 中国地震局地震大地测量重点实验室, 武汉市洪山侧路40号, 430071
    2 武汉地震计量检定与测量工程研究院有限公司, 武汉市洪山侧路40号, 430071

通讯作者:

彭友志,工程师,主要研究方向为大地测量仪器的计量校准,E-mail:

PENG Youzhi, engineer, majors in metrological calibration of geodetic instruments, E-mail:

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