Article(id=1322940508120679277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322940449979244751, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2024.04.186, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1713369600000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793343196181, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1741968000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793343196181, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793343196181, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793343196181, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322940449979244751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2025', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='221', pageEnd='330', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1741968000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793343182320, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793343182320, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=221, endPage=230, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322940509899064174, articleId=1322940508120679277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=A Deep Learning Landslide Displacement Prediction Model Combining Time Series Decomposition and Similar Component Reorganization, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

On the basis of effectively handling the gross errors of landslide monitoring data and fully considering the characteristics of landslide monitoring data, we develop a deep learning landslide displacement prediction model combining time series decomposition and similar component reorganization. First, we deal with the significant gross errors of landslide time series monitoring data using the isolation forest algorithm, and then comprehensively analyze its smoothness, autocorrelation, and normality to determine the optimal length of input feature sequence. Second, the non-stationary landslide monitoring data are decomposed into multiple smooth time series using the ensemble empirical mode decomposition(EEMD) method, which is then classified into three types combining the sample entropy and K-means algorithm, namely high, medium, and low frequency. Finally, comparing the prediction accuracy of different neural networks, the prediction models suitable for three types of time components are constructed respectively, and then the prediction results are superimposed to realize the high-precision prediction of landslide displacement. The testing results of Beidou/GNSS monitoring data of typical landslide body in experimental area show that the combination prediction model proposed in this paper has a better applicability to the landslide monitoring data containing significant gross errors, and can significantly improve the prediction accuracy of landslide displacement compared with single and existing combination models.

, authors=Wei QU1, 2, Da LI1, Jiuyuan LI1, Zice BIAN1, authorsList=Wei QU, Da LI, Jiuyuan LI, Zice BIAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

QU Wei, PhD, professor, PhD supervisor, majors in geological disaster high-precision monitoring and their genesis mechanism, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322940519952810892, articleId=1322940508120679277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=一种结合时序分解与相似分量重组的深度学习滑坡位移组合预测模型, columnId=1322506197874356701, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=地壳运动, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在对滑坡监测数据粗差进行有效处理及充分顾及滑坡监测数据自身特性的基础上,提出一种结合时序分解与相似分量重组的深度学习滑坡位移组合预测模型。首先,利用孤立森林法对滑坡时序监测数据的显著粗差进行处理,再对其平稳性、自相关性、正态性进行综合分析,确定模型预测中输入特征序列的最佳长度;其次,利用集合经验模态分解(EEMD)方法,将非稳态滑坡监测数据分解为多个平稳时间序列,再结合样本熵与K-means算法将其划分为高频、中频、低频3类时间分量;最后,通过对比不同神经网络模型的预测精度,分别构建适合于3类时间分量的预测模型,再将预测结果相叠加,实现对滑坡位移的高精度预测。实验区典型滑坡体北斗/GNSS监测数据测试表明,本文组合预测模型对含有显著粗差的滑坡监测数据具有较好的适用性,相较于单一及现有组合模型可显著提高滑坡位移预测精度。

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瞿伟,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事地质灾害高精度监测及其成因机理研究,E-mail:

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Test results of time series monitoring data of landslide HF05

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 函数 P值 假设 含义
ADF adfuller 1 接受 非平稳性
Ljung-Box test acorr_ljungbox 0 拒绝 非自相关性
Jarque-Bera test jarque_bera 0 拒绝 非正态性
), ArticleFig(id=1322940537514361807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940508120679277, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

HF05号滑坡体时序监测数据检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 函数 P值 假设 含义
ADF adfuller 1 接受 非平稳性
Ljung-Box test acorr_ljungbox 0 拒绝 非自相关性
Jarque-Bera test jarque_bera 0 拒绝 非正态性
), ArticleFig(id=1322940537740854224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940508120679277, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Classification results of similar frequency time components

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分类结果 时间分量
IMF1 IMF2 IMF3 IMF4 IMF5
m=1, r=0.10 1 1 2 3 3
m=1, r=0.15 1 1 2 3 3
m=1, r=0.20 1 1 2 3 3
m=1, r=0.25 1 1 2 3 3
m=2, r=0.10 1 1 2 3 3
m=2, r=0.15 1 1 2 3 3
m=2, r=0.20 1 1 2 3 3
m=2, r=0.25 1 1 2 3 3
), ArticleFig(id=1322940537824740305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940508120679277, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

相似频率时间分量分类结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类结果 时间分量
IMF1 IMF2 IMF3 IMF4 IMF5
m=1, r=0.10 1 1 2 3 3
m=1, r=0.15 1 1 2 3 3
m=1, r=0.20 1 1 2 3 3
m=1, r=0.25 1 1 2 3 3
m=2, r=0.10 1 1 2 3 3
m=2, r=0.15 1 1 2 3 3
m=2, r=0.20 1 1 2 3 3
m=2, r=0.25 1 1 2 3 3
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Comparison of prediction accuracy of high frequency time components of each model(test set)

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模型 R2 RMSE/mm MAE/mm MAPE/%
GRU 0.50 7.33 3.11 96.82
DNN 0.67 5.95 2.98 86.70
BPNN 0.73 5.41 2.92 56.63
LSTM 0.69 5.70 2.98 80.91
MTGNN 0.50 7.33 5.29 121.53
VMD-GRU 0.96 1.96 1.20 39.26
VMD-DNN 0.94 2.48 1.63 39.66
VMD-BPNN 0.94 2.43 1.47 35.25
VMD-LSTM 0.97 1.79 1.10 34.81
TCN 0.73 5.39 3.18 79.28
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各个模型的高频时间分量预测精度对比(测试集)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 R2 RMSE/mm MAE/mm MAPE/%
GRU 0.50 7.33 3.11 96.82
DNN 0.67 5.95 2.98 86.70
BPNN 0.73 5.41 2.92 56.63
LSTM 0.69 5.70 2.98 80.91
MTGNN 0.50 7.33 5.29 121.53
VMD-GRU 0.96 1.96 1.20 39.26
VMD-DNN 0.94 2.48 1.63 39.66
VMD-BPNN 0.94 2.43 1.47 35.25
VMD-LSTM 0.97 1.79 1.10 34.81
TCN 0.73 5.39 3.18 79.28
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Comparison of prediction accuracy of medium frequency time components of each model(test set)

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模型 R2 RMSE/mm MAE/mm MAPE/%
TCN 0.98 1.78 1.13 27.36
Autoformer 0.97 2.02 1.58 42.74
GRU 0.96 2.58 1.24 23.45
DNN 0.90 4.11 1.94 33.33
BPNN 0.90 4.03 1.98 35.74
MTGNN 0.66 7.46 5.86 92.99
LSTNet 0.63 7.81 5.78 72.69
Informer 0.92 3.74 2.17 37.20
LSTM 0.95 2.78 1.57 26.11
Transformer -2.31 23.46 20.14 645.60
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各个模型的中频时间分量预测精度对比(测试集)

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模型 R2 RMSE/mm MAE/mm MAPE/%
TCN 0.98 1.78 1.13 27.36
Autoformer 0.97 2.02 1.58 42.74
GRU 0.96 2.58 1.24 23.45
DNN 0.90 4.11 1.94 33.33
BPNN 0.90 4.03 1.98 35.74
MTGNN 0.66 7.46 5.86 92.99
LSTNet 0.63 7.81 5.78 72.69
Informer 0.92 3.74 2.17 37.20
LSTM 0.95 2.78 1.57 26.11
Transformer -2.31 23.46 20.14 645.60
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Comparison of prediction accuracy of low frequency time components of each model(test set)

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模型 R2 RMSE/mm MAE/mm MAPE/%
TCN 0.99 8.01 7.83 0.53
Autoformer 0.98 15.62 11.98 0.81
GRU -0.53 126.79 117.66 7.77
Informer -0.64 131.11 102.03 6.56
DNN -1.69 167.95 158.75 10.46
BPNN -1.29 155.08 146.25 9.63
MTGNN 0.99 5.17 3.99 0.26
LSTNet -0.30 116.85 100.42 6.52
LSTM 0.02 101.51 90.84 5.92
Transformer -70.96 868.62 862.76 57.77
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各个模型的低频时间分量预测精度对比(测试集)

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模型 R2 RMSE/mm MAE/mm MAPE/%
TCN 0.99 8.01 7.83 0.53
Autoformer 0.98 15.62 11.98 0.81
GRU -0.53 126.79 117.66 7.77
Informer -0.64 131.11 102.03 6.56
DNN -1.69 167.95 158.75 10.46
BPNN -1.29 155.08 146.25 9.63
MTGNN 0.99 5.17 3.99 0.26
LSTNet -0.30 116.85 100.42 6.52
LSTM 0.02 101.51 90.84 5.92
Transformer -70.96 868.62 862.76 57.77
), ArticleFig(id=1322940539087225816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322940508120679277, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=

Comparison of prediction accuracy of each model(test set)

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类型 模型 R2 RMSE/mm MAE/mm MAPE/% 模型 R2 RMSE/mm MAE/mm MAPE/%
单一
模型
TCN 0.98 14.78 14.16 0.96 LSTNet -0.12 113.29 95.37 6.16
MTGNN 0.99 12.17 9.69 0.63 GRU -0.20 117.29 106.91 6.98
Autoformer 0.98 14.06 10.67 0.72 BPNN -0.81 144.08 134.34 8.82
LSTM 0.28 90.77 78.31 5.07 DNN -1.05 153.27 143.24 9.40
Informer -0.56 133.69 102.47 6.56 Transformer -89.15 1 015.60 1 010.29 67.65
分解模型 TCN 0.99 10.12 9.36 0.63 LSTNet -0.26 118.98 101.50 6.56
MTGNN 0.99 8.21 5.90 0.38 GRU -7.13 301.69 293.55 19.43
Autoformer 0.97 17.11 13.25 0.89 BPNN -0.88 145.03 135.48 8.88
LSTM 0.04 103.85 92.48 6.01 DNN -1.62 171.43 161.41 10.60
Informer -0.58 133.13 103.47 6.63 Transformer -72.86 909.39 903.37 60.32
组合模型 VMD-LSTM/TCN/MTGNN 0.99 5.00 4.21 0.28
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各个模型预测精度对比(测试集)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 模型 R2 RMSE/mm MAE/mm MAPE/% 模型 R2 RMSE/mm MAE/mm MAPE/%
单一
模型
TCN 0.98 14.78 14.16 0.96 LSTNet -0.12 113.29 95.37 6.16
MTGNN 0.99 12.17 9.69 0.63 GRU -0.20 117.29 106.91 6.98
Autoformer 0.98 14.06 10.67 0.72 BPNN -0.81 144.08 134.34 8.82
LSTM 0.28 90.77 78.31 5.07 DNN -1.05 153.27 143.24 9.40
Informer -0.56 133.69 102.47 6.56 Transformer -89.15 1 015.60 1 010.29 67.65
分解模型 TCN 0.99 10.12 9.36 0.63 LSTNet -0.26 118.98 101.50 6.56
MTGNN 0.99 8.21 5.90 0.38 GRU -7.13 301.69 293.55 19.43
Autoformer 0.97 17.11 13.25 0.89 BPNN -0.88 145.03 135.48 8.88
LSTM 0.04 103.85 92.48 6.01 DNN -1.62 171.43 161.41 10.60
Informer -0.58 133.13 103.47 6.63 Transformer -72.86 909.39 903.37 60.32
组合模型 VMD-LSTM/TCN/MTGNN 0.99 5.00 4.21 0.28
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一种结合时序分解与相似分量重组的深度学习滑坡位移组合预测模型
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瞿伟 1, 2 , 李达 1 , 李久元 1 , 边子策 1
大地测量与地球动力学 | 地壳运动 2025,45(3): 221-230
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大地测量与地球动力学 |地壳运动 2025 , 45 (3) : 221 -230
一种结合时序分解与相似分量重组的深度学习滑坡位移组合预测模型
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QU Wei, PhD, professor, PhD supervisor, majors in geological disaster high-precision monitoring and their genesis mechanism, E-mail:

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瞿伟1, 2 , 李达1, 李久元1, 边子策1
作者信息
  • 1 长安大学地质工程与测绘学院, 西安市雁塔路126号, 710054
  • 2 西部矿产资源与地质工程教育部重点实验室, 西安市雁塔路126号, 710054
作者简介:

瞿伟,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事地质灾害高精度监测及其成因机理研究,E-mail:

A Deep Learning Landslide Displacement Prediction Model Combining Time Series Decomposition and Similar Component Reorganization
Wei QU1, 2 , Da LI1, Jiuyuan LI1, Zice BIAN1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University, 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710054, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Western China's Mineral Resources and Geological Engineering, Ministry of Education, 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710054, China
  • QU Wei, PhD, professor, PhD supervisor, majors in geological disaster high-precision monitoring and their genesis mechanism, E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-03-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.04.186
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在对滑坡监测数据粗差进行有效处理及充分顾及滑坡监测数据自身特性的基础上,提出一种结合时序分解与相似分量重组的深度学习滑坡位移组合预测模型。首先,利用孤立森林法对滑坡时序监测数据的显著粗差进行处理,再对其平稳性、自相关性、正态性进行综合分析,确定模型预测中输入特征序列的最佳长度;其次,利用集合经验模态分解(EEMD)方法,将非稳态滑坡监测数据分解为多个平稳时间序列,再结合样本熵与K-means算法将其划分为高频、中频、低频3类时间分量;最后,通过对比不同神经网络模型的预测精度,分别构建适合于3类时间分量的预测模型,再将预测结果相叠加,实现对滑坡位移的高精度预测。实验区典型滑坡体北斗/GNSS监测数据测试表明,本文组合预测模型对含有显著粗差的滑坡监测数据具有较好的适用性,相较于单一及现有组合模型可显著提高滑坡位移预测精度。

滑坡位移预测  /  集合经验模态分解  /  样本熵  /  深度神经网络  /  时间卷积网络

On the basis of effectively handling the gross errors of landslide monitoring data and fully considering the characteristics of landslide monitoring data, we develop a deep learning landslide displacement prediction model combining time series decomposition and similar component reorganization. First, we deal with the significant gross errors of landslide time series monitoring data using the isolation forest algorithm, and then comprehensively analyze its smoothness, autocorrelation, and normality to determine the optimal length of input feature sequence. Second, the non-stationary landslide monitoring data are decomposed into multiple smooth time series using the ensemble empirical mode decomposition(EEMD) method, which is then classified into three types combining the sample entropy and K-means algorithm, namely high, medium, and low frequency. Finally, comparing the prediction accuracy of different neural networks, the prediction models suitable for three types of time components are constructed respectively, and then the prediction results are superimposed to realize the high-precision prediction of landslide displacement. The testing results of Beidou/GNSS monitoring data of typical landslide body in experimental area show that the combination prediction model proposed in this paper has a better applicability to the landslide monitoring data containing significant gross errors, and can significantly improve the prediction accuracy of landslide displacement compared with single and existing combination models.

landslide displacement prediction  /  ensemble empirical mode decomposition(EEMD)  /  sample entropy  /  deep neural network  /  temporal convolutional network
瞿伟, 李达, 李久元, 边子策. 一种结合时序分解与相似分量重组的深度学习滑坡位移组合预测模型. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2025 , 45 (3) : 221 -230 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.04.186
Wei QU, Da LI, Jiuyuan LI, Zice BIAN. A Deep Learning Landslide Displacement Prediction Model Combining Time Series Decomposition and Similar Component Reorganization[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2025 , 45 (3) : 221 -230 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.04.186
滑坡灾害当前位居我国地质灾害之首,对区域经济社会健康发展与人民生命财产安全造成极大危害。因此,开展滑坡灾害分析,特别是对滑坡体位移进行高精度预测研究,对滑坡灾害防灾预警具有重要参考价值。
滑坡位移预测研究经历了从经验公式到数理统计模型,再到机器学习和深度学习算法预测模型的过程。其中,经验模型有Fukuzono模型[1],数理统计模型有灰色系统模型[2]、协同预测模型[3]等。经验公式和数理统计方法只能对滑坡位移进行概略预测,近年来机器学习、深度学习等算法被广泛应用于滑坡位移预测研究中,如支持向量机[4-5]、长短时记忆网络[6]、基于注意力机制的神经网络算法[7]等。在实际应用中单一的机器学习或深度学习算法的预测性能相较于经验公式或数理统计方法具有较大提升,但仍存在对复杂环境下滑坡位移预测精度不高的问题。为进一步提高滑坡位移预测精度,各类基于机器学习算法的组合模型相继被提出,如群智能优化算法[8-12]、多集成智能算法[13-15]、神经网络算法结合机器学习模型[16-18]等。但上述滑坡位移组合预测模型多是关注数据的拟合程度,未充分顾及到滑坡时序监测数据自身的特性,特别是会忽略其自相关性,导致无法合理确定模型预测中输入特征序列的最佳长度,进而影响后续建模的完备性。
基于此,本文选取我国典型滑坡区域甘肃黑方台党川为实验区,提出一种结合时序分解与时间分量重组的深度学习滑坡位移组合预测模型。在对典型滑坡体北斗/GNSS时序监测数据的显著粗差进行有效处理及综合分析其自身特性的基础上,结合EEMD、样本熵与K-means聚类算法,将时序监测数据划分为高频、中频、低频3类,对比不同神经网络模型的预测精度,分别构建适合于不同频率数据的预测模型,再将预测结果相叠加,最终实现对典型滑坡体位移的高精度预测。
滑坡GNSS监测数据通常为时间序列数据,因此在对该类数据进行处理时常采用时域处理方法。时域处理方法主要从数据的有效值和陡度等方面提取数据信息。集合经验模态分解(EEMD)算法作为一种时域处理方法无需对数据进行预分析即可直接分解,可将较复杂的滑坡GNSS时序监测数据分解为一组单分量信号,分解得到的单分量信号被称为固有模态函数(intrinsic mode function, IMF)[19]。
变分模态分解(variational mode decomposition, VMD)算法也是一类时间序列分解算法,与EEMD算法不同的是,该算法是通过最小化序列与各个模态函数的距离对时序数据进行分解。VMD算法适用于监测数据变化幅度不大但变化频率较快的情况,EEMD算法则适用于监测数据变化幅度和噪声较大的情况。因此,本文在对滑坡原始GNSS时序监测数据进行处理时采用EEMD算法,对后续分解得到的滑坡高频时间分量数据则采用VMD算法[20]。
通过对滑坡GNSS时序监测数据进行分解可以得到多个时间序列分量,而不同的时间分量具有不同的复杂度[21]。因此,利用样本熵算法对不同时间分量的复杂度进行度量,将复杂度相近的时间分量叠加来实现时间分量分类,再分别对不同时间分量进行精确建模。
样本熵计算流程可概况为:若分解后的每个滑坡时序分量存在n个数据点,构造一组m维时间序列向量,x(i)、x(i+1)、…、x(i+m-1)分别表示滑坡时序向量的组成数据,参与计算的时间序列向量xm(i)可表示为:
$\begin{gathered}\boldsymbol{x}_m(i)=[x(i), x(i+1), \cdots, x(i+m-1)], \\i=1, 2, \cdots, n-m+1\end{gathered}$
各个滑坡时间分量之间的复杂度距离dm可表示为:
$\begin{gathered}d_m\left[\boldsymbol{x}_m(i), \boldsymbol{x}_m(j)\right]=\max \left[\boldsymbol{x}_m(i+k)-\right. \\\left.\boldsymbol{x}_m(j+k)\right], 0 \leqslant k \leqslant m-1\end{gathered}$
式中,xm(j)表示从j位置开始的特征向量; xm(i+k)、xm(i+k)分别表示从i、j位置开始逐步滑动k个距离的特征向量。设vm为dm[xm(i), xm(j)]小于等于r的数目,wm为dm+1[xm(i), xm(j)]小于等于r的数目,r表示相似容限值,滑坡时间分量序列之间的近似比例Am(r)、Bm(r)可表示为:
$A^m(r)=\frac{1}{n-m} \sum\limits_{i=1}^{n-m} \frac{1}{n-m+1} w^{m+1}(i)$
$B^m(r)=\frac{1}{n-m} \sum\limits_{i=1}^{n-m} \frac{1}{n-m+1} v^m(i)$
当滑坡时间序列中的数据点有限时,样本熵SampEn(m, r, n)可表示为:
$\operatorname{SampEn}(m, r, n)=-\ln \frac{A^m(r)}{B^m(r)}$
长短时记忆(long short-term memory, LSTM) 网络模型由循环神经网络(recurrent neural network, RNN)模型发展而来,该模型可解决RNN梯度消失或梯度爆炸的问题,具有良好的长短期时间序列预测性能。LSTM网络模型主要包含输入门、遗忘门和输出门3个组成部分,在滑坡位移预测中具有良好表现[22]。
基于卷积神经网络思想的时域卷积网络(temporal convolutional network, TCN)主要由因果卷积、膨胀卷积、残差连接3个部分组成,该模型在滑坡长时序位移预测中表现较好,不仅可以捕捉到滑坡位移序列数据中的局部依赖关系,而且可以避免梯度消失或梯度爆炸问题[23]。
相比于其他时间序列预测算法,基于图神经网络的多变量时序预测(multivariate time series forecasting with graph neural networks, MTGNN)模型能够进一步有效捕捉多变量时间序列数据中变量之间的复杂依赖关系。该模型通过图学习模块融合外部知识和变量间的单向关系,利用Mix-hop传播层和Inception卷积捕获空间和时序依赖关系,在滑坡位移预测方面表现较好。该算法主要由图学习模块、图卷积模块、时序卷积模块3个部分组成,其中,图学习模块可以从滑坡时序数据中自适应地捕获变量之间的空间关系,图卷积模块可以整合节点以及相邻节点的信息,时序卷积模块可以更好地抽取自然时序信号[24]。
本文在对实验区典型滑坡体北斗/GNSS时序监测数据自身特性进行分析的基础上,提出一种基于EEMD分解和时间分量重组的深度学习滑坡位移组合预测模型,主要包含数据分解和模型预测2个部分。首先从平稳性、自相关性、正态性等方面对滑坡体时序监测数据进行综合分析,合理确定模型预测中输入特征序列的最佳长度。然后利用EEMD算法将非稳态滑坡监测数据分解为多个不同频率且较为平稳的时间序列分量。为提高模型运行效率与预测精度,进一步结合样本熵和K-means算法将相近的时间分量进行叠加,得到高频、中频、低频3类时间分量序列。最后对比不同神经网络模型的预测精度,分别构建适合于3类时间分量的预测模型,再将预测结果相叠加,最终实现对典型滑坡体位移的高精度预测。图1为基于EEMD分解和时间分量重组的深度学习滑坡位移组合预测模型流程。
本文选取我国典型滑坡域甘肃黑方台党川为实验区,长安大学空间定位与灾害监测研究所在该区域已布设北斗/GNSS监测网络,并成功预测多起滑坡灾害[25],选取其中5#滑坡体为具体研究对象。图2为党川滑坡区北斗/GNSS监测站点分布,其中黑色虚线范围代表5#滑坡体,该滑坡体于2021-07-08发生垮塌。本文实验数据选取5#滑坡体上HF05北斗/GNSS站点2020-07-04—2021-07-08监测数据,数据采样率为5 min。HF05原始时序监测数据如图3(a)所示,可以看出,原始监测数据含有显著粗差,为减小粗差对后续位移预测建模的影响,先将当前期位移监测数据与前一期位移监测数据作差得到一组位移变化序列,再利用孤立森林算法对时序监测数据粗差进行处理,经粗差处理后的监测数据如图3(b)所示。将采样率为5 min的监测数据转换成间隔为1 d的时序数据,最终获得HF05监测点滑坡监测数据集共370组(图3(c))。本文将该数据集前310组作为训练集,后60组作为测试集,用于后续滑坡位移的预测建模。
通过对滑坡时序监测数据进行深入分析可以了解滑坡监测数据的自身特性,进而对其进行合理建模。本文从平稳性、自相关性、正态性等方面对HF05时序监测数据进行分析。其中,对于监测数据的平稳性而言,平稳时序数据具有短期相关性,对于非平稳时序数据则可以通过分解使其平稳后再进行建模,以此提高建模预测的准确率;时序监测数据的自相关性主要是指时序数据中2个时刻值具有一定的相关性,通过检验时序自相关性可以合理确定滑坡时序监测数据在多长时间内具有相关性,便于后续进行合理建模;时间序列的正态性主要是指时序数据服从正态分布的程度,通过检验正态性可以判断时序监测数据是否具有进一步分析的必要,即如果时间序列不满足正态性假设,则需要通过必要的数据变换将其转化为正态分布或选择符合其他分布的模型,如果服从正态分布则无需进行其他操作。
本文利用augmented Dickey-Fuller test(ADF) 算法检验HF05时序监测数据的平稳性[26],采用Ljung-Box test算法检验时序监测数据的自相关性[27],利用Jarque-Bera test算法检验时序监测数据的正态性[28],检验结果如表1所示。
ADF检验结果P值为1,表明接受该段数据非平稳性的假设;Ljung-Box检验结果P值小于0.05,表明该段数据具有很强的自相关性;Jarque-Bera检验结果P值也小于0.05,表明该段数据服从正态分布。此外,本文进一步计算HF05时序监测数据的自相关函数(autocorrelation function, ACF)和偏自相关函数(partial autocorrelation function, PACF),结果如图4所示。
从图4可以看出,自相关函数计算结果存在明显尾部(图4(a)),且偏自相关函数为二阶截断(图4(b)),表明HF05时序监测数据具有严格的自相关关系。因此,可以认为在一定时间范围内该时序监测数据前后存在一定的函数关系,根据此特性将某段时间序列监测值作为模型预测输入的特征值,可以对后续时间序列变化进行更高效的预测。从图4(a)可以明显看出,前4阶数据的自相关性达到0.9以上。因此,本文在后续滑坡位移预测建模时以前3期数据作为输入,再对后1期数据进行预测。
利用EEMD算法对HF05时序监测数据进行分解,原始监测数据和分解后的各时间分量如图5所示,IMF1、IMF2、IMF3、IMF4和IMF5为分解后的不同频率时间分量数据。由图可知,上述时间分量具有明显的分层特征,因此本文对不同时间分量数据进行建模,以提高模型预测精度。为进一步简化建模流程,先计算各时间分量的样本熵,再使用K-means算法对其进行分类,将具有相似特征的时间分量进行重组,得到高频、中频、低频3类时间分量,进而对不同频率的时间分量分别进行建模预测。
在计算各个时间分量的样本熵时,设置相似容限阈值r和模式维数m两个参数。其中,r用来判断2个向量是否相似,如果2个向量的距离小于r则认为两者相似,r一般取值为0.1~0.25;m表示时间序列中重复出现的模式长度,一般取值为1或2。为保证后续相似时间分量分类结果的可靠性,本文取r为0.1、0.15、0.2和0.25,m取1和2进行测试,计算得到监测数据各个时间分量的样本熵结果(图6)。
将图6中不同r和m对应的各个时间分量的样本熵值作为特征值输入到K-means算法进行计算,得到相似时间分量分类结果(表2)。表2中数字代表被分解后各个时间分量所属的类别,同类时间分量具有相同的数字代号。K-means分类结果表明,在不同参数条件下分解得到的时间分量可被划分为3类,根据分类结果将样本熵相近的时间分量IMF1、IMF2归为高频分量,用Co-IMF1表示,IMF3、IMF4合并为中频分量,用Co-IMF2表示,IMF5作为低频分量,用Co-IMF3表示,合并后的时间分量结果如图7所示。
针对上述Co-IMF1、Co-IMF2、Co-IMF3三个重组时间分量,分别对其进行建模预测,并采用决定系数(R2)、均方根误差(root mean square error, RMSE)、平均绝对误差(mean absolute error, MAE)、平均绝对百分比误差(mean absolute percentage error, MAPE)4个评价指标综合评价不同模型的预测精度。
时间分量Co-IMF1为一组高频时间分量且具有较复杂的特征,本文首先采用单一模型,如门控循环单元(gated recurrent unit, GRU)、深度神经网络(deep neural network, DNN)、反向传播神经网络(back propagation neural network, BPNN)、LSTM、TCN、MTGNN对高频分量Co-IMF1进行建模,由表3可知,预测精度较低。因此,本文先利用VMD算法对高频时间分量进行分解,再与单一模型进行组合,即对VMD-GRU、VMD-DNN、VMD-BPNN、VMD-LSTM组合模型进行测试。从表3可以看出,VMD-LSTM模型对高频时间分量的预测效果最佳,R2达到0.97,RMSE仅为1.79 mm,MAE仅为1.10 mm,MAPE仅为34.81%。VMD-LSTM较单一模型预测精度均有不同程度的提高,以LSTM模型为例,R2、RMSE、MAE、MAPE精度分别提高40.58%、68.59%、63.09%、56.97%。因此,本文选取VMD-LSTM算法对高频时间分量Co-IMF1进行预测。图8、9分别为不同模型的高频时间分量预测效果与预测精度对比情况。
时间分量Co-IMF2为一组中频时间分量,相较于自身含有较复杂特征的高频时间分量,采用单一模型即可获得较高的预测精度(表4)。利用Autoformer、Informer、Transformer、MTGNN、LSTM、GRU、LSTNet、TCN、DNN、BPNN模型对中频时间分量Co-IMF2进行预测建模。由表4可知,在众多模型中,TCN模型整体预测效果最好(仅MAPE较GRU和LSTM略差),R2达到0.98,RMSE仅为1.78 mm,MAE仅为1.13 mm,MAPE仅为27.36%。TCN模型较其他模型预测精度均有所提高,以Autoformer模型为例,R2、RMSE、MAE、MAPE精度分别提高1.03%、11.88%、28.48%、35.98%。因此,综合4项评价指标,选取TCN模型对中频时间分量Co-IMF2进行预测。需要说明的是,表4中Transformer模型的R2指标为负值,表明该模型拟合效果非常差。图10、11分别为不同模型的中频时间分量预测效果与预测精度对比情况。
时间分量Co-IMF3为一组低频时间分量,分别利用Autoformer、Informer、Transformer、MTGNN、LSTM、GRU、LSTNet、TCN、DNN、BPNN模型对其进行预测建模(表5)。由表可知,在众多模型中,MTGNN模型预测效果最佳,R2达到0.99,RMSE仅为5.17 mm,MAE仅为3.99 mm,MAPE仅为0.26%。MTGNN模型较其他模型预测精度均有所提高,以TCN模型为例,RMSE、MAE、MAPE精度分别提高35.45%、49.04%、50.94%。因此,本文选取MTGNN模型对低频时间分量Co-IMF3进行预测。图12、13分别为不同模型的低频时间分量预测效果与预测精度对比情况。
通过对比不同神经网络模型的预测精度,分别选择VMD-LSTM、TCN、MTGNN对实验区典型滑坡体高频、中频、低频3个时间分量进行建模预测,最终形成基于EEMD和时间分量重组的深度学习滑坡位移高精度组合预测模型(VMD-LSTM/TCN/MTGNN)。
为进一步分析上述先通过模型分解再分别预测最后组合的建模方式相较于单一模型及现有组合模型的优势,本文设置3种方案:单一模型预测,即直接利用不同单一模型对HF05监测数据进行预测分析;分解模型预测,即利用EEMD对HF05监测数据进行分解后,再利用单一模型进行预测;组合模型预测,即利用基于EEMD和时间分量重组的深度学习滑坡位移组合预测模型进行预测。由表6可知,组合模型的预测效果显著优于其他2种方案,其R2达到0.99,RMSE、MAE、MAPE分别仅为5.00 mm、4.21 mm、0.28%。图14为各个模型的预测精度对比情况。
本文在发展滑坡位移预测模型时,对多种算法进行组合的主要原因是为充分顾及滑坡时序监测数据自身的非平稳特性,通过分解使之平稳后再进行建模,可以提高建模预测的准确性。在此基础上,进一步考虑到分解后的滑坡时间分量具有明显的分层特征,为更好地对不同时间分量进行建模,通过计算各时间分量的样本熵并结合K-means算法进行分类,将具有相似特征的时间分量进行重组,得到高频、中频、低频3类时间分量,通过对比不同神经网络模型的预测精度,分别构建适合于不同频率数据的预测模型,最后将预测结果叠加,进一步提高模型预测精度。这种针对不同频率时间分量分别建模再构建组合模型的方式,相对于直接利用不同单一模型进行预测,可以获得更高精度的预测结果。
滑坡发展过程一般可以分为初始变形、等速变形和加速变形阶段。临滑阶段属于加速变形阶段,该阶段滑坡体位移变化量大、复杂程度高,滑坡位移预测模型难以捕获到临滑阶段的位移变化规律,导致预测精度不高。本文发展的滑坡位移预测模型主要是针对临滑阶段(加速变形阶段)位移的高精度预测,在临滑阶段相较于其他常规模型可获得更高的预测精度。同时,对于滑坡位移初始变形与等速变形阶段,滑坡体位移变化量相对较小且复杂度较低,本文发展的滑坡位移预测模型针对这2个阶段也能取得相较于常规模型更好的预测效果。需要说明的是,本文发展的组合建模方式对于含有显著粗差的滑坡时序监测数据具有较好的适用性,实验区其他监测质量较好的监测点时序数据分析结果表明,当滑坡监测数据质量较好时,直接利用TCN等算法即可获得较高的预测精度。
本文在对实验区典型滑坡体北斗/GNSS时序监测数据粗差进行有效处理及其自身特性深入分析的基础上,结合时序分解、样本熵与聚类算法,将其分解为高频、中频、低频3类时间分量,再通过对比分析不同神经网络模型的预测精度,分别构建适合于3类时间分量的预测模型,最后将预测结果相叠加,实现滑坡位移的高精度预测,得到以下结论:
1) 从平稳性、自相关性、正态性等方面对滑坡时序监测数据进行综合分析,可以合理判断出模型预测中输入特征序列的最佳长度,为后续滑坡位移预测建模提供理论依据。
2) 在对滑坡时序监测数据进行EEMD的基础上,通过样本熵值可以表征各个时间分量特征的复杂度,再结合K-means算法可将具有相似样本熵的时间分量整合为高频、中频、低频3类,进而针对不同频率时间分量进行合理建模预测。
3) 针对实验区典型滑坡体时序监测数据,VMD-LSTM、TCN、MTGNN分别适用于高频、中频、低频时间分量。这种先通过模型分解再分别预测最后组合建模的方式,相较于单一或现有组合模型可显著提高滑坡位移预测精度。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42174006)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42090055)
  • 陕西省杰出青年科学基金(2022JC-18)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项(CHD300102263201)
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2025年第45卷第3期
24
9
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.04.186
  • 接收时间:2024-04-18
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-03-15
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2024-04-18
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42174006)
国家自然科学基金(42174006)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42090055)
国家自然科学基金(42090055)
Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Shaanxi Province(2022JC-18)
陕西省杰出青年科学基金(2022JC-18)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(CHD300102263201)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项(CHD300102263201)
作者信息
    1 长安大学地质工程与测绘学院, 西安市雁塔路126号, 710054
    2 西部矿产资源与地质工程教育部重点实验室, 西安市雁塔路126号, 710054
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/ddcl/CN/10.14075/j.jgg.2024.04.186
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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