Article(id=1322933616883401083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, issueId=1322933542426116991, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2024.03.125, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1710950400000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793341553183, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1736870400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793341553183, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793341553183, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793341553183, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322933542426116991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, year='2025', volume='45', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='110', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1736870400000', pubDateStr='2025-01-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793341535431, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793341535431, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=104, endPage=110, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322933617252499836, articleId=1322933616883401083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=EN, title=Research on gPhone Gravimeter Drift Correction Method, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this paper, after preprocessing and various corrections of the Zigui station gPhone gravimeter data for the whole year of 2017, we use four methods to carry out a comparative study of drift correction including polynomial correction order selection, drift removal effect evaluation of each method, whether the BEADS algorithm is effective and other issues. The research results show that when the polynomial fitting method is used to remove the drift problem of gPhone gravimeter data, it will become stable when the order reaches about fourth and fifth orders. For general research, it is recommended to use fifth-order polynomials to remove drift, which can meet data processing requirements. When filtering to remove drift, we need to pay attention to the marginal effect. The EEMD method is highly operable and has more advantages than wavelet filtering. The BEADS algorithm can realize the function of fitting trend terms to remove drift, but can it be used in various studies? This requires further research. The research results of this article can provide an effective reference for drift correction of related spring-type gravimeters.

, authors=Lexing WANG1, 2, Ziwei LIU1, 2, *, Ying JIANG1, 2, Xiaotong ZHANG1, 2, Hui LI1, 2, authorsList=Lexing WANG, Ziwei LIU, Ying JIANG, Xiaotong ZHANG, Hui LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ziwei LIU, authorNote=

WANG Lexing, postgraduate, majors in continuous gravity data processing and geodynamic, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=All rights reserved, without authorization, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322933620238844298, articleId=1322933616883401083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, language=CN, title=gPhone重力仪漂移改正方法研究, columnId=1322506256904994864, journalTitle=大地测量与地球动力学, columnName=观测技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

对秭归站gPhone重力仪2017年全年数据进行预处理和各项改正后, 利用4种方法进行漂移改正的对比研究, 对多项式改正阶次的选取、各方法去漂移的效果评定、BEADS算法是否有效等问题进行计算分析。结果表明, 用多项式拟合的方法去除gPhone重力仪数据漂移时, 当阶数达到4阶、5阶左右便趋于稳定, 对于一般研究推荐采用5阶多项式去漂移即可满足数据处理要求; 用滤波法去漂移时需要关注边际效应, EEMD方法可操作性强, 相较于小波滤波更具优势; BEADS算法能够实现趋势项拟合从而去除漂移的功能, 但能否在各项研究中加以应用还需要进一步分析。该研究成果可为相关弹簧型重力仪漂移改正提供参考。

, authors=王乐行1, 2, 刘子维1, 2, *, 江颖1, 2, 张晓彤1, 2, 李晖1, 2, authorsList=王乐行, 刘子维, 江颖, 张晓彤, 李晖, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘子维, authorNote=

王乐行, 硕士生, 主要研究方向为连续重力数据处理与地球动力学, E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=

刘子维, 博士, 研究员, 主要从事重力及数字信号处理研究, E-mail:

LIU Ziwei, PhD, professor, majors in gravimetry and digital signal processing, E-mail:

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322933616883401083, language=CN, label=图6, caption=各方法去漂移后重力残差与三峡库区水位对比, figureFileSmall=GKHAEPIg/GuJBP1iJToUHQ==, figureFileBig=Lwg8VkC6ewhmWehbtMQbaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322940501825028928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322933616883401083, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Accuracy assessment results of de-drift by 1-5th order polynomials

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 1~5阶多项式去漂移评定结果
1阶 2阶 3阶 4阶 5阶
RMSE/mm·s-2 344.205 00 183.298 00 134.291 00 75.665 30 75.599 60
R2 0.705 00 0.916 30 0.955 10 0.985 70 0.985 80
Rpearson 0.889 56 0.965 36 0.981 49 0.994 91 0.994 92
Rspearman 0.876 66 0.962 03 0.979 64 0.994 48 0.994 49
), ArticleFig(id=1322940501908915009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322933616883401083, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

1~5阶多项式去漂移精度评定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 1~5阶多项式去漂移评定结果
1阶 2阶 3阶 4阶 5阶
RMSE/mm·s-2 344.205 00 183.298 00 134.291 00 75.665 30 75.599 60
R2 0.705 00 0.916 30 0.955 10 0.985 70 0.985 80
Rpearson 0.889 56 0.965 36 0.981 49 0.994 91 0.994 92
Rspearman 0.876 66 0.962 03 0.979 64 0.994 48 0.994 49
), ArticleFig(id=1322940501976023874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322933616883401083, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Evaluation results of residuals de-drift added back to the theoretical solid tide

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 多项式拟合 小波 EEMD BEADS
1阶 2阶 3阶 4阶 5阶
RMSE/mm·s-2 344.205 00 183.298 00 134.291 00 75.665 30 75.599 60 88.371 50 57.344 50 53.842 60
R2 0.705 00 0.916 30 0.955 10 0.985 70 0.985 80 0.980 60 0.991 80 0.992 80
Rpearson 0.889 56 0.965 36 0.981 49 0.994 91 0.994 92 0.992 60 0.997 61 0.998 04
Rspearman 0.876 66 0.962 03 0.979 64 0.994 48 0.994 49 0.991 78 0.997 44 0.997 91
), ArticleFig(id=1322940502143796035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322933616883401083, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

残差去漂移后加回理论固体潮评定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 多项式拟合 小波 EEMD BEADS
1阶 2阶 3阶 4阶 5阶
RMSE/mm·s-2 344.205 00 183.298 00 134.291 00 75.665 30 75.599 60 88.371 50 57.344 50 53.842 60
R2 0.705 00 0.916 30 0.955 10 0.985 70 0.985 80 0.980 60 0.991 80 0.992 80
Rpearson 0.889 56 0.965 36 0.981 49 0.994 91 0.994 92 0.992 60 0.997 61 0.998 04
Rspearman 0.876 66 0.962 03 0.979 64 0.994 48 0.994 49 0.991 78 0.997 44 0.997 91
), ArticleFig(id=1322940502210904900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322933616883401083, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Evaluation results of residuals added back to the theoretical solid tide and then de-drift

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 多项式拟合 小波 EEMD BEADS
1阶 2阶 3阶 4阶 5阶
RMSE/mm·s-2 351.410 00 196.494 00 151.810 00 103.704 00 103.700 00 113.520 00 92.180 40 89.106 50
R2 0.692 50 0.903 80 0.942 60 0.973 20 0.973 20 0.967 90 0.978 80 0.980 20
Rpearson 0.889 56 0.965 36 0.981 49 0.994 89 0.994 89 0.992 52 0.997 37 0.998 00
Rspearman 0.876 66 0.962 03 0.979 63 0.994 46 0.994 46 0.991 70 0.997 22 0.997 87
), ArticleFig(id=1322940502278013765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1281212831689347082, articleId=1322933616883401083, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

残差加回理论固体潮再整体去漂移评定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 多项式拟合 小波 EEMD BEADS
1阶 2阶 3阶 4阶 5阶
RMSE/mm·s-2 351.410 00 196.494 00 151.810 00 103.704 00 103.700 00 113.520 00 92.180 40 89.106 50
R2 0.692 50 0.903 80 0.942 60 0.973 20 0.973 20 0.967 90 0.978 80 0.980 20
Rpearson 0.889 56 0.965 36 0.981 49 0.994 89 0.994 89 0.992 52 0.997 37 0.998 00
Rspearman 0.876 66 0.962 03 0.979 63 0.994 46 0.994 46 0.991 70 0.997 22 0.997 87
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gPhone重力仪漂移改正方法研究
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王乐行 1, 2 , 刘子维 1, 2, * , 江颖 1, 2 , 张晓彤 1, 2 , 李晖 1, 2
大地测量与地球动力学 | 观测技术 2025,45(1): 104-110
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大地测量与地球动力学 |观测技术 2025 , 45 (1) : 104 -110
gPhone重力仪漂移改正方法研究
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王乐行1, 2 , 刘子维1, 2, * , 江颖1, 2, 张晓彤1, 2, 李晖1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 中国地震局地震研究所, 武汉市洪山侧路40号, 430071
  • 2 武汉引力与固体潮国家野外科学观测研究站, 武汉市洪山侧路40号, 430071
通讯作者:

刘子维, 博士, 研究员, 主要从事重力及数字信号处理研究, E-mail:

LIU Ziwei, PhD, professor, majors in gravimetry and digital signal processing, E-mail:

作者简介:

王乐行, 硕士生, 主要研究方向为连续重力数据处理与地球动力学, E-mail:

Research on gPhone Gravimeter Drift Correction Method
Lexing WANG1, 2 , Ziwei LIU1, 2, * , Ying JIANG1, 2, Xiaotong ZHANG1, 2, Hui LI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Institute of Seismology, CEA, 40 Hongshance Road, Wuhan 430071, China
  • 2 Wuhan Gravitation and Solid Earth Tides, National Observation and Research Station, 40 Hongshance Road, Wuhan 430071, China
  • WANG Lexing, postgraduate, majors in continuous gravity data processing and geodynamic, E-mail:

出版时间: 2025-01-15 doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.03.125
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对秭归站gPhone重力仪2017年全年数据进行预处理和各项改正后, 利用4种方法进行漂移改正的对比研究, 对多项式改正阶次的选取、各方法去漂移的效果评定、BEADS算法是否有效等问题进行计算分析。结果表明, 用多项式拟合的方法去除gPhone重力仪数据漂移时, 当阶数达到4阶、5阶左右便趋于稳定, 对于一般研究推荐采用5阶多项式去漂移即可满足数据处理要求; 用滤波法去漂移时需要关注边际效应, EEMD方法可操作性强, 相较于小波滤波更具优势; BEADS算法能够实现趋势项拟合从而去除漂移的功能, 但能否在各项研究中加以应用还需要进一步分析。该研究成果可为相关弹簧型重力仪漂移改正提供参考。

gPhone重力仪  /  漂移改正  /  多方法对比

In this paper, after preprocessing and various corrections of the Zigui station gPhone gravimeter data for the whole year of 2017, we use four methods to carry out a comparative study of drift correction including polynomial correction order selection, drift removal effect evaluation of each method, whether the BEADS algorithm is effective and other issues. The research results show that when the polynomial fitting method is used to remove the drift problem of gPhone gravimeter data, it will become stable when the order reaches about fourth and fifth orders. For general research, it is recommended to use fifth-order polynomials to remove drift, which can meet data processing requirements. When filtering to remove drift, we need to pay attention to the marginal effect. The EEMD method is highly operable and has more advantages than wavelet filtering. The BEADS algorithm can realize the function of fitting trend terms to remove drift, but can it be used in various studies? This requires further research. The research results of this article can provide an effective reference for drift correction of related spring-type gravimeters.

gPhone gravimeter  /  drift correction  /  multi-method comparison
王乐行, 刘子维, 江颖, 张晓彤, 李晖. gPhone重力仪漂移改正方法研究. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2025 , 45 (1) : 104 -110 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.03.125
Lexing WANG, Ziwei LIU, Ying JIANG, Xiaotong ZHANG, Hui LI. Research on gPhone Gravimeter Drift Correction Method[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2025 , 45 (1) : 104 -110 . DOI: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.03.125
时变地球重力场包含地球系统物质分布及运移的丰富信息,直接反映了地球各圈层最基本的物质及变化特性,是各种环境变化引起的地球动力学特征最基本、最直接和最重要的物理量之一[1-5]。目前中国大陆构造环境监测网络、中国数字地震观测网络等连续重力观测台网在运行的弹簧型重力仪有70多台,利用连续重力观测可以探测到包括构造运动、地下水运动在内的物质迁移引起的重力变化效应,但观测信号除了包含仪器自身故障、人为因素等干扰外,重力长期变化通常会被弹簧重力仪的漂移所湮没[6-7]。如何科学有效去除弹簧重力仪的漂移是一个亟待解决的问题。Riccardi等[8]利用gPhone054弹簧重力仪和GWRC026比测研究gPhone重力仪的漂移特性,认为可以利用多项式对弹簧重力仪的漂移进行改正;韦进等[9]利用姑咱地震台DZW重力仪进行分段漂移改正研究,揭示弹簧重力仪的非线性漂移与外界影响因素的关系。除上述针对弹簧重力仪的漂移研究外,Hu等[10]、徐华君等[11]运用小波滤波方法去除超导重力仪数据中的漂移噪声,改善极潮分析结果;孙和平等[12]采用集合经验模态分解(EEMD) 从全球5个超导重力仪台站连续重力观测资料中提取重力极潮,消除仪器漂移及极潮频段以外的大部分噪声信号,与前人用其他消除仪器漂移方法得到的结果相符合。结合前人的研究成果,有必要对各种去漂移的方法进行对比研究。
本研究分别采用多项式拟合、小波滤波、集合经验模态分解方法对秭归站gPhone重力仪2017年数据进行漂移改正。另外,利用BEADS(baseline estimation and denoising with sparsity)算法进行漂移改正,与之前方法结果进行对比,将漂移结果加回理论固体潮,再与理论固体潮作回归相似度分析和精度评定,并采用两种不同顺序的漂移改正方法,最后评定各漂移改正方法的优劣。
在连续重力测量数据中,存在多种干扰,这些干扰主要来源于环境因素和仪器性能等。为了获取能够准确反映区域重力变化的信号,必须对这些干扰进行有效的处理。在连续重力测量数据中,最为显著的信号是潮汐效应,它往往会掩盖其他信号。因此,消除潮汐效应是研究非潮汐相关信号的基础步骤。在连续重力数据处理中,还需要对已知信号进行定量估计,如极移、全球水负荷、气压等,只有扣除所有已知信号后,才能得到反映未知信号的重力残差[13-18]。
gPhone重力仪是一种用于连续重力观测的仪器,其中,gPhone101#重力仪采用L & R的零长弹簧装置,于2012-04安置在湖北秭归GNSS台站室内,作为长期时变重力观测点,台站设立在三峡库区的边缘位置。本研究采用秭归站gPhone101#重力仪2017年整年秒采样数据,对于数据中出现的间断、突跳和台阶等问题,采用Tsoft软件进行手动修复,然后降采样为小时数据。研究中考虑到潮汐改正、气压改正、极移改正和全球水模型重力改正,其中潮汐改正(包括固体潮改正和海潮改正)采用Tsoft软件去除大气、潮汐、极移与漂移的影响,得到最终的重力残差。三峡蓄水对于秭归站的重力效应、地下水的重力效应、构造运动的重力效应等未予考虑,将这些信号保留在重力残差中。
重力测量仪器中含有弹性元件,这些元件长期受到重力作用下,不可避免地会经历蠕变和弹性疲劳现象。随着时间的推移,这些物理效应将导致弹簧型重力仪产生微小但永久性的形变,这种形变会显著降低重力测量仪器的精度。因此,重力测量仪器的读数会随着时间的推移出现非真实的变化,这种变化通常被称为仪器的漂移现象。
连续重力观测数据由固体潮、海潮、非潮汐变化和误差信号构成:
$g_{\text {observation }}=g_{\text {tide-ocean }}+g_{\text {non-tide }}+\varepsilon$
本研究中假设重力的非潮汐变化方面是由重力极潮、大气压力负荷、陆地水负荷、仪器漂移和剩余误差构成:
$g_{\text {norrtide }}=g_{\text {pole }}+g_{\text {air }}+g_{\text {waterland }}+g_{\text {drift }}+\varepsilon_1$
如何科学地评价各方法在去漂移后是否最大程度地保留重力变化信号是一个难题。目前最稳妥的方法是结合台站绝对重力测量结果来进行改正,但由于大部分台站并没有定期的绝对重力测量数据,因此这种方法无法大规模推广。除用绝对重力测量作为控制外,也有将去漂移后结果与仪器弛豫分析、周围流动重力测量结果共同比对得出最优多项式阶数的方法,该方法同样需要用到其他手段测量数据,本研究对此不作考虑。
首先对原始重力观测数据进行初步处理,以消除阶跃、尖峰、数据中断以及地震等干扰因素,从而获得一系列连续且稳定的观测信号。然后将这些经过预处理的观测信号与同一时间段内该观测站的理论固体潮汐模型进行对比分析。尽管观测信号在大体上与理论固体潮汐的波形振幅相一致,但在具体的波动趋势和变化方向上与理论模型存在显著差异。考虑到重力连续观测值中的主要组成部分是潮汐分量,因此,观测记录在理论上应与理论固体潮汐信号具有较高的一致性。基于这一点,本研究采用可操作性较高的方法:根据式(1)、(2),除了长期趋势变化外,去漂移后残差应最大程度保持在零值附近,故决定将预处理和改正后的数据加回理论固体潮再整体去除漂移趋势,将结果与理论固体潮作相似度分析,以此评定各漂移改正方法的效果。
本研究应用机器学习回归问题中评估模型性能的均方根误差(RMSE)与决定系数(R2)这两个指数来评价各漂移改正方法。R2用于了解模型解释方差的能力,RMSE用于衡量两者误差的大小。除使用RMSE、R2指数来进行误差分析外,当需要衡量两组数据之间的相关性时,相关系数是一个常用的统计指标。皮尔逊相关系数主要用于衡量两个连续变量之间的线性关系,也称线性相关系数。斯皮尔曼等级相关系数用于衡量两个变量之间的单调关系,因其不考虑线性关系,也称非参数相关系数。本研究同时使用这两种指标,再结合RMSE、R2,比较得出最终结论。
弹簧型重力仪漂移的复杂性是多种因素综合作用的结果。一方面,弹簧型重力测量仪器的内在特性决定了其漂移现象的不可避免性;另一方面,环境因素,包括水文条件、大气压波动以及温度变化,同样会对漂移特性产生显著影响。这种多样性和复杂性使得原始数据偏离真实值较大,对后续数据处理和分析造成干扰。目前常用的漂移处理方法包括线性拟合、多项式拟合、小波滤波和集合经验模态分解等。本研究基于预处理后的连续光滑观测数据,比较多种方法的效果,并提出使用BEADS算法来拟合漂移的新方法,从中寻找能最有效消除观测数据中漂移的影响、获得与真实理论潮汐值最一致的观测数据处理方法。
仪器漂移现象可分为线性和非线性两大类,其中非线性漂移更为常见。因此,开发一种有效的漂移校正方法至关重要。在早期的研究中,漂移的处理通常基于其近似线性的假设,采用线性回归拟合来校正漂移;随着研究的深入,为更有效地处理漂移,引入多项式回归等更为复杂的拟合方法。尽管这些传统方法在处理近似线性或具有规律性变化的漂移时效果较好,但在面对具有多样性特征的漂移变化时,它们的校正能力则显得不足[19-20]。
多项式拟合方法是一种较好的非线性漂移改正方法。弹簧重力仪数据会出现台阶、间断等现象,针对这种情况,可采用分段处理的方式。但分段多项式回归分析要求将连续的观测数据划分为若干个时间区间,并在每个区间内独立进行多项式回归分析。完成各区间的拟合后,需要将这些拟合结果进行整合。这种方法不仅增加了数据处理的工作量和人力成本,也可能降低数据处理的效率。此外,确定多项式回归的阶数是这一方法中的关键问题,不恰当的阶数选择可能会导致对重力观测中非潮汐变化特征的误判。为此,本研究采用先手动将台阶去除掉,得到预处理后连续光滑的观测数据,然后整体用多项式进行拟合。对于多项式阶数的选择,从1阶计算到30阶,然后将去漂移结果加回理论固体潮进行精度评定,从中选取最优的阶数。
由图1、2可见,阶次少的多项式明显还带有漂移趋势的伪信号,当采用阶次达到4阶多项式后,漂移改正残差趋势趋于稳定,故前人研究中对于gPhone重力仪的漂移改正均选取3阶、5阶或7阶多项式,这是可以得到实践支撑的。表1展示多项式1~5阶去漂移评定结果,用多项式拟合漂移时,进行到4阶以上后精度指标就已非常接近,故推荐使用5阶多项式拟合去漂移。
小波变换可以对信号进行局部分析,即对信号中的某些局部特征进行分析,并且可以根据需要对某些成分进行滤波或者去噪。这一特点使得小波变换在信号的时频分析中具有更好的表现。
连续小波变换(continuous wavelet transform,CWT)是一种将信号分解成不同时间尺度和频率尺度上的成分的数学工具。CWT的主要思想是把一个信号通过一系列的小波基函数进行变换,得到不同尺度和不同平移位置的小波系数,从而实现对信号的分解和分析。小波基函数需要具有紧支(必须有有限的能量和持续时间)和可变尺度(能够根据需要拉伸或压缩)的特点。
CWT可以表示为:
$\operatorname{CWT}(a, b)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{a}} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} x(t) \psi^*\left(\frac{t-b}{a}\right) \mathrm{d} t$
式中,ψ*是小波基函数的共轭形式;a是尺度参数;b是平移参数。
本研究使用MATLAB中的连续小波变换cwt函数,函数cwt可以计算出信号的小波系数和相应的尺度和频率值;然后使用icwt函数可以将小波系数反变换回原始信号。本研究使用amor小波基函数,因为amor小波基函数在时域上是光滑的,没有尖锐的跳变或突变,这种平滑性可以帮助减少或抑制基线漂移的影响。如果趋势是低频成分,它会在小波变换中显现出来。再通过选择适当的尺度,就可以在反变换时去除这些低频成分,从而消除趋势。
图3是小波滤波漂移改正的残差结果,可以看出,其整体趋势与5阶多项式较为吻合,但在数据起始阶段的效果并不理想,这是由于本研究在使用小波滤波时没有考虑边际效应。
经验模态分解法(empirical mode decomposition,EMD)是一种局部自适应的数学滤波方法,用于分析非线性和非平稳信号。该方法能够将任意复杂信号分解为有限个分量,并且与传统的傅里叶分析和小波分析不同,EMD所用的基是基于信号本身获得的。在EMD中,每个分量被称为固有模态函数,对应着特定的时间尺度或频率,并且仅涉及一种振荡模式。
EMD方法有着高效的计算特点和较强的自适应性,但也面临着若干技术困难,尤其是在模态混叠方面。模态混叠可能导致一个固有模态函数(IMF)包含不同时间尺度或频率的多个信号,或者相同时间尺度或频率的信号分布在多个IMF中。为解决模态混叠问题,有学者提出通过在原信号中添加白噪声序列,取多次分解得到的相应IMF的算术平均值作为最终结果,这种方法被称为EEMD方法,被广泛应用于数字信号处理中。
EEMD算法不涉及谱域的计算,对数据长度也不作限制,在计算效率上优势明显。本研究采用HHT方法对秭归站2017年全年连续重力数据进行分离提取,共自动提取出7个模态,将仪器漂移及趋势项信息模态信号扣除掉以完成漂移改正。
由图4可见,EEMD对于去除趋势的效果非常明显,在保留了短时段中重力变化的突升和突降的基础之上,将数据的整体波动控制在零值附近。因秭归站位于三峡库首区周边,其重力变化受三峡库首区蓄放水情况作用明显,根据相关水位的资料显示,7月三峡水位出现上涨,随即下降,这与图4中7月底的重力下降变化相对应。在5-10月,由于降雨量集中以及蓄、放水导致的水位产生较大波动,重力效应比较复杂,在图4中也有对应的呈现。
BEADS是一种用于同时解决基线校正和降低噪声问题的算法。它专为分析化学中出现的正信号和稀疏信号而设计,已经在1D和2D(GC×GC)色谱、拉曼光谱、高分辨率质谱(用于天文高光谱数据)、阿拉伯文本分析以及功率信号去趋势等方面得到应用。
BEADS算法通过凸优化问题来封装这些非参数模型。由于其公式化为凸问题,其解是唯一的,并且无论其初始化如何,所提出的算法都能保证收敛到唯一解。此外,该算法完全用带状矩阵表示,使所提出的迭代算法能够以较高的计算效率和较低的内存实现。因此,所提出的算法适用于长数据序列。
BEADS算法[21]的要点是:假设信号本身及其导数也是稀疏的,运用不对称的罚函数,且使用MM(majorizer-minimization)算法,这是凸优化算法之一,可确保渐近性。
由图5可见,BEADS算法可以很好地去除趋势项,且保留信号中重要的短期变化,但在保留的过程中,它减小了极端重力信号的振幅。这是因为本质上BEADS算法还是一个曲线拟合的算法,只是它基于凸优化原理快速迭代,所以对于极端重力信号会造成一定程度的削弱。对于此问题,在时域内研究短期极端现象的重力变化可能会造成一定干扰,在频域内对长周期信号的具体干扰还不得而知,下一步将就此问题进行深入研究。
用§1.3方法对上述各方法去漂移结果进行评定,表2(残差去漂移后加回DDW与DDW对比)展示各指标结果。单以RMSE、R2、皮尔逊相关系数和斯皮尔曼相关系数进行评定的话,BEADS算法无疑是最好的选择,不过还需进一步研究实际是否可行;用多项式拟合漂移时,推荐使用5阶多项式拟合去漂移;小波滤波如果使用本研究中的amor小波基函数,同时不对边际效应作处理的话,精度比4阶多项式拟合略低但总体差别不大,若改进小波滤波算法或许有更好的表现;EEMD去漂移的效果最好,可以作为以后gPhone重力仪去漂移的首选。
图6是用5阶多项式、小波滤波、EEMD、BEADS四种方式去漂移后重力残差与三峡库区水位的对比,可直观地看出各方法的细微差异性。首先各方法去除漂移后的残差均能与库区水位基本对应,如在7月发生的极端水文事件水位上涨,重力也在短期出现上升,对于九月中旬后库区进行蓄水也有所反映。但从细节上来看,5阶多项式与小波滤波存在边际效应,而BEADS对极端的水文事件振幅有一定的削弱。
对于去除数据长期漂移趋势,通常先经过预处理和各项改正之后,在残差水平上进行漂移改正。本研究采用预处理并进行各项改正,加回理论固体潮后再整体去漂移(残差+DDW整体去漂移后与DDW对比),表3为改变去漂移顺序后的结果展示。对表2、3得到的两种残差结果进行对比分析可以发现,将残差加回理论固体潮后再去漂移的结果在均方根误差(RMSE)指标中明显差于在残差水平中去漂移,不过在相关性检验上并未有太大差距,单就本研究的精度指标来看,一般建议在残差水平上进行漂移改正。
本文使用秭归站gPhone重力仪2017年全年数据,对漂移改正方法进行研究。采用新的精度评定方法对各方法的去漂移水平给出定量的表述,并首次将BEADS算法应用到连续重力数据的漂移改正中,此外探究了漂移改正次序对结果的影响。最终得出以下结论:1)使用多项式拟合进行漂移改正时,计算至4、5阶时精度基本稳定,故推荐使用5阶多项式来进行漂移拟合。2)在使用小波滤波去漂移时,需要考虑滤波所造成的边际效应,EEMD作为滤波去漂移的手段,有着不错的应用表现。3)BEADS算法对漂移的去除本质上也是一个非线性拟合的过程,其拟合情况单从本文的评定指标来看是最优的,不过它会削弱极端峰值的大小,在实际应用上是否可行还有待进一步研究。
此外,gPhone重力仪的漂移问题较为复杂,下一步计划从仪器原始各通道数据入手,探究仪器漂移与各通道间的关系,从而解决非线性漂移问题。
  • 中国地震局地震研究所和应急管理部国家自然灾害防治研究院基本科研业务费(IS202226326)
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doi: 10.14075/j.jgg.2024.03.125
  • 接收时间:2024-03-21
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-21
基金
Scientific Research Fund of Institute of Seismology, CEA and National Institute of Natural Hazards, MEM(IS202226326)
中国地震局地震研究所和应急管理部国家自然灾害防治研究院基本科研业务费(IS202226326)
作者信息
    1 中国地震局地震研究所, 武汉市洪山侧路40号, 430071
    2 武汉引力与固体潮国家野外科学观测研究站, 武汉市洪山侧路40号, 430071

通讯作者:

刘子维, 博士, 研究员, 主要从事重力及数字信号处理研究, E-mail:

LIU Ziwei, PhD, professor, majors in gravimetry and digital signal processing, E-mail:

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/ddcl/CN/10.14075/j.jgg.2024.03.125
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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